4

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS

4.1 INTRODUCTION
Learning Objective (LO 1)
* Students will be able to describe the basic concepts of digital circuits.

Electronics can be divided into two categories such as analog electronics

and digital electronics. The branch of electronics which deals with analog
circuits is called an analog electronics. The branch of electronics which
deals with digital circuits is called digital electronics.
Acontinuously varying signal (voltage or current) is called an analog
signal. Example: A sinusoidal voltage.
A signal (voltage or current) which can have only two discrete values
is called a digital signal. Example: Asquare wave.
Digital circuits find applications in computers, telephony, data processing,
radar navigation, military system and medical instruments. The digital circuits
has only two possible states such as high' and low'. It can be represented
by open and closed switches or ON and OFF condition of the switch.
Advantages of digitalelectronics
1. Digital circuits provide greater accuracy and precision.
2. Power consumption is very low.
3. Fast and more efficient.

4. More reliable.

5. It can be easily designed.

6. Digital circuits are less affected by noise.
7. Storage of information is easy with digital circuits.
8. More digital circuits can be fabricated on integrated chips.
4.2 BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

Disadvantages
1. The digital circuits can handle only digital signals; it requires encoders
and decoders, due to which, cost of the equipment is high.
2. Under certain situations, the use of analog techniques is simpler
and economical (example: The process of signal amplification).
4.2 NUMBER SYSTEMS
Learning Objectives (LO 2)
" Students will be able to explain the representation of decimal, binary, octal
and hexadecimal number systems.
$ Students will be able to perform conversion between binary, octal and
hexadecimal numbers.
o Students willbe able to perform addition and subtraction using 9's complement
and 10's complement.
Humans are using the decimal number systems which consist of
the digits 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9. Some of them are using ROMAN, GREEK and
other ancient number systems.
But, when humans invented digital machine that could count or
process numbers, they realized that machines were complex to use
decimal number systems. So, they choose binary number system which
has only two digits 0 and 1. These digits can be represented by
standard DC voltages +5 V(1) and ground (0). So, the inputs to the
digital systems, (the decimal or other number systems) should be
converted into binary number systems.
When the capability of machines is increased to process bigger data
or numbers, the usage of octal and hexadecimal number system more
preferable. These two number systems were chosen because, they can
be easily converted into binary and vice versa.
In this chapter we are going to see the representation of various
related number
number systemns, conversion between decimal and machine
systems i.e binary, octal and hexadecimal.
General Representation of Number Systems
Let N be the number.

N = a, r t a, , r + ..... + a, r, + ..... ta

where, n - Power of the number

a, - Digits of the number system

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS 4.3

4.2.1 Decimal Number System

ða number is represented in decimal system, the digits have welghts
f power of 10.
For example, (51.24),0
51.24 = 5x 10' +1 x 10° + 2 x 10-! + 4 x 10
= 50 + 1 + 0.2 + 0.04

- (51.24),
4.2.2 Binary Number System
The binary number system is represented in powers of 2.
For example, (1110.101), can be represented as
(1110.101), = 1 x 2 + 1 x 22 + 1l x 2! + 0 x 20 + 1x 2-! + 0 x 22 + 1x 2

= 8+ 4 + 2 + 0 + 0.5 + 0 +0.125
- (14.625),0

4.2.2.1 Decimal to Binary Number Conversion

The other method for conversion from decimal to binary is division
method. The number is divided by 2 until the quotient is zero.

EXAMPLE 1

(25),0 = (?),
LOTS
225
2 12- 1
26 - 0
23 - 0
1 -1

: (25),6= (11001),
The binary numbers are taken from the bottom to top.

