CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Project Stage II Report entitled

SMART GRID WITH PRIORITY-BASED LOAD

SHIFTING

Submitted by

Adke Ashwini Anil B1901302504

Antre Prajval Shankar B1901302506
Mahale Tanmay Uttam B1901302577
Tambolkar Sarvesh Satish B1901302629

Is a bonafide work carried out by them under the supervision of Prof. P. S. Sapkade and it is
approved by me for the partial fulfillment of the requirement of Savitribai Phule Pune
University for the award of the Degree of Bachelor of Electrical Engineering (Electrical
Engineering) Academic Year: 2024-25

This project report has not been submitted earlier to any other Institute or University for the
award of any degree or diploma.

Prof. P. S. Sapkade Prof. Dr. R. K. Munje Prof. Dr. K. N. Nandurkar

Internal Guide Head of Department Principle
Department of Electrical Department of Electrical K. K. Wagh College of
Engineering , Engineering Engineering and Research

External Examiner

Date:
Place: Nashik

i
 DECLARATION
We hereby declare that the work presented in this Project Stage-II Report entitled “SMART
GRID WITH PRIORITY BASED LOAD SHIFTING” is an original work carried out by
us under the supervision of Prof. P. S. Sapkade, Department of Electrical Engineering, K. K.
Wagh Institute of Engineering Education and Research, Nashik.
We further declare that the work reported in this project report is our original and independent
work and has not been previously submitted to Savitribai Phule Pune University or any other
University for the award of a degree, diploma, associate, or similar title.

Date: Adke Ashwini Anil

Place: K. K. Wagh Institute of Engineering Antre Prajval Shankar
Education and Research, Nashik Mahale Tanmay Uttam
Tambolkar Sarvesh Satish

Date:
Place: Nashik

ii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We are privileged to have been associated with Prof. P. S. Sapkade, our project guide,
during this project work. We are thankful to her for her constant inspiration and valuable
guidance, carefully reading and editing our work, and always boosting our confidence to
complete work.
We express our gratitude to Prof. Dr. K. N. Nandurkar, Principal, and Prof. Dr. R. K.
Munje, Head (I/C), Department of Electrical Engineering, for their constant encouragement,
cooperation, valuable guidance, and support. We express our sincere thanks to our academic,
Project Coordinator, and class coordinators, Prof. S. K. Shinde, and all the faculty members of
the Electrical Department for their unfailing inspiration and co-operation.
We take this opportunity to thank all our classmates for their company during the
coursework and for the useful discussions we had with them.
We would be failing in our duties if we did not make a mention of our family members,
including our parents and our siblings, for providing moral support, without which this work
would not have been completed.
This kind of work cannot be finished without any others’ help, even though some of
them are not aware of their contribution and importance in producing this report. It is a great
pleasure for us to take this opportunity to express our gratitude to all of them.

Adke Ashwini Anil

Antre Prajval Shankar
Mahale Tanmay Uttam
Tambolkar Sarvesh Satish

iii
 ABSTRACT
An electric power distribution system is a critical component of electrical power
systems, playing a key role in delivering electricity to consumers efficiently and reliably.
Automation in distribution networks significantly enhances the overall performance of power
systems, improving operational flexibility, system reliability, and the quality of service
provided to consumers. The introduction of intelligent systems and automated processes helps
in minimizing human intervention, reduce downtime, and ensure consistent power supply
despite system failures or faults.
This project focuses on designing a model for an automatic distribution system to
address issues related to power supply reliability. In a substation, when multiple incoming
feeders are connected, it becomes crucial to have a mechanism that allows the transfer of the
load from a failed feeder to another without disrupting the overall supply. This redundancy
ensures continuous power delivery even in the event of a fault or failure in one or more feeders.
For the system to function efficiently, the incoming feeders must be capable of carrying the
total current that was originally supplied by the output feeder(s).
Under conventional manual operations, the process of detecting a failure in an incoming
feeder and transferring the load to an alternate feeder can take a significant amount of time,
leading to prolonged interruptions in power supply. This delay results in unreliable service,
especially in critical applications where continuous power is essential.
To improve this, the project aims to implement an automatic operation of circuit
breakers using a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) system. The PLC will be programmed
to continuously monitor the incoming feeders for any faults or failures. Upon detecting such a
failure, the PLC will automatically operate the bus coupler and the circuit breakers associated
with the output feeders, redirecting the load to the available feeder(s) without manual
intervention. This automatic process drastically reduces the time required to respond to faults,
ensuring a faster restoration of power and enhancing the overall reliability and efficiency of
the distribution system.
By integrating PLC-based automation, the distribution system will become more
resilient to faults, providing consumers with a more reliable and consistent power supply.

Key-words: Electric power distribution system, Automation, Reliability, Programmable Logic

Controller (PLC), Circuit breakers, Load transfer, Fault detection, Resilience

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
CERTIFICATE i

DECLARATION ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii

ABSTRACT iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS vi

LIST OF FIGURES vii

ABBREVIATIONS viii

CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Literature Review 1

1.3 Problem Identification 3

1.4 Organization of Report 4

CHAPTER 2 - SYSTEM OVERVIEW 5

2.1 Introduction 5

2.2 System Description 7

2.5 Conclusion 16

CHAPTER 3 - MODEL DEVELOPMENT & THEORETICAL FOUNDATION 17

3.1 Introduction 17

3.2 Priority-Based Load Shifting Model 18

3.3 Conclusion 19

CHAPTER 4 - SYSTEM DESIGN 21

4.1 Introduction 21

4.2 Design of System 22

4.3 Conclusion 27

CHAPTER 5 - IMPLEMENTATION AND TESTING 28

5.1 Introduction 28

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 5.2 Implementation 28

5.3 Testing and conclusion 35

CHAPTER 6 - CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE 38

6.1 Conclusion 38

6.2 Future Scope 39

REFERENCES 42

NATIONAL LEVEL PROJECT COMPETITION CERTIFICATE 44

vi
 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No. Figure Page No.
2.1 PLC Delta DVP 14SS2 7
2.2 Relay 8
2.3 Power Relays 9
2.4 Transformer 9
2.5 SMPS 10
4.1 Block Diagram of Switching Circuit 18
4.2 Circuit Diagram of Switching 19
4.3 Ladder Diagram 20
5.1 Top view of the model

