Chapter II

Compound Heat Transfer

q'conv1 = h1 A(T1 −Ts1 )

(T −T )
q'cond = kA s1 S2

Ts2 Ts1
L
2 1

Air
T∞2 , h 2
Hot Coffee
T∞1 , h 1
q'conv2 = h2 A(Ts2 − T2 )

Convection Convection
L
Conduction
Conduction Thermal resistance

T1
Electrical Analogy T (x) q
R
V1 V2 𝑇1 − 𝑇2
I 𝑞=
T2 𝑅𝑡
I= Current
V= Volt L
Rt
R= Electric resistance q T1 T2
V1 −V2
I=
R
Conduction Thermal resistance
Convection Thermal Resistance ∆𝑇
𝑞=
Ts 𝑅𝑡ℎ

Fluid q = hA(Ts − T )
T∞ , h

Ts − T
q=
Rt Rt
Ts T∞
q

1
Convection Thermal resistance Rt,conv =
hA
1- The Plane Wall: ∆𝑇
𝑞=
𝑅𝑡ℎ
Conduction
Convection Convection

T∞,1

Ts,1 T (x)
Heat

Ts,2
T∞,2
Hot fluid
Cold fluid
T ∞ ,1 , h1 T ∞ ,2, h 2

L
q T∞,1 Ts,1 Ts,2 T∞,2
Example 1
The rear window of an automobile is defogged by passing warm air over its inner surface If
the warm air is at T∞,i=40 oC the corresponding convection coefficient is hi=30 W/m2.K, what
are the inner and outer surface temperature of 4 mm thick window glass (k= 0.78 W/m K), if
the outside ambient air temperature is T∞,o=-10 oC and associated convection coefficient is ho
=65 W/m2.K,

Glass
Ts,i = ??
Ts,i

Ts,o
Ts,o = ??
Hot Air Cold Air
T ∞ ,i , hi T∞ ,o , ho

L
q T∞,i Ts,i Ts,o T∞,o
 1 L 1 T,i −T,o
Rtot = + + q=
hi A kA ho A Rtotal

Rtot =
1 0.004 1
+ + 40 − (−10)
30 0.78 65 q=
Rtotal
Rtot = 0.053846 q = 928.57 W/m2

qconv )i = hi A(T,i − TS,i ) Ts,i

qcond = kA (
T s, i − Ts, o ) Ts,o =4.285 C
o

L
 Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient

For Conduction HT

For Convection HT

For Compound HT q = UAT

1
Overall Heat transfer coefficient, U U=
Rtot A
Example 2
The rear window of an automobile is defogged by passing warm air over its inner surface If
the warm air is at T∞,i=40 oC the corresponding convection coefficient is hi=30 W/m2.K,
The window glass is 4 mm thick (k= 0.78 W/m K), if the outside ambient air temperature is
T∞,o=-10 oC and associated convection coefficient is ho =65 W/m2.K. What is the overall
heat transfer coefficient, and heat transfer.

q = U A  T
Glass
1
U =
Ts,i R tot A

Ts,o 1 L 1
R tot = + +
hi A kA ho A
Hot Air Cold Air
T ∞ ,i , hi 1
T∞ ,o , ho U =
1 L 1
+ +
hi k ho
L
T∞,i Ts,i T∞,o
U = 18.75
q Ts,o

q = 18.57  50 = 928.57
Example 3
Steam at a temperature of 300 oC flows through a steal pipe, (AISI 304, k = 14.9 W/m.K) of 60-mm
inside diameter and 80-mm outside diameter. The convection coefficient between the steam and the
inner surface of the pipe is 500 W/m2 K, while that between the outer surface of the pipe and the
surroundings is 25 W/m2 K the temperature of the surroundings air is 25 oC.
-What is the heat loss per unit length of pipe?
Example 4
Steam at a temperature of 250 oC flows through a steal pipe (AISI 1010) of 60-mm inside diameter and
75-mm outside diameter. The convection coefficient between the steam and the inner surface of the pipe
is 500 W/m2 K, while that between the outer surface of the pipe and the surroundings is 25 W/m2. the
surroundings is 25 oC.
What is the heat loss per unit length of pipe