HOTS - Higher Order Thinking Skills; LOTS - Lower Order Thinking Skills
4.4 BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

EXAMPLE 2

(101.11),, =(? ),
LOTS
2 101
2| 50 1
2|25- 0 A
2| 12- 1
26 - 0

2| 3 - 0
1- 1

(101), = (1100101),
For digits after the decimal point, the binary number can be found
out by multiplying 2.
Binary Digits (digits after the decimalpoint)
0.11 x 2 = 0.22
0.22 x 2 0.44 0

0.44 x 2 0.88
0.88 x 2 = 1.76 1

If the multiplication process extends further without end, the process

can be stopped upto 4 digits.
..
(.11),, = (0001),
(101.11),0 = (1100101.0001),
EXAMPLE 3

(34.45),0 = (?),
LOTS
2 34

2| 17- 0
28 1

24 - 0

22 - 0

1- 0
(34),6= (100010),
DIGITAL ELECTRONICS 4.5

Fraction Part:
Binary Digits
0.45 x 2 = 0.90 0

0.90 x 2 = 1.80 1

0.80 x 2 = 1.60

0.60 x 2 = 1.20 1

0.20 x 2 = 0.40

: (34.45),0 = (100010.01110),

4.2.2.2 Binary to Decimal Number Conversion

EXAMPLE 4
Convert the following number to decimal.
(1011.111),
LOTS
0

x 20 = ] x 1 = 1
x 2 = 1x 2 = 2
0x 2 =0 x 4 = 0
1x 2² = 1 x8 = 8
11
1 1

1 x 23 = 0.125
+ l x 2-2 = 0.25
-º1 x 2-! = 0.5
0.875

(1011.111), = (11.875),
4.6 BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

EXAMPLE 5

Convert the following binary number to decimal.

(11110.0101),
LOTS
1 1 0

0 x 20 = 0

’ 1x 2! =2

1 x 22 = 4

1 x 23 = 8

+ 1x 2 = 16
30
1 1

1 x2-4 = 0.0625
+0 x 2-3 = 0
’ | x 2-2 = 0.25
0 x 2-! = 0

0.3125

(11110.0101), = (30.625)10
EXAMPLE 6

Convert (101.01), to decimal number.

LOTS

0
0.01
+ 2 x 1 = 1
+ 2' x 0 = 0 + 1x 2 = 0.25

+ 2 x 0 = 4 Ox 2 = 0.0
.25
5

(101.01)2 = (5.25)10
 4.7
DIGITAL ELECTRONICS

4.2.3 Octal Number System

In the octal number system, the rade ls 8. In octal number system,
method between
the diglts used are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. The conversion casier to
decimal and octal is similar to binary except the powers of 8. It is
convert between octal and binary since, both have weights in power of 2.
4.2.3.1 Decimal Number to Octal Number Conversion
EXAMPLE 7

Convert the following decimal number into octal.

(144.25)10
LOTS

8 144
818- 0

2 - 2
: (144),, = (220),
OctalDigits
0.25 x 8= 2.00 2
0.00 x 8= 0.00 0

: (144.25),, = (220.20),
EXAMPLE 8
into octal.
Convert the following decimal number
(232.52),6
LOTS

8 232
8 29- 0
3 - 5
(232),, = (350),
Octal Digits
0.52 x 8= 4.16
0.16 x 8= 1.28 1

0.28 x 8= 2.24 2

0.24 x 8= 1.92

.: (232.52),, = (350.4121),
4.8
BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERÍNG

4.2.3.2 Octal Number to Decimal Number Conversion

EXAMPLE 9
Convert the following octal number to decimal.
(3714.27),
LOTS
3 7 4

4 x 80 = 4 x 1 4

’1 x8! = 1x 8 8

7x 82 =7 x 64 448

3 x 83 =3 x 512 = 1536

1996
2 7

7 x 82 = 0.109

-2 x 8-l = 0.25

0.359

:. (3714.27), = (1996.359),.
EXAMPLE 10
Convert the following octal number to decimal.
(436),
LOTS

4 3 6

+6 x 80 = 6

3 x 8! = 24

+ 4 x 82 = 256

286

:. (436), = (286),o
DIGITAL ELECTRONICs 4.9

4.2.3.3 Octal Number to Binary Number Conversion

The octal number can be converted to binary directly as described in
the table 4.1.
Table 4.1

Octal Number Binary Number Equivalent

1 1

3 1 1

4 1

5 1 0 1

6 1

7 1 1 1

EXAMPLE 11

Convert the following octal to binary number.

