MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING
Fluid Mechanics and
Hydraulic Machines
Comprehensive Theory
with Solved Examples and Practice Questions
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First Edition : 2015
Fluid Mechanics and Second Edition : 2016
Hydraulic Machines
Third Edition : 2017
EDITIONS
Fourth Edition : 2018
Fifth Edition : 2019
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Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines
CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 3
Fluid Properties............................................. 01-27 Hydrostatic Forces on Surfaces.................. 48-70
1.1 Introduction................................................................................. 1 3.1 Introduction...............................................................................48
1.2 Fluid Mechanics.......................................................................... 1 3.2 Total Hydrostatic Force on a Plane Surface.....................48
1.3 Fluid as a Continuum................................................................ 2 3.3 Pressure Diagram or Prism....................................................56
1.4 Fluid Properties........................................................................... 2 3.4 Total Hydrostatic Force on Curved Surface.....................57
1.5 Viscosity ........................................................................................ 4 Objective Brain Teasers.............................................................60
1.6 Surface Tension.........................................................................10 Conventional Brain Teasers.....................................................65
1.7 Applications of Surface Tension..........................................12
1.8 Vapour Pressure........................................................................17 CHAPTER 4
1.9 Cavitation....................................................................................17 Buoyancy and Floatation............................. 71-92
1.10 Compressibility and Elasticity..............................................18 4.1 Introduction...............................................................................71
Objective Brain Teasers............................................................23 4.2 Buoyant Force............................................................................71
Conventional Brain Teasers.....................................................26 4.3 Metacentre and Metacentric Height.................................74
4.4 Determination of Metacentric Height..............................74
CHAPTER 2 4.5 Stability of Submerged and Floating Bodies..................76
4.6 Metacentric Height for Floating Bodies
Fluid Pressure & its Measurement............. 28-47 Containing Liquid.....................................................................81
2.1 Introduction...............................................................................28 4.7 Time Period of Transverse Oscillation of a
2.2 Pressure at a Point in a Fluid.................................................28 Floating Body.............................................................................82
4.8 Rolling and Pitching................................................................83
2.3 Different Types of Pressure....................................................30
Objective Brain Teasers.............................................................85
2.4 Variation of Pressure in Vertical Direction
(For fluid at Rest).......................................................................30 Conventional Brain Teasers.....................................................89
2.5 Pressure Head............................................................................32
CHAPTER 5
2.6 Pressure Measurement Devices..........................................33
2.7 Simple Manometers................................................................34 Liquids in Rigid Body Motion....................93-113
2.8 Differential Manometers........................................................38 5.1 Introduction...............................................................................93
2.9 Mechanical Gauge...................................................................41 5.2 Rigid Translation Motion........................................................93
Objective Brain Teasers.............................................................42 5.3 Rigid Rotational Motion...................................................... 102
Objective Brain Teasers.......................................................... 108
Conventional Brain Teasers.....................................................45
Conventional Brain Teasers.................................................. 112
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Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines
CHAPTER 6 CHAPTER 9
Fluid Kinematics....................................... 114-152 Turbulent Flow in Pipes........................... 220-240
6.1 Introduction............................................................................ 114 9.1 Introduction............................................................................ 220
6.2 Types of Fluid Flow............................................................... 115
9.2 Shear Stress in Turbulent Flow.......................................... 221
6.3 Description of Flow Pattern............................................... 120
9.3 Various Regions in Turbulent Flow.................................. 224
6.4 Continuity Equation............................................................. 123
9.4 Hydrodynamically Smooth and Rough Boundaries..... 225
6.5 Acceleration of a Fluid Particle......................................... 127
6.6 Types of motion or Deformation of fluid elements...... 132 9.5 Velocity Distribution for Turbulent Flow in Pipes...... 226
6.7 Circulation and Vorticity..................................................... 135 9.6 Karman Prandtl Velocity Distribution Equation for
Hydrodynamically Smooth and Rough Pipes............. 227
6.8 Velocity Potential................................................................... 137
6.9 Stream Function..................................................................... 139 9.7 Velocity Distribution in Terms of Average Velocity... 231
6.10 Streamlines, Equipotential Lines and Flow Net.......... 141 9.8 Friction Factor in Turbulent Flow Through Pipes....... 234
Objective Brain Teasers.......................................................... 144 Objective Brain Teasers.......................................................... 238
Conventional Brain Teasers.................................................. 150
CHAPTER 10
CHAPTER 7
Flow Through Pipes.................................. 241-295
Fluid Dynamics......................................... 153-198
10.1 Introduction............................................................................ 241
7.1 Introduction............................................................................ 153
10.2 Reynolds’ Experiment........................................................... 241
7.2 Forces Acting on Fluid in Motion..................................... 153
10.3 Laws of Fluid Friction........................................................... 243
7.3 Euler’s Equation of Motion along the Streamline...... 154
10.4 Velocity Profile in Pipe Flow............................................... 244
7.4 Bernoulli’s Equation of Motion along the Streamline.... 154
10.5 Loss of Energy in pipes........................................................ 245
7.5 Analysis of Bernoulli’s Equation....................................... 155
10.6 Head Loss Due to Friction in Pipe.................................... 246
7.6 Bernoulli’s Equation as Energy Equation...................... 156
10.7 Minor Losses............................................................................ 250
7.7 Applications of Bernoulli’s Equation............................... 159
10.8 Total Energy line and Hydraulic Gradient Line .......... 258
7.8 Free Liquid Jet......................................................................... 169
10.9 Various Connections in Pipelines..................................... 261
7.9 Vortex Motion......................................................................... 171
10.10 Flow Through a By-pass...................................................... 265
