Acknowledgement

I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to everyone who helped

me successfully complete this Geography project on "Industries in
Indian States."
First and foremost, I thank my teachexr for guiding me with valuable
inputs, resources, and encouragement throughout this project. I am
also thankful to my school for providing a platform to explore and learn
more about our country’s industrial landscape.
I would also like to acknowledge the support of my parents and
classmates for their motivation and assistance in gathering information
and pictures.
Finally, I express my gratitude to all online resources and books that
helped me collect facts and data about the different types of industries,
raw materials, pollution, and environmental impacts.
This project has greatly enhanced my understanding of India’s
industrial development and its relationship with geography.

Table of Contents
1. Acknowledgement

2. Introduction
1.1. Definition of Industries
1.2. Importance of Industries in Economic Growth
3. Types of Industries in Indian States
2.1. Overview of Industries in Different States
2.2. Classification of Industries
4. Raw Materials Used in Various Industries
3.1. Agriculture-based Industries
3.2. Mineral-based Industries
3.3. Forest-based and Animal-based Industries
5. Procurement of Raw Materials in Industries
4.1. Sources of Raw Materials
4.2. Procurement Methods and Challenges
6. Disposal of Wastes Generated by Industries
5.1. Types of Waste Produced
5.2. Waste Disposal Methods in Different Industries
7. Classification of Industries: Polluting vs. Environment-Friendly
6.1. Polluting Industries and Their Impact
6.2. Environment-friendly Industries and Their Benefits
 8. Suggestions to Reduce Pollution Caused by Industries
7.1. Industry-specific Solutions
7.2. General Measures to Control Industrial Pollution
9. Conclusion
10. Bibliography

Introduction:
Industries are an essential part of a country’s economy as they help in the
production of goods, generation of employment, and overall economic growth.
They involve the processing of raw materials into finished products and are
classified into different types based on the source of raw materials, size, and
ownership. Industries range from small-scale cottage units to large
manufacturing plants and are found in almost every state in India. While
industries contribute significantly to development, they also pose environmental
challenges due to pollution and waste generation, which need to be addressed
through sustainable practices.
List of Industries in Indian States with Type and Raw Materials

State Industry Type of Industry Raw Materials Used

Maharashtr Automobile Large-scale, Steel, rubber, glass, plastic,

a (Pune) Manufacturing electronic parts

Cotton Textile
Agro-based Cotton
(Mumbai)

Gujarat Petrochemicals Mineral-based Crude oil, natural gas

Diamond Cutting Mineral-based,

Rough diamonds
(Surat) Export-oriented

Textile Agro-based Cotton, dyes

Sports Goods Small-scale,

Punjab Wood, leather, rubber, plastic
(Jalandhar) Manufacturing

Agricultural Steel, metal, mechanical

Manufacturing
Machinery components

West
Jute Industry Agro-based Jute fibre
Bengal

Tea Processing Agro-based Tea leaves

Leather (Chennai, Agro-based,

Tamil Nadu Animal hides, chemicals
Vellore) Manufacturing

Automobile Manufacturing Steel, electronic parts, plastic

IT Industry Human resources, computers

Karnataka Service-based
(Bangalore) (hardware/software)

Silk Industry Agro-based Silk cocoons, dyes

Jharkhand Iron & Steel Mineral-based Iron ore, coal, limestone

State Industry Type of Industry Raw Materials Used

(Jamshedpur)

Mining Mineral-based Coal, bauxite, copper

Aluminum
Odisha Mineral-based Bauxite, coal
Industry

Steel Plants Mineral-based Iron ore, manganese

Rajasthan Cement Industry Mineral-based Limestone, clay

Handicrafts Small-scale Marble, wood, metals

Uttar
Sugar Industry Agro-based Sugarcane
Pradesh

Agro-based,
Leather (Kanpur) Animal hides, chemicals
Manufacturing

Andhra
Fisheries Marine-based Fish, water resources
Pradesh

Food Processing Agro-based Fruits, vegetables, grains

Kerala Coir Industry Agro-based Coconut husks

Spices Industry Agro-based Pepper, cardamom, turmeric

Madhya
Cement Industry Mineral-based Limestone, clay
Pradesh

Forest-based Timber, bamboo, medicinal

Forest-based
Industries plants

Assam Tea Industry Agro-based Tea leaves

Oil Refinery Mineral-based Crude oil

Bihar Sugar Industry Agro-based Sugarcane

Handicrafts Small-scale Bamboo, clay, textile fibers

Procurement of Raw Materials in Industries (State-wise)

State Industry Raw Materials Procurement Method

Maharashtr Automobile Steel, rubber, From steel plants, local

a (Pune) glass suppliers, imports

Cotton Textiles From local farmers, cotton

Cotton
(Mumbai) markets

Crude oil, From ONGC fields, pipelines,

Gujarat Petrochemicals
natural gas imports

Diamond Cutting
Rough diamonds Imported from Africa, Russia
(Surat)

