Economics
Class:X
Chapter1: Development
Notes
Development- Development is a process that creates growth, progress,
positive change or the addition of physical, economic, environmental, social
and demographic component.
Economic Development
It is an increase in the amount of final goods and services(Gross Domestic
Product) Income of the people , health and education of the people of the
country.
Difference between developed and developing countries in points:
Developed Country:
1. High per capita income.
2. High standard of living.
3. Advanced healthcare and education systems.
4. Highly industrialized and service-oriented economy.
5. Well-developed infrastructure (roads, electricity, etc.).
6. High Human Development Index (HDI).
7. Low levels of poverty and unemployment.
Developing Country:
1. Low to moderate per capita income.
2. Lower standard of living.
3. Limited access to quality health and education.
4. Economy based on agriculture and manufacturing.
5. Underdeveloped or uneven infrastructure.
6. Medium or low Human Development Index (HDI).
7. Higher levels of poverty and unemployment.
omic Growth?
•It is an i
Note: Different persons can have different developmental goals because their
aspirations and living conditions are different.
Types of goals
Common Goals : There are some needs which are common to all.
For example: income, freedom, equality, security, respect, friendship, etc.
Different Goals : Development or progress does not mean the same thing
for every individual. Each individual has his own idea of development.
For example, development for a farmer might be irrigation facilities; for an
unemployed youth it may mean employment opportunities.
Conflicting Goals : What may be development for some may become
destruction for some others.
For Example: Industrialists may want dams for electricity, but such dams
would displace the natives of a region by submerging their land. The
people residing their might resent it.
INCOME AND OTHER GOALS
Besides high income, people also seek things like equal treatment, freedom,
security, and respect for others,etc.
People look at a mix of goals for development:
Example- Before accepting a job , a person will not only consider the salary
but also things like job security, working atmosphere, or opportunity to learn,
distance from home, facilities for family,etc.
e amount of final goods and ser
NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
National development means thinking about fair and just path for all, whether
there is a better way of doing
things.
HOW TO COMPARE DIFFERENT COUNTRIES OR STATES?
For comparing countries, their income is considered to be one of the most
important attributes.
However, for comparison between countries, total income is not such an
useful measure.
Since, countries have different populations, comparing total income will not
tell us what an average person is likely to earn.
Hence, we compare the average income of the countries.
PER CAPITA INCOME
Per capita income or average income measures the average income
earned per person in a given area in a specified year. It is calculated by
dividing the area's total income by its total population.
LIMITATIONS OF PER CAPITA INCOME
1.It hide disparities in distribution of income.
2.It does not reflect the qualitative aspects like health ,
education, etc of a country.
•It is an increase in the amount of f
inal goods and services(Gr
*Infant Mortality Rate (or IMR) indicates the number of children that die
before the age of one year as a proportion of 1000 live children born in
that particular year.
* Literacy Rate measures the proportion of literate population in the 7-
and-above age group.
*Gross Enrolment Ratio is the number of students enrolled in school at
several different grade levels ( primary, secondary, and higher education)
in a given area in a given period of time.
* Net Attendance Ratio is the total number of children attending school as
a percentage of total number of children in the same age group at
different grade levels ( primary, secondary, and higher education) in a
given area in a given period of time.
oss Domestic Product) produced per
What are Public facilities?
•Public facilities are services provided by the government to its
citizens. Some of the important public facilities include infrastructure,
sanitation, public transport, health care, water, etc
on over a period of leads to increase in Income of the people
of the countr
Why are public facilities important?
1. Public facilities are cheaper than private facilities.
2. Poor can also afford public facilities.
3. It is easily available and accessible.
4. They give welfare and advantage to general society particularly the poor.
5. They help in maintaining law and order in the country.
yexamples--- government schools and colleges, government hospitals , Public
Distribution System, public transport like Buses, Metro, Railways , etc
Kerala has a low Infant Mortality Rate because it has adequate provision of
basic health and educational facilities.
What is BMI?
•BMI stands for Body Mass Index
•This is a numerical value of your weight in relation to your height.
• A BMI between 18.5 and 24.9 indicates a normal weight.
•A BMI of less than 18.5 is considered underweight.
•A BMI more than 25 or more is considered overweight.
How to maintain BMI?
•Make exercise a regular and religious part of your life.
•Staying hydrated.
•Do meditation as healthy mind would lead to healthy body.
•Assure yourself a regular sound sleep of at least 7-8 hours.
•Eat a balanced and nutritious diet.
•Consult a doctor if there is any health issue.
Human Development Report
Human Development Report Development published by United Nations
Development Programme (UNDP) compares countries based on the
educational levels of the people, their health status and per capita income.
● Parameters of HDI are:
1.Income - measured by Gross National Income (GNI) per
capita (average Income earned by a person in a given period of time.)
2.Health - Life expectancy at birth ( the no. of years an average person
is expected to live)
3.Education – Literacy rate (mean years of schooling among people
aged 25yrs and above.)
There are total 189 countries in HDI 2019.
●India’s HDI ranking improved from 130 in 2017 to 129 in 2018.
●India’s neighbouring country with better rank is Sri Lanka(71)
Importance of HDI:
•It indicates the level of development of a
country. • The report provide information about the different welfare
elements such as education levels, health status and
literacy level of a country. • It also provide information about the per
capita income of a country.ount of final goods and services(Gross Do
Sustainable development
•Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising
the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”
Why ground water is overused?
Groundwater is a highly overused resource because of the following
reasons :
(a) Due to large and growing population and consequent greater demands
for water and unequal access to it.
(b) To facilitate higher food grain production for large population, water
resources are being over exploited to expand irrigated areas and dry
season agriculture.
(c) In the housing societies or colonies in the cities, there is an arrangement
of own ground water pumping devices to meet water needs.
duct) produced per head of the population ove
Why is sustainable development essential for economic growth?
•Sustainable development is the prudent and judicious use of resources in
such a way that even future generations are able to use development is
essential for economic development as we have limited quantity of
resources.
•Firstly, the development and growth of the country will be hampered if the
present limited resources are totally exhausted .
• Secondly, the exhaustion of natural resources will endanger the lives of
humans and many species if we do not follow the principle of sustainable
development. For example, if water is over utilised and wasted, then it will
not be replenished by the rains. We need to keep the stock of natural
resources for future use too.
Steps to ensure sustainable development
• Technology : Using appropriate technology is one which is locally
adaptable, eco-friendly, resource efficient and culturally suitable.
•Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle Approach : It reduces pressure on our
resources as well as reduces waste generation and pollution.
•Promoting Environmental Education and Awareness :
learning process will greatly help in changing the thinking pattern and
attitude of people towards our earth and the environment.
r a period of leads to increase in Income of the people of the country