vii
 ABBREVIATIONS

DSM Demand Side Management

HMI Human-Machine Interface
PLC Programmable Logic Controller
IR Infrared Sensor
LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas
SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition
SMPS Switched-Mode Power Supply
SNMP Simple Network Management Protocol

viii
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
Electric power distribution system is an important part of electrical power systems in
delivery of electricity to consumers. Automation in the distribution field allows utilities to
implement flexible control of distribution systems, which can be used to enhance efficiency,
reliability, and quality of electric service. By the help of these project, we present a model of
automatic distribution system. In any substation When number of incoming feeders to any
substation are more than one then we can transfer total output feeder to any number of incoming
feeders without interrupting power supply in case of failure of any one or more than feeder. In
this case, the Incoming feeder must be designed to carry total output feeder's current. In case of
manual ON/OFF operations the time span between failure of supply at any incoming feeder to
the transfer of load to another feeder is much more. So, user can't get reliable power supply. So,
in this project I am working to get automatic operations of circuit breaker using Programmable
Logic Control system. In this project, the bus coupler and circuit breaker of output feeder are
Made ON/OFF by Programmable Logic Control system. Programmable Logic Control
programing will be so that it will detect the failure of any incoming feeder and respectively the
output feeders (circuit breakers) will operate.

1.2 Literature Review

The cost of catering for peak loads has caused electricity prices to double in Australia
over the last five years. This project discusses: Load profile optimization through demand-side
energy management and power brokering; matching power company's imperative needs of
reduced peak demand and flattened load profile with user's expectations of lower costs and higher
service level; implementing demand response using smart appliances [1]. With an emphasis on
methods and equipment needed for load monitoring and control, including measurement and
identification of individual loads by both intrusive and non-intrusive methods. This approach
reduces the need for new network investment while also reducing consumer costs and allowing
them some say in when and what can and can't be controlled [2].
Power Imbalance can be balanced from either the supply side or the demand side.
Pakistan tends to grow in complexity and expand the gap between the limited supply and
increasing demand. Due to limited supply, it is equally impossible to manage the power system

1
from supply-side and thereby making it feasible to manage the power balance of the system
from the demand/load side [3]. The national power control center allocates the power to
regional control centers by analyzing the generating units committed to the power system.
Based on which regional control center allocates load curve to each substation. This project
discusses demand/load side management by switching various feeders in substations to obtain
a load curve, different load management programs, and PLC simulation for the stated program.
The usage of PLC enables the system to almost eliminate human error and provide reliable
operation for those prioritized consumers [4].
Energy management means to optimize one of the most complex and important technical
creations that we know: the energy system. While there is plenty of experience in optimizing
energy generation and distribution, it is the demand side that receives increasing attention by
research and industry [5]. Demand Side Management (DSM) is a portfolio of measures to
improve the energy system at the side of consumption. It ranges from improving energy
efficiency by using better materials, over smart energy tariffs with incentives for certain
consumption patterns, up to sophisticated real-time control of distributed energy resources. This
project gives an overview and a taxonomy for DSM, analyzes the various types of DSM, and
gives an outlook on the latest demonstration projects in this domain [6].
The linear optimization bottom-up technology model JRC-EU-TIMES is used to assess
the cost-effectiveness of electricity storage technologies in the EU28 energy system. The model
represents the EU28 energy system from 2005 to 2050, where each country is one region. We
model five scenarios, one of which is the "reference" and four decarbonized scenarios that
include the 20-20-20 policy targets and a CO2 reduction of 40% and 85% below 1990 values in
2030 and 2050 respectively. The introduction of a CO2 cap leads in 2050 to a 25–50% share of
total electricity that is variable. Up to 20% of this renewable variable electricity is stored in
batteries and CAES storage technologies [7],[8].
This project discusses the implementation of an Ethernet communications network in a
ring that connects substations in a closed communications loop at a large industrial facility. Data
are transmitted at protection speeds and must be dependable for industrial power system
operation and maintenance applications [9]. The redundant electric power system Ethernet
communications network is used for a supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system
that automates industrial electric power system operations. Within individual substations and
between substations, communications based on IEC 61850 protocols eliminate copper control
wiring, which results in reduced cost, construction time, commissioning time, and wiring errors
and makes future upgrades simpler [10]. A fast load-shedding system uses the same