Cotton,
Textile Local farms, chemical plants
synthetic fibers

Wood, leather, From local forests, tanneries,

Punjab Sports Goods
rubber synthetic material suppliers

Steel,
Agricultural From steel mills, engineering
mechanical
Machinery workshops
parts

West Locally grown in West Bengal

Jute Jute fiber
Bengal and Assam

Tea gardens in Darjeeling,

Tea Processing Tea leaves
Dooars

Animal hides, Tanneries, slaughterhouses,

Tamil Nadu Leather
chemicals chemical industries

Metal,
Automobiles electronics, Local industries, imports
rubber

Hardware, Imported, local tech firms,

Karnataka IT Industry
software, labor skilled workforce

Silk Silk cocoons Local sericulture farms

State Industry Raw Materials Procurement Method

Jharkhand Iron & Steel Iron ore, coal Mines in Jharkhand, Odisha

Coal, bauxite, Excavated from state-owned

Mining
copper mines

Mines in Koraput, thermal power

Odisha Aluminum Bauxite, power
plants

Iron ore,
Steel Local mineral belts
manganese

Limestone,
Rajasthan Cement Mines in Rajasthan
gypsum

Handicrafts Marble, wood Local quarries, forests

Uttar
Sugar Sugarcane From sugarcane farms
Pradesh

Local slaughterhouses, rural

Leather Animal hides
areas

Andhra
Fisheries Fish, water Local rivers, sea (Bay of Bengal)
Pradesh

Fruits, grains,
Food Processing Local farms, mandis (markets)
spices

Kerala Coir Coconut husks Local coconut plantations

Pepper,
Spices cardamom, From hilly regions of Kerala
cloves

Madhya
Cement Limestone, clay Local mines and quarries
Pradesh

Forest-based
Timber, bamboo Forests of Madhya Pradesh
Industries

Tea gardens (Brahmaputra

Assam Tea Tea leaves
Valley)

Oil Refinery Crude oil ONGC oil fields, pipelines

Bihar Sugar Sugarcane Farms in north Bihar

Bamboo, clay,
Handicrafts Local villages, forest resources
fabrics
Disposal of Wastes Generated in Industries (State-wise)

State Industry Type of Waste Waste Disposal Method

Maharashtr Automobile Metal scraps, plastic Recycling, incineration,

a (Pune) waste, oils secured landfill

Cotton Textile Dye water, fiber Effluent Treatment Plants

(Mumbai) waste (ETPs), composting, reuse

Chemical treatment,
Toxic gases, oil
Gujarat Petrochemicals incineration, hazardous waste
sludge
landfills

Diamond Fine dust, water Filtration, sedimentation

Cutting (Surat) waste tanks

Rubber, plastic,
Punjab Sports Goods Reuse/recycling, landfilling
wood dust

Agricultural Scrap metal recycling,

Metal waste, oils
Machinery chemical disposal

West Fiber waste, water Composting, settling tanks,

Jute
Bengal pollution ETPs

Organic waste
Composting, direct land
Tea Processing (leaves, stems),
application
used water

CETPs (Common Effluent

Toxic chemicals,
Tamil Nadu Leather Treatment Plants), sludge
organic matter
drying beds

Paints, metal dust, Hazardous waste collection,

Automobile
oils reuse of lubricants

E-waste (chips, Authorized e-waste recyclers,

Karnataka IT Industry
wires) electronic recycling plants

Organic waste, Composting, treated water

Silk
water reuse

Jharkhand Iron & Steel Slag, toxic gases, Slag used in construction, gas
State Industry Type of Waste Waste Disposal Method

metal dust scrubbing, solid waste landfill

Dumping in abandoned pits,

Mining Overburden, tailings
tailing ponds

Red mud, chemical Storage in red mud ponds,

Odisha Aluminum
residues neutralization

Reuse in cement industry,

Steel Slag, dust, oil waste
ETPs

Dust collectors, blending in

Rajasthan Cement Dust, kiln waste
cement

Marble dust, wood Reuse in flooring,

Handicrafts
chips composting, landfill

Uttar Bagasse, molasses, Bagasse used for fuel,

Sugar
Pradesh wastewater composting, ETPs

Chromium sludge, Sludge drying beds, CETPs,

Leather
wastewater hazardous waste sites

Andhra Organic waste, Composting, treated water

Fisheries
Pradesh water waste release

Peels, pulp, water Biogas plants, composting,

Food Processing
waste reuse in cattle feed

Reuse in mats, composting,

Kerala Coir Fiber dust, water
ETPs

Organic waste,
Spices Composting, treated release
aroma-rich water

Madhya
Cement Dust, kiln emissions Bag filters, gas scrubbing
Pradesh

Forest-based Briquettes, biomass fuel,

Bark, wood shavings
Industries compost

Organic compost, minimal

Assam Tea Plant waste, water
waste water treatment

Toxic sludge, gas Incineration, scrubbers,

Oil Refinery
emissions secure landfilling

Bagasse,
Bihar Sugar Fuel use, ETPs
wastewater

Clay waste, wood Reuse in local industries,

Handicrafts
shavings composting
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Classification of Industries: Polluting vs. Environment-Friendly

