Exercise 8.

Adie is thrown 6 times. If 'getting an odd number is a success, find the probability of
i. 5 successes ii. at least 5 successes iii. at most 5successes.
Solution:
Let X denote the number of odd numbers.
3
P(getting an odd number)=p= 6 2

q=1-p=|-=
2
Given, n=6

x-B|
The p.m.f. of X is given by
,X=0, 1, 2, ..., 6
i. P(5 successes) = P(X=5)
11 3 3
32
i. P(at least 5 successes) = P(X > 5) = P(X =5or X =6)
-P(X = 5) + P(X =6)
6 1 7
+
20 64
iii. P(at most 5 successes)= P(X s5)=1- P(X> S)
=|- PX=6)
1 63
-1-ca(-l--1 64 64

Apair of dice is thrown 4 times. If getting a doublet is considered a success, find the probability of two
SuccesSses.

Solution:
Let X denote the number of times of getting doublet.
If apair of dice is thrown, then there are total 36 possible outcomes, out of which 6 [i.e. (1, 1), (2, 2)..,
(6, 6)] are doublets.
6 1
P(getting a doublet) =p= 36 6

q=l-p=1 1_5
6 6
Given, n=4

X-B(4
The p.m.f. of X isgiven by
P(X =x) ='c. ()*-0, 1, .. 4
P(two successes) = P(X =2) =

4!
X
1
X
25 4x3x 2! 1 25 25 25
X
2!x 2! 36 36 2x1x 2! 36 36 2x3x 36 216
 Thereare 5% defective items in a large bulk of items. What is the probability that a sample of 10
jitems willinclude
not more than one defective item?
aston:
the number of defective items,
LetX denote
5 1
Pgetting defective item) =p= 100 20 ..given)
1 19
q=l-p=| 20 20
Given, n=10

X~B

by
The p.m.f. ofX is given 10-x
19 ,X= 0, 1, ..., 10
RX=) ="C 20
0or X= |)
DÍsample will include not more than one defective item) = P(X< 1) =P(X=
=P(X=0) + P(X = 1)
+
20)
\10
+ 10x 119
20 20

9 199
29
200

Find the
replacement from a well-shuffled deck of 52 cards.
4 Five cards are drawn successively with
probability that
all the five cards are spades.
only 3cards are spades.
none is a spade.
Solution:
Let X denote the number of spades.
13 1
P(getting spade) =p= 52
q=1-p=| 13
4 4

Given, n =5
X~

The p.m.f. of Xis given by P(X =*) = ,x= 0, 1, ..., 5:

1
P(all Ifive cards are spades) P(X - $)-c 45 1024
90 45
S! 3² 5x4x 3! 9
P(only 3cardsare spades) =PX=3) =°CE= 3!x 2! 4'x4 3!x 2x1 45 1024 512

45 45
Note: Answer given in the textbook is However, as per our calculation it is * ]
1024 S12

3 243
P(none is a spade) =P(X =0) = 1024
5.
The probability that a bulb produced by a factory willfuse after 150 days of use is 0.05. Find the
probability that out of 5 such bulbs
i. more than one iv. at least one
none ii not more than one iii.
will fuse after 150 days of use.
Solution:
Let X denote the number of bulbsthat will fuse after 150days.
P(bulb will fuse after 150 days)=p=0.05 ..[Given)
q=1-p=1-0.05 = 0.95
Given, n =5
X~ B(S,0.05)
The p.m.f. of X is given by
P(X =x) ='C(0.05) (0.95)-,x= 0, 1,...,5
P(none willfuse after i50 days of use) =P(X =0) =Co(0.05)° (0.95) =(0.95)
P(not more than one will fuse after 150days of use) = P(X<1)=P(X = 0or X= 1)
= P(X = 0) + P(X = 1)
=(0.95) +°Ci(0.05)(0.95)* .[From (1)]
= (0.95)" (0.95 + 5 x 0.05)
=(1.2) (0.95)*
iii. P(more than one will fuse after 150 days of use) P(X> 1)=1 -P(Xs1)
-1-(1.2) (0.95) ..From (i]
iv. P(at least one willfuse after 150 days of use) = P(X> 1) = 1- P(X < l)=1-P(X= 0)
=1-(0.95) ...[From ()]

