Here's a summarized brief of each topic covered in the PDF titled **“Module 3 - Urban
Planning”** by Prof. Satyajeet:
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### **7. Urbanization in India**
#### **Definition & Trends**
* Urbanization refers to increasing population in urban areas.
* Driven by industrialization, migration, and natural growth.
* In 1951, only 5 cities had 1+ million population; by 2011, there were 53.
* Urban population rose from 28.61 crore (2001) to 37.71 crore (2011).
#### **State-Level Urbanization**
* Southern and western states show higher urbanization.
* Tamil Nadu leads with 48.4% urbanization (2011).
* States like Bihar, Assam, and Orissa lag behind.
#### **Causes of Urbanization**
* Economic: Job opportunities in industries and services.
* Social: Better lifestyle, education, and healthcare.
* Demographic: Population growth and migration.
#### **Effects**
* Positive: Infrastructure development, better amenities.
* Negative: Slums, unemployment, pollution, congestion.
#### **Migration**
* Driven by employment, urban lifestyle, and better living standards.
* Push (poverty) and pull (opportunities) factors influence it.
#### **Post-Independence Scenario**
* Urban planning initiated through Five-Year Plans.
* Creation of planned cities like Chandigarh.
* Development of new towns (satellite, industrial, refugee, etc.).
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### **Planned Cities in Post-Independence India**
#### **Bhubaneshwar**
* Planned by Dr. Otto Koenigsberger in 1948.
* Based on neighborhood unit planning.
* Clean environment, grid layout, segregation of land uses.
* Population planned for 40,000; revised later.
#### **Gandhinagar**
* Planned in 1965–70 by H.K. Mewada & P.M. Apte.
* Inspired by Chandigarh, based on administrative need.
* 30 residential sectors, integrated services, and parks.
* Grid iron layout and segregation by employment and residential zones.
#### **Jamshedpur**
* India’s first planned industrial city (founded in 1907 by J.N. Tata).
* Developed in phases by foreign and Indian planners.
* Key planners: Sahlin & Kennedy, F.C. Temple, P.G.W. Stokes, and Koenigsberger.
* Features: Grid layout, industrial-residential segregation, open spaces, parkways.
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### **Census Classification of Indian Cities**
* **Statutory towns**: Declared urban by state.
* **Census towns**: Must meet 3 criteria—population (5000+), 75% males in non-agriculture,
density (400+/sq km).
* **Population Classes**:
* Class I: 1 lakh+
* Mega cities: 50 lakh+
* Tier classification (I, II, III) for economic planning and benefits.
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### **Growth, Issues & Management of Metropolitan Cities**
* Defined as cities with 1 million+ population.
* Issues: Overpopulation, slums, infrastructure strain, informal sectors.
* Management requires integrated land use planning, infrastructure investment, accountability.
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### **Slums**
#### **Definition & Types**
* UN & Indian definitions: Lack basic services, overcrowding, poor sanitation.
* Types:
* **Notified**: Officially declared.
* **Recognized**: Acknowledged by authority.
* **Identified**: Unofficial clusters with poor conditions.
#### **Slum Statistics (2011)**
* 93 million slum dwellers in India.
* Mumbai: 6.5 million in slums.
* 63% statutory towns report slums.
#### **Slum Clearance & Improvement**
* Methods:
* **In-situ improvement** (services upgraded).
* **Relocation** (complete clearance, legal frameworks).
* **Rajiv Awas Yojana**: Aims for slum-free cities.
* **Case studies**: Delhi, Chennai, Pune, Kolkata.
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### **8. Urban Housing Typologies**
#### **City Development Authority Layouts**
* Development authorities (e.g., DDA, BDA) manage planned urban growth.
* Regulations include open spaces, civic amenities, land use zoning.
#### **Public Sector Townships**
* Built by state/central PSUs for employees (e.g., railways, LIC).
* Objectives: Economic development, reduce wealth disparity, provide employment.