2
communications network to stabilize system frequency in response to a loss of generation by
detecting the events that lead to a power deficit and automatically responding by shedding load
to balance generation and load in less than 40 Ms. This project focuses on integrating three major
electrical control systems at a refinery onto one Ethernet network: a SCADA system for
controlling and monitoring operations, a peer-to-peer high-speed communications-assisted
protection scheme, and a fast load-shedding system [11].
The infrastructure for the supervision, control, and data acquisition (SCADA) is critical
for the operation of the electrical transmission network due to the complexity of modern electrical
power systems which are made of a large number of components and technical constraints for its
operation [12]. One failure in one of the many devices that are part of the SCADA could produce
a failure in the supervision and control of one substation, one region, or even a whole country;
and because the hardware infrastructure needed to implement a SCADA system might come to
be massive in terms of the numbers of devices for the communication network, servers and more;
it becomes crucial to have a well-structured and efficient monitoring system for the SCADA
infrastructure of any power transmission control center [13]. This project proposes a monitoring
scheme based on the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) used to get real-time data
of the devices involved in these systems, such as servers, communication switches, workstations,
routers, and firewalls; and also, the real-time monitoring of essential software functions, not only
from the SCADA but from the Energy Management System (EMS) as well [14]. The acquired
data is processed into early warning signs (alarms), tendency graphs, and visualizations with real-
time data that allows the administrators to manage the SCADA infrastructure in a preventive and
not in reactive manner, which secures the operation against failures and events [15]. This scheme
was implemented in four electrical power transmission control centers in South America which
operate up to 500 kV grids. The implementation showed clear benefits in the use of this novel
scheme because the detection, diagnostics, and solution for possible risks in the system could be
managed in an earlier stage than it used to be, which increased the availability and reliability of
the SCADA system infrastructure [16].

1.3 Problem Identification

The need for priority-based load shifting in smart grids has become increasingly
important to improve efficiency, reliability, and adaptability. Traditional grids are limited in their
ability to dynamically adjust to fluctuating demands, particularly during peak periods, leading to
inefficiencies and potential overloads. In a smart grid, loads are prioritized according to their

3
importance, enabling critical infrastructure such as hospitals, emergency services, and
communication systems to receive uninterrupted power even during high-demand times.
Meanwhile, non-essential loads like water heaters or electric vehicle charging can be deferred or
temporarily reduced. This system optimizes energy usage, reduces costs, prevents grid overloads,
and enhances overall operational stability. To achieve this, real-time algorithms are essential to
monitor, manage, and shift loads based on priority, balancing supply and demand while ensuring
the continued reliability and sustainability of the grid. This dynamic load management approach
is crucial for the future of smart, resilient energy systems.

1.4 Organization of Report

The report is organized as follows. Chapter 2 presents the system overview of priority-
based load shifting model. Chapter 3 describes the model development & theoretical
foundation. Chapter 4 demonstrates the system design. Chapter 5 provides concluding remarks
and future work.

4
 CHAPTER 2
SYSTEM OVERVIEW
2.1 Introduction
The Smart Grid with Priority-Based Load Shifting project is engineered to address and
mitigate critical issues within power distribution systems by ensuring efficient load
management and a continuous power supply, especially for priority-based essential systems.
Conventional power grids are often susceptible to failures in primary power sources and delays
in manual switching to backup sources, leading to undesirable power outages and significant
inefficiencies. As urban infrastructure, industrial processes, and critical facilities become
increasingly complex, the demand for a reliable, automated power management solution grows.
This project addresses this need by providing an advanced Programmable Logic Controller
(PLC)-based system that not only ensures uninterrupted power but also optimizes load
distribution based on real-time priorities.
In traditional power systems, when a primary source experiences a fault or shutdown,
there is often a considerable delay before backup power sources are engaged, resulting in
downtime and disruption, particularly for high-priority systems. In contrast, this project
introduces a PLC system that autonomously manages power distribution across multiple loads,
switching power to backup sources immediately upon detecting any failure in the primary
source. Each load within the system is assigned a priority level-high, medium, or low-based on
its criticality to operational stability. For example, in industrial settings, high-priority loads
may include essential equipment like control systems, safety mechanisms, or emergency
lighting, all of which must be operational even in a power failure scenario.
The PLC in this smart grid framework performs several essential functions. It not only
detects faults in the primary power source in real-time but also makes rapid, automated
decisions to shift loads to backup sources. High-priority loads, which are vital to maintaining
safety, productivity, or critical services, are kept powered without delay. This priority-based
shifting prevents non-essential loads from overwhelming backup power sources, allowing the
available power to be directed effectively to where it is most needed. For example, in a hospital,
life-support systems and emergency equipment can be designated as high-priority loads,
ensuring their continued operation even in the event of power loss from the main grid.
The system’s robustness is enhanced by integrating a Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA) interface, allowing operators to monitor, control, and optimize power
distribution in real-time. The SCADA system provides a user-friendly dashboard where

5
realtime data is displayed, and operators can visualize load statuses, switch states, and power
flow.
SCADA not only enhances the transparency of the system but also enables remote
control and quick response to emerging issues, minimizing the chances of extended outages.
By combining automated PLC-based load management with SCADA’s control and monitoring
capabilities, this smart grid system is both highly efficient and responsive, adapting to changes
in power availability and demand almost instantaneously.
This project’s potential applications are vast, extending from industrial plants to data
centre’s hospitals, government buildings, and even large commercial facilities, all of which
require a reliable and uninterrupted power supply. For instance, in data centre’s where server
uptime is crucial, a priority-based system can ensure that critical servers remain powered even
when power availability is limited, helping prevent data loss and service interruptions.
Similarly, in industrial plants, this solution can prevent production delays by keeping essential
machinery operational despite grid disruptions. The system’s adaptability to various
environments makes it a valuable asset for facilities requiring high reliability and quick
response to power faults.
The design principles of this project prioritize both flexibility and scalability, making
it suitable for implementation in various infrastructure settings and adaptable to future
expansions. Each component, from the PLC to the SCADA interface, is chosen to ensure ease
of integration, reliability, and longevity. This also allows for customized settings, where facility
managers can determine and adjust the priority levels of different loads as operational needs
evolve. For example, a critical manufacturing process might need to be designated as a high
priority load during peak production hours but may not require the same level of priority during
off-hours, making the system not only responsive but also resource-efficient.
The Smart Grid with Priority-Based Load Shifting project is a powerful solution for
modern energy management needs. By integrating PLC-based automated load switching,
priority-based load assignments, and SCADA-driven monitoring, this project represents an
advanced, versatile approach to achieving uninterrupted and efficient power distribution. Its
ability to respond to power faults instantaneously, prioritize critical loads, and provide real time
data visualization makes it a vital tool for settings where power reliability is nonnegotiable.
This document will explore each component, the design principles, technical specifics, and
practical applications of this system, demonstrating its role in enhancing power stability and
efficiency across multiple industries.