State
Industry Classification Reason
Examples

Emits gases, uses oils,

Maharashtra,
Automobile Polluting generates metal and plastic
Tamil Nadu
waste

Maharashtra, Uses dyes and chemicals,

Textile (Cotton) Polluting
Gujarat high water consumption

Produces toxic waste, harmful

Petrochemicals Gujarat Polluting
gas emissions

Tamil Nadu, Uses harmful chemicals like

Leather Polluting
Uttar Pradesh chromium

Jharkhand, Emits gases, solid waste like

Iron & Steel Polluting
Odisha slag, water pollution

Rajasthan,
Cement Polluting Dust emissions, air pollution
Madhya Pradesh

Jharkhand, Destroys land, produces

Mining Polluting
Odisha overburden, water pollution

Toxic gas release, sludge,

Oil Refinery Assam, Gujarat Polluting
water contamination

Uttar Pradesh, Moderately Organic waste, water

Sugar
Bihar Polluting pollution, but biodegradable

Environment- Biodegradable, low chemical

Jute West Bengal
Friendly use

Assam, West Environment- Natural waste, mostly

Tea Processing
Bengal Friendly compostable

Environment-
Silk Industry Karnataka Organic waste, low pollution
Friendly

Environment- Uses natural husk,

Coir Industry Kerala
Friendly biodegradable waste

Environment- Manual processes, low

Handicrafts Rajasthan, Bihar
Friendly emissions

IT Industry Karnataka Environment- Low emissions, service-

 State
Industry Classification Reason
Examples

based, generates e-waste

Friendly
only

Food Andhra Pradesh, Environment- Organic waste, reusable and

Processing Kerala Friendly compostable

Andhra Pradesh, Environment- Organic waste, managed

Fisheries
Kerala Friendly through composting

Natural material used, but

Forest-based Moderately
Madhya Pradesh overexploitation can harm
Industries Polluting
forests

Ways to Reduce Pollution in Polluting Industries (State-wise)

Industry State Examples Pollution Type Suggested Solutions

- Install air filters and

scrubbers
Maharashtra, Air, solid waste, - Promote electric vehicle
Automobile
Tamil Nadu chemical components
- Recycle metal and plastic
waste

- Use natural dyes

- Install Effluent Treatment
Gujarat, Water, chemical,
Textile Plants (ETPs)
Maharashtra solid waste
- Adopt zero-liquid discharge
systems

- Use cleaner fuels

Petrochemic Air, water, toxic - Install gas scrubbers
Gujarat
als sludge - Recycle waste oil and
sludge

- Shift to vegetable tanning

- Use Common Effluent
Tamil Nadu, Uttar Water, chemical
Leather Treatment Plants (CETPs)
Pradesh sludge
- Proper sludge
management

- Use clean technologies

(like electric arc furnaces)
Jharkhand, - Recycle slag in cement
Iron & Steel Air, slag, dust
Odisha industry
- Monitor emissions
regularly

Mining Jharkhand, Land, water, dust - Refill abandoned mines

Industry State Examples Pollution Type Suggested Solutions

- Plant trees on mined land

Odisha
- Use dust control sprays

- Install vapor recovery

Gas emissions, systems
Oil Refinery Assam, Gujarat
sludge - Improve pipeline safety
- Use eco-friendly catalysts

- Use bag filters and dust

collectors
Cement Rajasthan, MP Air (dust), noise
- Shift to alternate fuels
(RDF, biomass)

- Reuse bagasse for

Uttar Pradesh, Organic waste, electricity
Sugar
Bihar water pollution - Compost solid waste
- Install ETPs

- Use sustainable harvesting

methods
Forest- Deforestation,
MP, Chhattisgarh - Replant trees
Based biomass waste
- Use waste in making
biomass fuel

✅ General Eco-Friendly Measures for All Industries:

 Use renewable energy (solar, wind) where possible
 Adopt green certifications (like ISO 14001)
 Practice rainwater harvesting
 Encourage recycling and waste segregation
 Educate workers about eco-friendly practices

 Conclusion
 Through this project, I gained valuable knowledge about the various types of
industries found across different Indian states. I explored the raw materials used, how
they are procured, the waste generated, and its disposal methods. The project also
helped me understand the environmental impact of industries and the difference
between polluting and environment-friendly industries. This study has made me more
aware of the need for sustainable industrial practices and how each of us can
contribute by supporting eco-friendly products and industries. It also emphasized the
importance of balancing industrial development with environmental conservation.

Bibliography
1. ICSE Geography Textbook – Class 10
2. India Yearbook – Ministry of Information and Broadcasting
3. National Portal of India – www.india.gov.in
4. Wikipedia – Various industry-related articles
5. Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change –
www.moef.gov.in
6. Industrial Development Corporation Websites of Different States
7. Images and Data – Getty Images, Britannica, and government portals
8. Local newspapers and educational YouTube video