#### **Affordable Housing**
* Housing accessible to low/mid-income groups.
* Defined by income level and housing cost.
* **Schemes**: PMAY, Rajiv Awas Yojana, ECB policies, tax benefits.
* **Issues**: Land availability, cost of construction, finance access, regulatory constraints.
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If you want a visual mind map or table summarizing this, I can prepare one. Would you like that?
Certainly! Here's a **detailed summary with more in-depth points directly drawn from the PDF**
for each topic listed in **Module 3 - Urban Planning**:
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## **7. Urbanization in India**
### **Definition & Nature**
* Urbanization = increase in the proportion of people living in towns and cities.
* Connected with industrialization; changes land use, economy, and culture.
* Global urban population grew from 34% (1960) to 54% (2014); expected 66% by 2050.
### **Trends in Urbanization**
* Urban population in India increased from 27.8% (2001) to 31.16% (2011).
* Towns/Urban agglomerations increased from 5161 (2001) to 7935 (2011).
* Number of cities with 1 million+ people grew from 5 (1951) to 53 (2011).
* Urban growth driven by:
* Natural increase
* Migration from rural to urban and smaller towns to metros
### **State-Wise Urbanization**
* Economically developed states = higher urbanization.
* Tamil Nadu highest (48.4%); Himachal Pradesh, Bihar, Assam, Odisha lowest.
* Central, eastern, and northeastern states = low urbanization.
### **Causes of Urbanization**
* **Economic**: Industrialization, service sector growth (esp. IT/ITeS).
* **Social**: Better healthcare, education, social mobility.
* **Demographic**: Urban migration, population increase.
### **Effects of Urbanization**
* **Positive**: Cultural diffusion, infrastructure, standard of living, education.
* **Negative**: Housing shortages, traffic, pollution, slums, crime, unemployment.
### **Migration Trends**
* Influenced by "push" (poverty, unemployment) and "pull" (jobs, city life).
* Male migration is often job-driven; female migration tied to family.
* Leads to temporary and permanent urban migration.
---
## **Post-Independence Urban Planning**
### **Historical Developments**
* Planned new towns (Chandigarh, Gandhinagar, Bhubaneswar, Jamshedpur).
* 5-Year Plans included urban planning strategies.
* Key programs: IDSMT (Integrated Development of Small & Medium Towns), EIS
(Environmental Improvement of Slums).
* Absence of a comprehensive national urbanization policy is noted.
---
## **Planned Cities in Post-Independence India**
### **Bhubaneswar**
* Designed by Otto Koenigsberger (1948), based on neighborhood unit planning.
* Linear layout with a central spine.
* Population planned for 40,000; neighborhoods of 5,000–6,000 people.
* Planning Principles:
* Zoning to separate industrial, residential, administrative areas.
* Street hierarchy (footpaths to arterial roads).
* Environmental focus: fresh air, clean water.
* Revised by Julius Vaz (1961) to accommodate 11 neighborhood units.
---
### **Gandhinagar**
* Capital of Gujarat, planned by H.K. Mewada & P.M. Apte (1965–1970).
* Grid-iron pattern with 30 residential sectors (1 km x 0.75 km each).
* Inspired by Chandigarh; administrative focus.
* Features:
* Cycle paths, sectoral layout with schools, health, shopping.
* Capital complex centrally placed.
* Roads aligned to avoid sun glare (30° NW and 60° NE).
* Riverside park and greenery integrated.
---
### **Jamshedpur**
* India’s first planned industrial city (founded 1907 by J.N. Tata).
* Entirely private initiative by Tata Steel.
* Growth stages with evolving plans:
#### **1. Sahlin & Kennedy Plan (1909–12)**
* Grid pattern, no town center, housing by worker strata.
* Northern town for officers; Southern town for workers.
#### **2. F.C. Temple Plan**
* Contour-based layout, integrated drainage and road systems.
* Emphasis on sanitation and slum improvement.