7.10 Impulse Momentum Equation......................................... 177
10.11 Siphon....................................................................................... 266
7.11 Angular Momentum Principle.......................................... 185
10.12 Flow between reservoirs at different level................... 270
Objective Brain Teasers.......................................................... 188
10.13 Time of emptying a reservoir through a pipe discharged
Conventional Brain Teasers.................................................. 196
in open air................................................................................ 270
10.14 Time required to reduced the level difference between
CHAPTER 8
two reservoirs from H1 to H2.............................................. 271
Laminar Flow............................................. 199-219 10.15 Loss of Head due to Friction in a Pipe with Side
8.1 Introduction............................................................................ 199 Tappings................................................................................... 272
8.2 Laminar Flow Through Circular Pipe 10.16 Transmission of Power......................................................... 273
(Hagen-Poiseuille law)......................................................... 199 10.17 Water Hammer in pipes...................................................... 275
8.3 Laminar Flow between Two Parallel Plates.................. 206 10.18 Pipe Network........................................................................... 281
Objective Brain Teasers.......................................................... 213
Objective Brain Teasers.......................................................... 285
Conventional Brain Teasers.................................................. 217
Conventional Brain Teasers.................................................. 293
iv
Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines
CHAPTER 11 13.4 Drag on various shapes....................................................... 352
13.5 Lift on various shapes.......................................................... 360
Boundary Layer Theory........................... 296-319
Objective Brain Teasers.......................................................... 364
11.1 Introduction............................................................................ 296
Conventional Brain Teasers.................................................. 368
11.2 Various Types of Thicknesses of Boundary Layer....... 297
11.3 Boundary Layer along a Long Thin Flat Plate.............. 301 CHAPTER 14
11.4 Boundary Layer Equations (for 2-D steady, laminar flow
Impact of Jets............................................371-386
of incompressible fluids)..................................................... 304 14.1 Introduction............................................................................ 371
11.5 Local and Average Drag Coefficient............................... 304 14.2 Force by fluid jet on stationary flat plate...................... 371
11.6 Blasius Results......................................................................... 306 14.3 Force by fluid jet on moving flat plate........................... 375
11.7 Von-Karman Integral Momentum Equation................ 309 14.4 Force by fluid jet on curved plate.................................... 377
11.8 Boundary Layer Separation............................................... 311 14.5 Flow over runner blades..................................................... 381
Objective Brain Teasers.......................................................... 316 Objective Brain Teasers.......................................................... 383
Conventional Brain Teasers.................................................. 319 Conventional Brain Teasers.................................................. 384
CHAPTER 12 CHAPTER 15
Dimensional Analysis................................320-347 Hydraulic Turbines....................................387-421
12.1 Introduction............................................................................ 320 15.1 Introduction............................................................................ 387
12.2 Dimensions.............................................................................. 320 15.2 Layout of Hydroelectric Power Plant.............................. 387
15.3 Heads of a Turbine................................................................ 388
12.3 Dimensional Homogeneity................................................ 322
15.4 Efficiencies of a Turbines..................................................... 388
12.4 Non-Dimensionalisation of Equations........................... 324
15.5 Classification of Turbines.................................................... 390
12.5 Methods of Dimensional analysis.................................... 325
15.6 Pelton Turbine......................................................................... 393
12.6 Model Analysis........................................................................ 329
15.7 Radial Flow turbine............................................................... 398
12.7 Similitude (Types of Similarities)...................................... 330
15.8 Francis turbine....................................................................... 400
12.8 Force Ratios-Dimensionless Numbers........................... 331
15.9 Kaplan Turbine........................................................................ 403
12.9 Model Laws (similarity laws).............................................. 333 15.10 Comparison of Kaplan and Francis Turbine................. 404
Objective Brain Teasers.......................................................... 341 15.11 Draft Tube................................................................................ 404
Conventional Brain Teasers.................................................. 345 15.12 Cavitation in Reaction turbine.......................................... 408
15.13 Unit Quantities and Specific Speed................................ 409
CHAPTER 13 15.14 Performance Characteristic Curves................................. 411
External Flow-Drag and Lift ...................348-370 Objective Brain Teasers.......................................................... 413
Conventional Brain Teasers.................................................. 418
13.1 Introduction............................................................................ 348
13.2 Drag and Lift............................................................................ 348
13.3 Types of Drag.......................................................................... 350
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Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines
CHAPTER 16 16.9 Specific speed of centrifugal pump................................ 436
16.10 Model Testing of Centrifugal Pumps.............................. 437
Hydraulic Pumps...................................... 422-458
16.11 Cavitation in Pumps............................................................. 439
16.1 Introduction............................................................................ 422
16.12 Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH)................................... 440
16.2 Classification of rotodynamics pumps........................... 423
16.13 Thoma’s Cavitation Factor.................................................. 441
16.3 Centrifugal Pump.................................................................. 424
16.14 Priming of Pump.................................................................... 441
16.4 Heads of Pump....................................................................... 428
16.15 Characteristic Curves of Centrifugal Pumps................ 442
16.5 Design parameters of centrifugal pump....................... 430
16.16 Reciprocating Pump............................................................. 443
16.6 Efficiencies of Centrifugal Pump...................................... 431
16.17 Centrifugal pump vs Reciprocating pump................... 448
16.7 Multistage centrifugal pumps.......................................... 434
Objective Brain Teasers.......................................................... 451
16.8 Minimum Speed for Starting a Centrifugal Pump........ 435
Conventional Brain Teasers.................................................. 456
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