6
2.2 System Description
The Smart Grid with Priority-Based Load Shifting system is designed to provide
automated, efficient, and highly reliable power distribution. The system’s architecture includes
both hardware and software components that work together seamlessly to monitor, control, and
shift power loads across multiple sources based on pre-defined priorities. This intelligent power
management system mitigates the risk of outages and ensures critical loads remain powered
during disruptions. Below is an expanded overview of the system's hardware and software
components and their individual roles within the project.

2.2.1 Hardware Component

1. PLC Delta DVP 14SS2:
The Delta DVP 14SS2 is a compact, low-cost, and very reliable Programmable Logic
Controller (PLC) for general industrial and automation applications. Its high-speed
processing and rugged architecture make it a very good option for the control of smart grid
systems, factory automation, and energy management applications.
In a smart grid network, the Delta DVP 14SS2 is the system's master controller—the "brain."
It controls, monitors, and automates numerous processes through its digital and analog
input/output (I/O) interfaces. The interfaces enable simple communication with external
actuators, sensors, meters, and other smart devices.
One of the most important functions of the DVP 14SS2 in a smart grid is the application of
logic. It takes sensor input data, like voltage, current, temperature, and load demand sensors,
and applies pre-programmed logic sequences to optimize system efficiency. This involves
real-time decision-making, like initiating load shifting operations during peak-demand times
to offset supply and minimize grid stress.
Moreover, the DVP 14SS2 has high-speed processing, robust memory storage, and
communication protocol like RS-232/RS-485, which can be easily interfaced with Human
Machine Interfaces (HMIs), Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems,
and energy monitoring equipment. This integration enables smooth data logging, remote
control, and diagnostics.
Its small footprint and modularity also render it well-suited for distributed control
applications, where several PLCs can collaborate to execute complicated automation
procedures. Its low power consumption and ruggedness also render it highly suitable for
installation in places where energy and space efficiency are of great importance.

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 ➢ Specifications:
• Input Voltage: 24V DC
• Digital Inputs: 8
• Digital Outputs: 6 (transistor type)
• Programming Language: Ladder Logic
• Communication Ports: RS-232 and RS-485
• Program Capacity: 8,000 steps
• Execution Speed: 0.35 µs per basic instruction
• Memory Device: Flash ROM for program storage, SRAM for data storage

Function in System: In the smart grid system, the Delta DVP 14SS2 receives inputs from
sensors and switches, processes these signals based on pre-programmed logic, and controls
the output relays. It ensures proper load prioritization by turning on or off loads such as
lamps or appliances according to the system's conditions.

Fig 2.1: - PLC Delta DVP 14SS2

2. Relay:

Electromagnetic relays are fundamental components in industrial automation and electrical

control systems, functioning as electrically operated switches that allow one circuit to toggle
another through electromagnetic forces. The relays in this system are designed to be utilized
with a 24V DC coil, which magnetizes the internal electromagnet when energized.

8
When powered, the electromagnetic force pulls a movable armature, and the relay's internal
contacts open or close, depending on whether it is normally closed or normally open. This
mechanical motion opens or closes current in the load circuit, which is typically higher in
current or voltage than the control circuit.

One of the principal applications of electromagnetic relays is to electrically isolate the load
circuit from the control circuit. The galvanic insulation this offers provides a level of added
safety through insulating sensitive control devices—such as PLCs and sensors—from
electrical spikes, voltage spikes, or short circuits that may occur on the high-power side. It
also allows low-voltage control of high-voltage loads, e.g., motors, lighting, solenoids, and
industrial machinery.

In smart grid and automation systems, such relays are used as interface devices, carrying out
switching instructions based on logic signals from the PLC. For example, upon detecting
specified conditions (e.g., high power usage), the PLC sends a 24V signal to the relay coil,
which switches to shift loads or switch off unnecessary devices.

High-speed responses, high mechanical life, and long operational lifecycles are provided by
advanced electromagnetic relays, and this is best suited for high-switching-frequency
applications. They can also be manufactured with various contact configurations (SPST,
SPDT, DPDT, etc.) to deliver advanced control logic and multiple path circuits. Others of
these relay modules also include LED indicators for visual confirmation of operation, flyback
diodes to avoid voltage spikes when coils are de-energized, and DIN rail-compatible
mounting provisions for easy integration into control panels.

➢ Specifications:
• Coil Voltage: 24V DC
• Contact Type: SPDT (Single Pole Double Throw)
• Contact Rating: 10A at 250V AC
• Switching Speed: <20 ms
• Dielectric Strength: 1000V AC

9
Function in System: The relays receive control signals from the PLC and physically switch
the connected loads such as lamp loads or power relays. These components are essential for
implementing the load shifting mechanism, allowing the PLC to prioritize or cut off specific
loads.

Fig 2.2: - Relay

3. Power Relay:

The power relay is a heavy-duty, high-capacity switch used to operate large AC loads like
lighting installations, heavy appliances, or machinery. It is a critical coupling between the
high-voltage equipment and the low-voltage control system to facilitate fault-free and safe
operation. Activated by a simple 24V DC control signal—usually originating from a PLC or
switch—the power relay drives an internal electromagnet to switch on or switch off 230V AC
loads by making or interrupting the circuit.