A bag consists of 10balls each marked with one of the digits 0to9. If four balls aredrawn successively
with replacement from the bag, what is theprobability that none is marked with the digit 0?
Solution:
Let X denote the number of times of getting a ball marked with the digit 0.
1
P(getting a ball marked with the digit 0) = p= 10
q=1-p= 1- 9
10 10
Given, n=4
X~B

The p.m.f. of X is given by

4-x

PX -)=(c ( ,X= 0, 1,....4

P(none is marked
iwith the digit 0) - PX=0) -*caH-H
t. On amultiple choice examination with three possible answers for each of the five questions, what is
the probability that a candidate would get four or more correct answers just by guessing?
Solution:
Let X denote the number of correct answers.
Since only one of the three options is correct,
P(getting correct answer by guessing) =p= 3
q=1-p=|-!= 2
3 3

Given, n=5

x-B[}
 given by
The p.m.f. ofX is
the P(X=x) = ,X= 0, 1, ..,5

P(getting 4 or more correct answers by guessing) = P(X > 4) = P(X =4 or X= 5)

= P(X = 4) + P(X = 5)=
2 10+1 11 11
-5x* 3 243

1
winning a prize is
Aperson buys a lottery ticket in 50 lotteries, in each of which his chance of 100

Find the probability that he will win a prize

iii. at least twice.
at least once. ii. exactly once.
Solution:
Let X denote the number of times a person wins a prize.
1
P(winning a prize) =p= ...(Given]
100
1 99
q=l-p=1 100
100
Given, n=50
1
X~B50, 100

The p.m.f. of X is given by

50-x
99 ,X= 0, 1, ..., 50
5
P(X =x)-C.
=1-P(X< 1)
P(person will win a prize at least once) =P(X> 1)
=|-PX =0) 50
50

-1-"c-
49
99
P(person will win a prizeexactly once) = P(X= 1) ="C 100
9949
= 50
10050

iii. P(person willwin a prize at least twice) = P(X 22) =1- P(X < 2)
=| P(X =0 or x= 1)
=| [PX =0) +P(X = 1)]
\50 9949
=1 + 50| ...[From () and (ii)]
10050
40
99 50
=| 100 100
49

-1
9949
=|- 149
10050
 9. In a boX of floppy discs it is known that 95%% will work. A sample of three of the discs is selected at

i.
random. Find the probability that
none ii. 1
iii. 2 iv. all 3of the sample will work.
Solution:
Let X denote the number of discs that will work.
95
P(the disc will work) p ...[Given]
100 20

q=1-p=1
20
Given, n =3
19
X~B3,
20

The p.m.f. of X isgiven by

3

P(X =)='C. 20 20
,X= 0, 1,2. 3

i. P(none of thesample will work) = P(X=0) =

20
19
ii. P(1 of thesample will work) = P(X= 1) 20
19²
iii. P(2 of the sample willwork) = P(X =2) =°Ca=3
20, 20
iv. P(all 3 of the sample will work) = P(X =3) ='C,

10. Find the probability of throwing at mnost 2 sixes in 6 throws of a single die.
Solution:
Let X denote the number of sixes.

P(getting a six when a die is thrown) = p= 6

1 5
q=1-p=1 6 6
Given, n=6
X~B

The p.m.f. of X is given by

6-x

P(X =: ,x= 0, 1, ...,6

P(getting at most 2 sixes) = P(X < 2) = P(X =0 or X= l or X = 2)
= P(X = 0) + P(X = l) + P(X = 2)

6x5 x 4!
2 xlx4!
30
6

-)-0-3
 Itis known that 10% of certain articles manufactured are defective. What is the probability that in a
random sample of 12 such articles, 9 are defective?
plation:
Let X denote the number of defective articles.
10 1
P(getting defective article)=p= ...Given]
100 10

q=l-p=1 10 10
Given, n= 12

X~B
)
The p.m.f. of X is given by
12-x

,X= 0, 1, ..., 12

P(9 articles are defective) =P(X=9) =

12! 12 x 11x 10 x 9! 9 9
9!x 3! 10!2 3x2x1x9! 1o2=22

Given that X ~ B (n, p)