1 ln (ro ri ) 1
Steam Air
Rt' = + +
T∞,i =250 oC T∞,o =25 oC 2 ri hi 2 k 2 ro ho
hi=500 W/m2K ho=25 W/m2K
1 0.223 1
Rt' = + +
ro 94.2 93.57 5.887
ri Rt' = 0.182

T  ,i − T  , o
Ts, i Ts, o q =
Rt
q T∞,i Ts,i Ts,o T∞,o
250− 25
q= =1236 W/m
0.182
Example 5
A spherical thin walled metallic container is used to store liquid nitrogen at 77 K. the container has a
diameter of 0.5 m and is covered with an evacuated reflective insulation composed of silica powder
(k=0.0017). The insulation is 25 mm thick and its outer surface is exposed to ambient air at 300 K The
convection coefficient is known to be 20 W/m2 k. What is the rate of heat transfer to the liquid nitrogen

T,o −T,i
Nitrogen Air q=
T∞,i =77 K T∞,o =300 K Rth
ho=20 W/m2K
Rt = Rt ,conv + Rt,cond
ro 1
Rt ,conv = = 0.05
ri h4 r o
2

1 ri −1 ro
Rt,Cond = = 17.02
(4k )
Silica powder
T∞,i T∞,o 223
q q=
0.05 +17.02
1ri −1 r o 1
(4k ) h4 ro2 q = 13.06W
Compound Heat Transfer

∆𝑇
𝑞=
σ 𝑅𝑡ℎ

Thermal Resistance:
Example 6
Steam flows in a cast iron pipe (k = 80 W/m °C) whose inner and outer diameters are 16 cm and 20 cm, respectively.
The pipe is covered with 5-cm-thick glass wool insulation with k = 0.05 W/m °C. Heat is lost to the surroundings at
20 °C by natural convection, with a heat transfer coefficient of ho =16 W/m2 °C. Taking the heat transfer coefficient
inside the pipe to be hi =70 W/m2. If the outer surface temperature of the insulation was found 35 C°
(a)- Determine The steam temperature.
b)- If there is a part of this pipe has no insulation Determine the pipe outer surface temperature at this part.

o
7- Steam flows in a cast iron pipe (k = 70 W/m °C)
whose inner and outer diameters are 20 cm and 25 cm,
respectively. The pipe is covered with 5-cm-thick
insulation with k = 0.05 W/m °C. Heat is lost to the
surroundings at 25 °C by natural convection, with a
heat transfer coefficient of ho =20 W/m2 °C. Taking the
heat transfer coefficient inside the pipe to be hi =80
W/m2. If the outer surface temperature of the insulation
was found 40 °C
(a) Determine The steam temperature.
(b)- If there is a part of this pipe is covered with
different insulation material (5-cm-thick). Determine
the thermal conductivity k of this insulation material, If
the outer surface temperature of the insulation at this
part was found 35 °C.
8- A spherical thin walled metallic
container is used to store liquid nitrogen.
The inner container surface temperature
at 77 K. The container has a diameter of
40 cm and is covered with insulation
composed of silica powder (k=0.0027).
The insulation is 15 mm thick and it is
exposed to ambient air at 20 °C with
convection coefficient 10 W/m2 k.
(a) What is the rate of heat transfer to the
liquid nitrogen,
(b) What is the insulation outer surface
temperature.
 -A stainless steel, (k = 14.9 W/m K) tube used to transport a chilled water has an inner diameter of 40 mm and a
thickness of 3 mm. The chilled water and ambient air are at temperatures of 6 oC and 32 oC, respectively, while the
corresponding inner and outer convection coefficients are 400 W/m2 K and 12 W/m2 K, respectively.
(a) What is inner and outer surface temperature of the tube?
(b) What is inner and outer surface temperature of the tube if a 10 mm thick layer of calcium silicate insulation
(kins = 0.050 W/m K) is applied to the tube?