This attribute guards against low-power control circuits being electrically coupled to high-
power load circuits, reducing the risk of electrical shock or equipment malfunction. Power
relays have a high current rating and are tough and durable in service and thus ideal for
repetitive switching operations. They are crucial for load control, energy management, and
safeguarding high-voltage devices from improper use in smart grid or automated applications.

➢ Specifications:
• Coil Voltage: 24V DC
• Switching Voltage: 230V AC
• Current Rating: 16A or higher

10
 • Contact Configuration: SPST or DPST
• Mounting: DIN Rail or Panel Mount

Function in System: In the smart grid setup, the power relay enables the PLC to handle
high-voltage and high-current devices safely. It receives the control signal through a 24V DC
coil and switches 230V AC loads such as lamp clusters or appliances accordingly.

Fig 2.3: - Power Relay

4. SMPS 24V 2A

The 24V, 2A Switch Mode Power Supply (SMPS) is responsible for providing efficient and
stable power to the low-voltage automation system components. Designed to be compact,
heavy-duty, and energy efficient, this SMPS takes high-voltage AC (usually 110V or 230V)
and provides a regulated 24V DC output, which is the common operating voltage for the vast
majority of industrial control devices including PLCs, relays, sensors, and communication
modules.

With the use of high-frequency switching technology, the SMPS is more efficient and has
less heat dissipation than standard linear power supplies. Not only does this save energy
losses, but it also renders the unit light in weight and compact, thus making it a highly
suitable option for space-limited control panels and distributed automation systems.

Within the system environment, the 24V SMPS supplies solid power to the Delta DVP 14SS2
PLC, relays, and peripheral equipment. A clean DC output is extremely important to avoid
malfunction, data corruption, or premature component failure. The 2A current rating provides

11
plenty of headroom to drive multiple devices in parallel and maintain the voltage under
various loads.

The SMPS also usually has protection functionalities like overvoltage protection (OVP),
overcurrent protection (OCP), short-circuit protection, and thermal shutdown, which increase
the reliability and safety of the system. The protections safeguard the power supply and
external devices from damage caused by electrical stress, hence ensuring the control
architecture is robust. Also, the SMPS is typically designed to meet industrial levels of
EMI/EMC filtering such that it will not generate electrical noise in sensitive control
circuits—especially required in high-density electronic equipment environments.

Specifications:

• Input Voltage Range: 100–240V AC

• Output Voltage: 24V DC
• Output Current: 2A
• Efficiency: >80%
• Protections: Over-voltage, over-current, short-circuit
• Cooling: Natural air cooling

Function in System: The SMPS powers the PLC Delta DVP 14SS2 and 24V DC
electromagnetic relays. Without a stable 24V DC source, the automation system would fail to
function properly. It ensures continuous, efficient power delivery and protects the system
from power fluctuations.

Fig 2.5: - SMPS

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5. Switches:

Switches are basic human input devices that allow users to send control signals directly to an
automatic system. Switches are required to allow human intervention in the form of initiating,
terminating, resetting, or overriding automatic operations. Usually connected to a PLC's
digital inputs, switches provide basic on/off signals that the system utilizes to execute
corresponding control logic.

In automated controls, switches offer more operating flexibility and safety. For instance, a
push-button switch might initiate a motor start sequence, and a toggle or selector switch
might switch between manual and automatic operation. In maintenance, testing, or
emergency conditions where automated control is insufficient, this manual control is
essential.

There are many types of switches, including momentary push-buttons, toggle switches,
selector switches, and limit switches, each serving a particular purpose. They are easy to use
and provide tactile feedback, making them intuitive to operators, and are normally augmented
with indicator lights to provide a visual display of system state.

By enabling manual override of automated systems, switches enable users to respond rapidly
to changing conditions or system failures, improving overall system reliability and user
confidence. Simply put, switches are an essential human-machine interface in any solid
control system.

➢ Specifications:
• Type: Push Button / Toggle
• Contact Type: NO (Normally Open) or NC (Normally Closed)
• Voltage Rating: Up to 24V DC
• Material: Plastic/Metal Body with Silver/Brass Contacts
• Mounting: Panel Mount

Function in System: Switches are connected to the PLC’s input terminals and used for
manual control of loads. They allow operators to activate or deactivate specific functions like
load shifting, emergency shutdown, or testing procedures

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6. Lamp Load:

The lamp load is a tangible and observable replica of real electrical devices in a smart grid
environment. It is an output device that helps to demonstrate how the system manages,
prioritizes, or redistributes electrical loads based on demand and control logic applied by the
PLC. Based on conditions that the system recognizes—peak demand, scheduled mode, or
manual override—the lamp load is switched on or off, simulating how real appliances would
be operated in a real-world setting.

With lamps, there is an immediate and distinct visual representation of system performance,
most appropriate for testing, demonstration, and instruction. It allows observers to view how
load management algorithms work, like load shedding, prioritization, or energy optimization
processes. In a development or prototype environment, lamp loads offer a low-energy, safe
alternative to high-energy equipment while illustrating the system's output control function
effectively.

➢ Specifications:
• Operating Voltage: 230V AC
• Power Rating: 100W–200W (varies per lamp)
• Type: Incandescent or LED
• Socket Type: E27 or B22 (common bulb holders)
• Mounting: Panel or base mounted

Function in System: Controlled by the electromagnetic or power relays, the lamp load
visually represents the functioning of the load prioritization logic. During high demand or
based on sensor feedback, the PLC can switch off lower-priority lamps to conserve energy.