Ifn= 10 and p = 0-4, find E (X) and Var (X).
Ifp=06 and E(X) =6, find n and Var (X).
If n =25, E(X)= 10, find p and SD(X).
If n = 10, E(X) = 8, find Var (X).
Solution:
X~ B(n, p)
Here, n= 10, p=0.4
q=1-p=1-0.4 = 0.6
E(X) = np = 10 × 0.4 = 4
Var(X) =npq = 10 x 0.4 x 0.6= 2.4

Here, p = 0.6
q=1-p=1-0.6 = 0.4
and E(X) =6
np=6
6 6 60
n= = 10
0.6 6

Var(X) = npq = 10 x 0.6 x 0.4 = 2.4

i. Here, n=25, E(X) =10

np = 10
10 10 2
p= n 25 5
2 3
4=1-p=1
3
Var(X) =npq = 25 x x =2x3 =6
5

SD(X) = var(X) = 6
Here,n = 10, E(X)= 8
np 8
8 4
10 5
361
 SOLVED EXAMPLES
Ex. 1: Ifa fair coin is tossed 10 times, find the probability of
getting
(i) exactly six heads (iü) at least six heads (iii) at most six heads
Solution:The repeated tosses of a coin are Bernoulli trials. Let X denote the number of heads in an
experiment of 10 trials.
Clearly, X- B(n, p) with n =10 and p = 1 1
G4=1-p=1-;
P(X= x) =C, p'x q

Exactly s0x successes means x = 6

10! 10 x 9 x 8 x7
PX=6) =10C 61(10-6)7(H: 4x3 x 2 x1
105
512
(iü) At least six successes means x> 6

P(X>6) = P(X=6) + P(X= 7) +P(X= 8) + P(X=9) + P(X= 10)]

10 x9 x 8x7 *10x9x8
1 10
10 x 9
4x3 x 2x1 2x1

1
=(210 +120 +45 +10 +1) x
1024
386 193
1024 512
(iii) At most six SUCcesses means x<6
P(X<6) =1-(P(X> 6)
=1-[P(X=7) +P(X= 8) +P(X =9) +P(X= 10]

10
[10 x 9 x 8 10 x9
=1
2 x1
176 88 512- 88 424 53
-1-(120 +43*10+1)xs
-1-102A =1
512 512 512 64

249)
Ex. 2: Ten eggs are drawn successively with replacement from a lot containing 10% defective eggs.
Find the probability that there is at least one defective egg.
Solution:Let X denote the number of defective eggs in the 10 eggs drawn.
Since the drawing is done with replacement, the trials are Bernoulli trials.
1
Probability of success 10
1 9
10 q =1-p=1 10 10
n= 10

X-B

9 , 10-x

PK=) =wc, 10
Here X> 1

PX21) =1-"c, o
9,10
-1-1xix(
9 10

=1

8.3 Mean and Variance of Binomial Distribution (Formulae without proof):

Let X~ B (n, p) then mean or expected value of r.v. Xis denoted by u or E (X) and given by
=E (X)= np.
The variance is denoted by Var (X) and given by Var (X) = npq.

Standard deviation of Xis denoted by SD (X) or o and given by SD (X) =o, =\Var (X)
For example : If X~B(10,0-4 ) then find E(X) and Var (X ).
Solution: Here n =10, p = 0-4, q=1-p
q=1-0-4 =0-6
E (X) = np
= 10 x 0-4 = 4

Var (X) = npq

= 10 x 0-4 x 0-6

=2.4
 SOLVED EXAMPLES

Ex. 1: Let the p.m.f. of r.v. Xbe

P(X=x) , for x = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4.
then find E (X) and Var (X ).
5 4
Solution:P(X=x) is binomial distribution withn=4,p=and q=
E (X) = np
20

Var (X) = npq

80
-4-()-6) 81
Ex. 2: IfE (X) = 6 and Var (X) = 4-2, find n and p.
Solution:E(X) = 6 therefore np = 6 and Var (X) = 4-2 therefore npq = 42
npq 4-2
.. q=0-7
np 6
. p=1-q=1-0-7 .. p=0-3
np =6
6
.. nx 0-3 =6 = 20
0-3

EXERCISE 8.1