* Ridge-based layout created parkways and green spaces.
#### **3. Major P.G.W. Stokes Plan**
* Addressed housing shortage; influenced by Ernest Burgess’s concentric zone theory.
* Advocated for parkways, segmented road network.
#### **4. Otto Koenigsberger Plan**
* Advocated “band town” concept with segregated linear zones.
* Garden city ideas, suburbs, and green belts proposed.
* Aimed at sustainable expansion and slum removal.
---
## **Census Classification of Indian Cities**
### **Statutory vs. Census Towns**
* **Statutory Towns**: Notified by state governments.
* **Census Towns**: Meet three criteria:
* Population ≥ 5000
* ≥ 75% male main workers in non-agriculture
* Population density ≥ 400/sq.km
### **Population-Based Categories**
* **Class I**: >1 lakh
* **Class II–VI**: descending by size
* **Urban Centre**: 1 lakh to 10 lakh
* **Metropolitan**: >10 lakh
* **Mega Cities**: >50 lakh
* **Tier-based (HRA)**: Tier I (8 cities), Tier II (97), Tier III (others)
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## **Growth, Issues, & Management of Metropolitan Cities**
### **Current Situation**
* 10 Indian cities >4 million (Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata, etc.)
* Urban sprawl into Class III/IV towns due to limited opportunities in rural areas.
### **Features of Metropolises**
1. Complex structure, mixed land uses
2. Economic, social, cultural dynamism
3. Strong intra-city and hinterland linkages
4. Informal sector and unauthorized settlements
### **Metropolitan Management Challenges**
* Need for integrated transport and infrastructure.
* Involves coordination among multiple agencies.
* Emphasis on land-use planning, accountability, and institutional efficiency.
---
## **Slums in India**
### **Definition**
* UN-Habitat: Lacking clean water, sanitation, housing, tenure.
* India (Slum Act, 1956): Unfit dwellings with poor sanitation, ventilation, design.
### **Categories**
1. **Notified**
2. **Recognized**
3. **Identified** (300+ people or 60–70 households)
### **Facts (2011 Census)**
* 93 million slum dwellers.
* 63% statutory towns have slums.
* Mumbai: 6.5 million slum residents; Delhi: 1.8 million.
* 17% urban households live in slums.
### **Causes & Effects**
* Drivers: Urbanization, poverty, lack of planning, migration.
* Outcomes: Disease, child labor, violence, environmental degradation.
### **Slum Clearance Methods**
* **Improvement**: Upgrade services in place.
* **Redevelopment**: New housing, resettlement nearby.
* **Complete removal**: High cost, includes legal procedures.
### **Slum Rehabilitation Schemes**
* **Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY)**: Inclusive urban planning.
* **Case studies**: Kolkata, Chennai, Delhi, Pune.
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## **8. Urban Housing Typologies**
### **City Development Authority Layouts**
* Authorities like DDA, BDA, HUDA manage housing/infrastructure.
* Layout norms (e.g., 10% for parks, 5% for civic amenities).
* FAR, road widths, and master plan integration essential.
### **Public Sector Townships**
* Set up by railways, PSUs, LIC, etc.
* Goals: Equity, employment, economic foundation, reduce disparity.
### **Affordable Housing**
* Defined by cost vs. income ratio (MHUPA 2012).
* **Target groups**: EWS, LIG, MIG.
### **Policies & Schemes**
* **PMAY (2015)** – ISSR, CLSS, AHP, BLC
* **Tax incentives**, **FDI**, **ECB**, **Subsidies** (e.g., 35% houses for EWS).
* Carpet area limits: EWS (30 sqm), LIG (60), MIG-I (160), MIG-II (200).
### **Challenges**
* Land shortage, regulatory hurdles, financing issues, inadequate agency capacity, low
developer interest due to low margins.
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Let me know if you'd like a **table, presentation slides, or visual summary (e.g., mind map)** of
this module!
