Name of the Subject: Economics Name of the Student:
Topic: Development Date of Issue:14-8-2024
Grade : 10
Development Goals And Aspirations
How does national development take place?
Development
Development means satisfaction of fundamental needs, better lifestyles,
peace, social harmony and other desirable conditions, and ways of achieving
these goals.2 of 3
How does national development take place?
Developmental at a personal level
Everyone has a different idea of development according to one’s own
aspirations and desires.
Some people seek regular work, higher income and a fair price for
their work or products, while others want equal treatment, freedom,
security and social harmony.
Different persons have different developmental objectives.
An urban unemployed youth might aspire to a good salaried job,
promotions and so on and consider it development.
A rural landless labourer would want more days of work, higher
wages and fair treatment from employers and consider it
development.
National Development
People may also have different and contradictory ideas about
national development.
To compare different countries, their national income and per capita
income are used as measures of development.
The World Development Reports, brought out by the World Bank,
define countries with a per capita income of US$ 12,056 per annum
and above in 2017 as rich countries.
Those with a per capita income of US$ 955 or less are called low-
income countries.
India is in the category of low middle income countries as its per
capita income in 2017 was just US$ 1,820 per annum.
Measuring Development: Criteria
Which factors help to study national development of countries?
Developmental factors other than income
Income alone is not a reliable predictor of people’s ability to access
material goods and services.
Other factors to consider when comparing two regions or countries
are infant mortality rate (IMR), literacy rate, net attendance ratio,
human development index, available public facilities and so on.
Comparison between states
According to the per capita income criteria used as the measure of
development, Haryana ranks higher than Kerala among Indian
states.
On the basis of infant mortality rate (IMR), literacy rate, net
attendance ratio, human development index, available public facilities
and other factors, Kerala surpasses Haryana.
Kerala has a low infant mortality rate and a high literacy rate because
there are adequate healthcare and educational facilities.
This shows that income alone is not a good indicator of development.
Other human development elements
Other human development elements that must be considered as indicators of
development are:
Infant Mortality Rate (or IMR) is the number of children who die
before the age of one year as a proportion of all children born in that
year.
Literacy Rate is the proportion of the population aged 7 and above
who are literate.
Net Attendance Ratio is the number of children between the ages of
14 and 15 who attend school as a proportion of the total number of
children in the same age group.
Why are public facilities important for citizens?
Public facilities and society
The government’s provision of public facilities to the people has a
substantial impact on the quality of life enjoyed by citizens and
others.
Public facilities are critical in providing support services to create
viable, sustainable and healthy communities, overcoming social
obstacles and enhancing national growth.
For all-round growth of the society, the government must offer some
vital utilities such as healthcare, sanitation, energy and educational
institutions.
Therefore, to assess provision of material goods and services to
citizens, money alone is not an acceptable development metric.
Public facilities in Indian states
According to the per capita income criteria used as the measure of
development, Haryana ranks higher than Kerala among Indian
states.
However, on the basis of Mortality Rate, Literacy Rate, Net
Attendance Ratio, Human Development Index, available facilities and
other factors, Kerala outranks Haryana.
Kerala has a low infant mortality rate because it provides citizens
good access to basic healthcare and education.
The Public Distribution System (PDS) works successfully in several
states.
There are problems in the functioning of the PDS shops, but people
are finding ways to address them.
Thus, health and nutritional status of people in such states is usually
better.
This shows that income alone is not a good indicator of development.
A region also needs good public facilities.
Human Development Report by UNDP
The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) publishes the
Human Development Report, which evaluates the development of
countries based on their people’s educational levels, health status
and per capita income.
Countries are compared using the HDI (Human Development Index),
which is derived using factors such as per capita income, life
expectancy and education.
In 2018, India was placed 130th out of 189 countries on this list.4 of 4
BMI as a nourishment determinant
The BMI (Body Mass Index) calculation is one method of determining
whether adults are malnourished.
After dividing a person’s weight (in kg) by his or her height (in metres)
squared.
The WHO has published a Body Mass Index chart that can be used
to identify whether a person is undernourished or overweight.
Sustainability of Development
How will the development remain sustainable?
Sustainable development
Development that is ecologically sustainable is defined as
development that does not harm the natural environment.
It is the process or model of development that meets our current
needs without jeopardising future generations’ ability to meet their
needs.
As natural resources and systems are interconnected, environmental
deterioration in one place can have consequences across national or
state borders.
If development is not sustainable and leads to environmental
degradation in one part of the world, its effects would become a
worldwide issue.
Groundwater, is a natural resource that is replenished by rains.
If today we overuse groundwater or lower the water quality through
pollution, it will be depleted or so contaminated that we cannot use it
in future nor can future generations.
Measures to promote long-term development
Increased use of renewable resources: In order to achieve
sustainable development, we must encourage the use of renewable
energy sources such as solar, wind and geothermal.
Less use of fossil fuels: Because fossil fuels contribute significantly to
greenhouse gases and environmental pollution, they should be
replaced with better and environment friendly alternatives.
Prevention of global warming: In our daily lives, we should work
towards preventing global warming by adopting an eco-friendly
lifestyle.