(32),
LOTS
3 2

011 010

:: (32), = (11010),
EXAMPLE 12

Convert the following octal to binary number.

(734),
LOTS
3 4

111 011 100

: (734), (111011100),
4.10 BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

EXAMPLE 13

Convert the following octal to binary number.

(645.1),
LOTS
6 4 5 .1

110 100 101 001

(645.1), = (110100101.001),

4.2.4 Hexa Decimal Number System

The hexadecimal number systemn has a radix 16(Base 16). The
hexadecimalnumber system has the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B,
C, D, E and F. The last 6 characters are found only in hexadecimal numbers.
Since the hexadecimal numbers are shorter for representation, they are mostly
used as a machine language in computers or microprocessors and advanced
digital systems. Note: Hexadecimal number is also represented by letter H.
4.2.4.1 Decimal Number to Hexadecimal Number Conversion
EXAMPLE 14
Convert the following decimal number to hexadecimal aumber.
(342),0
LOTS
16 342

16 21 6

1 - 5

. (342),0 = (156),6
EXAMPLE 15

Convert the following decimal number to hexadecimal number.

(25),0
LOTS
16|25
1- 9

i. (25),, =(19),6
DIGITAL ELECTRONICS 4.11

EXAMPLE 16

Convert the following decimal number to hexadecimal number.

(82.4),0
LOTS
16|82
52

(82), = (52),6
0.40 x 16 = 6.4
0.40 x 16 = 6.4

:: (82.4),o = (52.66),6
EXAMPLE 17

Convert the following decimal number to hexadecimal aumber.

(491.62),0
LOTS
16 491
16 30- B

1 - E

.. (491),, =(1EB),6
0.62 x 16 = 9.92
0.92 x 16 = 14.72 E (14)
0.72 x 16 = 11.52 B (11)
:. (491.62),, = (1EB.9EB),
EXAMPLE 18
Convert the following decimal number to hexadecimal number.
(94),0
LOTS

16|94
5- 14

(94),6= (5E),,
4.12 BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

EXAMPLE 19
Determine (377)., in octal and hexadecimal equivalent.
LOTS

8377
(377)10 : (571), 847 -
5 - 7

16 37 7
(377)10 : (179)16 16 23 - 9
1 -7

Table 4.2: Hexadecimal Table

Hexadecimal
Number
Decimal Equivalent Octal Equivalent Binary Equivalent

0000

1 1 0001

2 2 2 0010

3 3 3 0011

4 4 4 0100

5 5 5 0101

6 6 6 0110

7 7 7 0111

8 10 1000

9 9 11 1001

A 10 12 1010

B 11 13 1011

C 12 14 1100

D 13 15 l101

E 14 16 1110

15 17 1111
DIGITAL ELECTRONICS 4.13

4.2.4.2 Hexadecimal Number to Decimal Number Conversion

EXAMPLE 20
Convert the following hexadecimal number to decimal number.
(64),,
LOTS
6 4

4 x 160 = 4

6x 16! = 96

100

: (64),6 = (100),0
EXAMPLE 21

Convert the following hexadecimal number to decimal number.

(AC),
LOTS
A C

12 x 160 = 12

’ 10 x 16! = 160

172

(AC ),6 = (172),0

EXAMPLE 22
Convert the following hexadecimal number to decimal number.
(CD47),e
LOTS
C D 4 7

+7x 160 = 7 x 1 7

4 x 16! = 4 x 16 64

13 x 16² = 13 x 256 3328

+ 12 x 16 = 12 x 4096 = 49152

52551

(CD47),, = (52551),,
4.14 BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

EXAMPLE 23

Convert the following hexadecimal number to decimal number.