2.2.2 Software Component

1. WPL Soft: This is a programming platform used to develop the logic needed for the
PLC to manage priority-based load shifting. With this software, engineers can program
the PLC to execute a wide range of operations automatically based on real-time data
inputs. The logic in WPL Soft defines how each load is prioritized, enabling the PLC
to automatically reroute power during power source failures or based on fluctuating
load demands. The software also supports custom configurations, allowing operators

14
 +to modify priority levels or control logic as system needs evolve. For instance,
operators can set higher priority levels for critical loads during peak hours or under
specific operational conditions, making WPL Soft an essential tool for achieving both
reliability and flexibility.
2. Wonderware InTouch: This serves as the SCADA interface for the system, providing
operators with real-time visibility and control over power distribution. The SCADA
system enables monitoring of active power sources, load connections, relay statuses,
and priority based decisions. Through a user-friendly graphical interface, operators can
observe and manage all components of the power distribution network, making
adjustments as necessary. This interface is especially valuable for operators managing
complex setups with critical loads, where real-time insights can prevent or minimize
disruptions. Additionally, the SCADA system can issue alerts if a fault or disruption
occurs, allowing for rapid operator intervention when required. The advanced
visualization and control features of Wonderware InTouch enhance the system's
resilience and responsiveness, promoting continuous and informed oversight.

3. KEPServerEX : This functions as a bridge between the PLC and the SCADA system,
facilitating reliable, real-time data transmission. This communication server ensures
that operational data flows seamlessly from the PLC to the SCADA interface, enabling
up-to-date monitoring and data logging. By supporting standardized protocols,
KEPServerEX guarantees compatibility with a wide range of industrial devices and
applications, making it easier to expand the system or incorporate additional sensors or
controls in the future. The server also plays a crucial role in data logging, which can be
used to analyse system performance, optimize load distribution strategies, and improve
maintenance schedules. By providing robust connectivity, KEPServerEX enhances
both system transparency and operator control, ensuring efficient and continuous
operation. Under normal conditions, the system maintains each load connected to a
designated power source according to the assigned priority levels. In cases where the
system detects a fault in a primary source (e.g., a failure in Source S2), the PLC
automatically reroutes the affected load (e.g., Load 2) to an available backup source
(e.g., Source S1). For more complex scenarios, such as when both primary and backup
sources experience disruptions, the system responds by reassigning power based on the
established priority hierarchy. This prioritization ensures that essential loads, such as
emergency lighting, critical machinery, or life-support systems, remain operational,

15
 utilizing all available resources to maintain critical services. Through this combination
of automated decision-making and real-time monitoring, the system delivers a
comprehensive solution for smart power distribution. By automating load shifting and
incorporating fail-safes for multiple fault scenarios, the system ensures a high level of
resilience. Its flexibility and adaptability make it suitable for deployment in settings
with varying power demands, such as industrial plants, data centre’s, hospitals, and
other facilities where uninterrupted power is essential. Smart Grid with Priority-Based
Load Shifting project combines robust hardware, intelligent software, and user-friendly
SCADA integration to create a versatile, highly responsive power management
solution. This document will continue to explore each component in further detail,
demonstrating how this integrated system achieves efficient, reliable, and adaptable
power distribution tailored to modern needs.

2.3 Conclusion
The priority-based smart grid system presents a forward-thinking and highly effective
approach to power distribution management, specifically designed to address the unique needs
of critical infrastructure. With its capability for automated load management and real-time
monitoring via SCADA, the system minimizes the need for manual intervention, reducing
response times significantly during power disruptions. This automated response is crucial for
facilities where power continuity is essential, such as hospitals, industrial plants, data centers,
and government buildings, as it ensures that high-priority loads are maintained without delay.
By integrating PLC-controlled load shifting with SCADA, this system not only provides rapid
fault detection and load reallocation but also enables operators to monitor all aspects of power
distribution and make informed decisions when needed. The SCADA interface delivers real
time visualization of power sources, loads, relay statuses, and priority settings, giving operators
a comprehensive view of the power network. This transparency enhances operational reliability
and allows for faster identification and resolution of potential issues, effectively safeguarding
critical systems from unexpected power losses. The modular design and adaptable components
of this system offer a scalable and versatile solution that can be customized to fit different
operational environments and evolving requirements. For instance, in a factory setting, priority
levels can be adjusted according to production demands, ensuring that essential equipment
remains powered even during peak operational hours. The system can also be expanded to
incorporate additional loads, power sources, or sensors as required, making it suitable for a
wide range of applications and adaptable to future needs.

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 CHAPTER 3
MODEL DEVELOPMENT & THEORETICAL FOUNDATION
3.1 Introduction
The development of the priority-based load-shifting model in this project draws heavily
from principles within control systems engineering and power management. The primary aim
of this model is to establish a robust mechanism for efficient, automated load-shifting, ensuring
minimal downtime and uninterrupted power supply, particularly for critical, high-priority
systems. This chapter provides an in-depth look into the theoretical foundations of the load
shifting model, examining essential concepts such as fault detection, load prioritization, relay
control, and the seamless integration of human-machine interfaces. These elements collectively
enable the system to manage power distribution dynamically and responsively, adapting
instantly to changes in power source availability.
The design and development of this model were motivated by the necessity to ensure
that high-priority loads, such as critical hospital equipment, emergency lighting, or essential
industrial processes, maintain continuous power—even if there is a failure in multiple power
sources. The system architecture is structured so that the Programmable Logic Controller
(PLC) operates as the core decision-making component, rapidly responding to power failures
by shifting loads according to predefined priority levels. This load prioritization not only
ensures operational stability but also optimizes resource use, ensuring that backup power
sources are allocated efficiently.
An integral aspect of the model is its SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition) interface, which provides real-time monitoring, control, and oversight. The
SCADA interface enhances the system’s versatility by offering operators a user-friendly
platform to oversee and manage the power distribution network. With features such as realtime
data visualization and control options, operators can monitor active loads, track power source
status, and make manual adjustments when needed. This level of insight and control transforms
the system into a responsive and adaptable solution for modern power distribution challenges,
making it suitable for various settings, from industrial plants to healthcare facilities.
This chapter will further delve into the model’s technical elements, elaborating on each
of its core components. Fault detection mechanisms enable the system to identify and respond
to issues as they arise, triggering immediate load-shifting actions. Load prioritization logic
allows the PLC to categorize loads by importance, ensuring high-priority systems are
maintained first. Relay control facilitates rapid switching between power sources, and the

17
integration of human-machine interfaces like SCADA ensures the system remains accessible
and manageable. By incorporating these elements, the load-shifting model achieves a highly
reliable and efficient solution that meets the demands of continuous power in critical
applications, minimizing human intervention while maximizing operational resilience.

3.2 Priority Based Load Shifting Model

The priority-based load-shifting model in this project is built on principles of real-time
control theory and is organized into several interlocking layers to ensure optimized power
distribution. Each layer works cohesively to deliver a system capable of maintaining
continuous power to critical loads, even under complex and shifting power source conditions.

3.2.1. Design and Theoretical Background

1. Load Prioritization: Each load within the system is carefully assigned a priority level
based on its criticality and power demand. High-priority loads are those essential for
core operations, such as emergency systems or vital industrial equipment, and are
assigned top priority to guarantee they are the first to receive power during a failure.
Lower-priority loads, which are non-essential, are deprioritized and receive power only
if sufficient resources remain after higher-priority demands are met. This prioritization
structure is critical in efficiently managing limited power resources, ensuring the most
crucial systems remain operational and avoiding unnecessary strain on backup sources.
2. Fault Detection and Response: The model employs a fault detection system using
sensors combined with the PLC's control logic to constantly monitor power availability
and instantly detect any disruptions. When a source failure is detected, the PLC
automatically initiates a load-shifting sequence, rerouting power to available sources
based on each load’s priority. This real-time, automated fault response significantly
reduces power loss duration for essential loads, enhancing the system's overall
reliability and minimizing the impact of unexpected failures.
3. Relay Control Logic: Relays are the key components in physically switching loads
between power sources, enabling the load-shifting process. The PLC controls each relay
according to a precise and predefined logic, activating specific relays to route power to
high-priority loads as needed. This programming allows the PLC to respond in

18
 milliseconds to power source failures, ensuring an immediate shift that prevents
downtime. The system logic includes redundancy checks to avoid overloading any
single power source, which could lead to cascading failures, making the model robust
and capable of handling complex fault scenarios.
4. Human-Machine Interface (HMI) and SCADA Integration: The SCADA system,
designed using Wonderware InTouch, offers operators an intuitive platform to monitor
the system in real-time. Through this interface, operators can view active loads,
available power sources, relay statuses, and prioritized power distribution. This
visualization provides real-time insight into system operations, empowering operators
to make manual adjustments if necessary. SCADA integration also enables alert
notifications for critical events, ensuring that operators can respond quickly when
immediate intervention is needed.
5. Communication and Data Handling: The KEP Server software facilitates data exchange
between the PLC and SCADA, maintaining a continuous flow of accurate information
across the system. This connection is essential for up-to-date system monitoring,
allowing operators to view real-time data and maintain oversight of load distribution.
Through reliable communication, the system ensures smooth operations even in
fluctuating conditions and provides a stable platform for future enhancements. To
enhance the system's overall efficiency, the model is optimized for minimal switching
delays and reduced mechanical wear on relays, extending the system's operational
lifespan. The PLC’s precise control over relay functions enables quick and efficient
load management, even in demanding or highly variable load-shifting scenarios.
Additionally, the model’s design supports future upgrades, such as the potential
integration of renewable energy sources or the application of predictive analytics to
facilitate maintenance and further enhance reliability. Regular relay maintenance and
system testing are part of the ongoing upkeep, ensuring that the system remains resilient
and adaptable over time.

3.3 Conclusion
The priority-based load-shifting model developed in this project represents a robust and
reliable approach to automated power management, particularly suited for environments where
power continuity is critical. Leveraging PLC technology alongside SCADA integration, this model
provides a comprehensive solution that can efficiently manage load distribution across multiple

19
power sources, even under variable and challenging conditions. By automating the decision-
making process and prioritizing loads based on importance, the system effectively minimizes
downtime and guarantees power to essential loads without manual intervention. This project lays
a strong foundation for future advancements, positioning it as a flexible and scalable solution for
modern smart grid applications. The model’s adaptability supports the integration of additional
power sources, including renewable energy options, as well as advanced features like predictive
maintenance analytics to improve system efficiency further. By combining real-time control,
priority-based load management, and user-friendly SCADA monitoring, this project addresses
critical challenges in smart grid design and opens the door to new possibilities in power distribution
management. In summary, the priority-based load-shifting model is a versatile and effective
solution for ensuring power reliability, offering the resilience and adaptability needed to meet the
demands of today’s complex and dynamic power infrastructure.