(B9A.C),
LOTS
B 9 A

10 x 160 = 10 x 1 = 10

9 x 16! = 9 x 16 = 144

11 x 162 = 11 x 256 = 2816

2970
C’ 12 x 16-! = 0.75
:. (B9A.C),6 = (2970.75),0
4.2.4.3 Conversion between Binary, Octal and Hexadecimal Numbers
The conversion between these three number systems is easier since
they all are having radix as two (2', 22, 2*). Some examples are given tc
show the conversion between these three number systems.
EXAMPLE 24
Convert (1110001), to octal and hexadecimal numbers directly.
LOTS
For converting to octal numbers, the binary numbers are separated into
three digits each from your right hand side.
Octal Equivalent
0 0 1 0

1 6

:. (111 000 1), = (161),

Hexadecimal Equivalent
For converting to hexadecimal numbers, the binary numbers are seperated
into four digits each from your right hand side.
0 1 1 0 1

7 1

.: (111 000 1), = (71),,

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS
4.15

EXAMPLE 25
Convert (10101101.111), to octal number directly.
LOTS
1 1 1 1
2 5

(10101101), = (255),
But after decimal point, the numbers are to be taken from left to
hand side. right
1 1 1

’ 7

So finally for (10101101.11 1), (255.7),

Convert (10101101.111), to Hexadecimal numbers directly.
1 1 1 1

A D
:: (10101101), = AD),6
But after decimal point the numbers are taken from
side.
left to right hand

1 1 1

So finally for (10101101.111), = (AD.E),,

4.2.4.4 Octal Number to Hexadecimal Number using Binary
Conversion
EXAMPLE 26
Convert (74), octal number to hexadecimal based on
binary conversion.
LOTS
7 4

111 100

.. (74), = (111 100),

0011 1100 The binary number is rearranged as 4
digits.
3

:. (74), = (111100), = (3C),6

 ENGINEERING
4.16 BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS

EXAMPLE 27
conversion.
Convert (625.2), Octal number to hexadecimal based on binary
LOTS 2
6 2 5

110 010 101 010

(625.2) = (110010101.01),
0001 1001 0101 0100

1 9 5 4

.: (625.2), = (195.4),6
EXAMPLE 28
conversion.
Convert (65.32), Octal number to hexadecimal based on binary
LOTS

6 5 2
110 101 011 010

(65.32), = (110101.011010),

0011 0101. 0110 1000

3 5 6 8

(65.32), = (35.68),
4.2.4.5 Hexadecimal Number to Octal Number using Binary Conversion
EXAMPLE 29
Convert 2A hexadecimal to octal using binary conversion.

LOTS
2 A

0010 1010

(2A),, = (101010), (The first two zeros can be left out)

101 010 The binary number is rearranged as 3 digits.

5 2

(2A),,= (52),
DIGITAL ELECTRONICS
4.17

EXAMPLE 30
Convert (3AC.E),, Hexadecimal to octal using binary.
LOTS 3 A C E
0011 1010 1100 1110

(3AC.E),6 - (1110101100.111),
001 110 101 100 . 111
1 6 5 4 7

(3AC.E),6 =(1654.7),
EXAMPLE 31
Convert (D9.DE),, hexadecimal to octal using binary.
D 9 D
LOTS
(1101 1001 1101 1110),
011 011 001 110 111 100
3 3 1 6 - 7 4

(D9.DE),, = (331.674),
4.2.5 Other Number Systems
Someother number systems used are base 7, 12,...etc. In all the number
systems the weights are power of the radix. To find an unknown number
system, Quadratic equation can be used as in the following examples.
EXAMPLE 32

LOTS (16),,= (20),. Pind x.

16 = 2x' + Ox°
16 = 2x
16
= 8
2
(16),0 = (20),
EXAMPLE 33

LOTS (136) ., = (253),. Find x.

The quadratic equation is
2x? + 5x + 3 = 136
2x? + 5x + 3- 136 = 0
2x? + 5x 133 = 0