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 CHAPTER 4

SYSTEM DESIGN

4.1 Introduction
The development of the priority-based load-shifting model for this project is based on
principles from control systems engineering and power management. The core objective of the
model is to create a mechanism that enables efficient, automated load-shifting with minimal
downtime, especially for high-priority systems. This chapter will outline the theoretical
foundation of the load-shifting model, covering fault detection, load prioritization, relay
control, and the integration of human-machine interfaces. The model's development was
guided by the need to ensure that critical loads receive uninterrupted power, even if multiple
power sources fail. The system’s logic is structured to prioritize loads, allowing the PLC to
respond instantly to power failures. The SCADA interface further provides real-time
information and control, making the system versatile and user-friendly. The rural areas are
highly influenced due to problems like old infrastructure, environmental disturbances, and poor
monitoring capabilities toward the reliability of the power distribution system. Faults, mainly
interruptions in the power supply due to line interruptions, short circuits, and overloading,
frequently arise and disrupt electricity. Challenging these faults would then need a smart,
automated solution that monitors, detects, and manages faults in real-time.
A practical solution may be possible using an Auto Fault Detection and Load Shedding
System based on a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) for an alternative. It establishes fault
detection with automatically shed load prioritizing essential services and preventing overload
conditions in the grid. PLC may continuously monitor electrical parameters, permitting instant
detection of fault conditions and then isolate affected areas with automatic management of
power flow to maintain stability. The system uses systematic load shedding and ensures that
essential services are conserved during the time of peak load or faults. Using a PLC-based
approach will have the benefits of reliability and cost-effectiveness and shall be flexible enough
for rural deployment. Real-time monitoring, as well as data logging, facilitates easy
maintenance and troubleshooting to quickly restore services. Therefore, this system shall serve
to enhance efficiency and reliability in rural power distribution in servicing the community
both for daily needs and long-range development. Electric power distribution system is an
important part of electrical power systems in delivery of electricity to consumers. Automation
in the distribution field allows utilities to implement flexible control of distribution systems,

21
which can be used to enhance efficiency, reliability, and quality of electric service. By the help
of these project we present a model of automatic distribution system. In any substation When
number of incoming feeders to any substation are more than one then we can transfer total
output feeder to any number of incoming feeders without interrupting power supply in case of
failure of any one or more than feeder. In this case, Incoming feeder must be design to carry
total output feeder's current. In case of manual ON/OFF operations the time span between
failure of supply at any incoming feeder to the transfer of load to another feeder is much more.
So, user can't get reliable power supply. So, in this project I am working to get automatic
operations of circuit breaker using Programmable Logic Control system.

4.2 Design of System

The design comprises a PLC-based control system connected through sensors for
current, voltage, and phase to indicate a fault event. These sensors are placed at the points of
strategic distribution across the rural grid. The PLC continuously monitors sensor data with
threshold values in them to detect events such as overcurrent, short circuits, or phase
imbalances. The PLC is programmed to identify the fault or overload and then cut off the
unimportant loads according to a priority sequence so as not to overload the system. The PLC
is connected to a remote monitoring station through a communication module. It provides real-
time alerts and data logs, which enables prompt maintenance and efficient power management.

Fig 4.1: - Block Diagram of Switching Circuit

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 Fig 4.2: - Circuit Diagram of Switching

Here we have shown the circuit diagram and block diagram of the switching circuit. In
which there are three supply and three loads connected to theircorresponding supply. Here the
priority of the load is shown in diagram. Inthe condition when no fault is occurred in the system
than the load 1 is connected to S1, load 2 is connected to S2 and load 3 is connected to S3. If
any fault occurs in S2 than load 2 gets off which has highest priority. So that we have to shift
the supply from 1 to 2. So here we will activate Relay 1 and Relay 2. So that according to
circuit the source will shift to load 2. If any fault occurs in source S3 than load 3 gets off but it
has priority more than load 1. So here Relay 1 and 4 will be turned on and supply power will
be shift from 1 to 3. If any fault occurs in source S1 and S2 than both of load 1 and 2 will be
turned off. So, we have to shift power from 3 to 2. So, Relay 3 and 5 will be turned on by which
the supply will shift from 3 to 2. If any fault occurs in source S2 and S3 that the load 2 and 3
will beoff. So, the priority of load 2 is high. So, we will turn on Relay 1 and 2. So the supply
is shifted from 1 to 2 and load 2 is continued. If any fault occurs in source S1 and S3 than load
1 and 3 is off but load 2 is still on. And it has highest priority so it is not shifted and continued
as it is.

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4.3 Ladder Logic

Fig 4.3: - Ladder Diagram

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 In ladder diagrams, the left side is where the inputs (or conditions) are placed, and the
right side is where the outputs (actions) are located. Each horizontal line or "rung" represents
a single control operation. The ladder diagram has electrical symbols that show how the control
logic operates, much like a relay logic circuit, to control machines or devices.
In this specific project, "priority-based load shifting" means that machines or loads are
turned on and off based on their priority, which helps in managing power efficiently. High-
priority loads are given preference to run over lower-priority loads.

Key Elements in Ladder Logic: -

1. Inputs (X1, X2, X3)
These are the initial signals or conditions that start the control process. They could be
switches, sensors, or other control inputs that tell the system when to start or stop a
particular load. For example: X1 could represent a signal to turn on the system or start
checking priorities.X2, X3 could represent other triggers, like detecting the availability
of power or if certain safety conditions are met.
2. Memory Bit (M1, M2, M3, etc.)
These represent the machines or equipment that are controlled based on priority. The
notation "M1," "M2," etc., refers to different memory bits with assigned priorities
condition.
3. Outputs (Y1, Y2, Y3, Y4)
The outputs are the results of the control logic. When a certain output, like Y1, is
activated, it means a specific action has been taken, such as allowing a machine to run.
Each output controls a different action based on the priority level and availability of
power.
4. End Condition (END)
This indicates the termination of the control sequence. Once the ladder diagram reaches
the END, it means the logic has completed one cycle of checking and controlling the
loads according to the priority settings.

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Detailed Explanation of the Ladder Logic: -
Ladder Logic Control System Overview:
In this control system, we utilize three relays (S1, S2, S3) represented by inputs (X1,
X2, X3) in a ladder diagram. Each relay is responsible for controlling a specific load, with
defined priority levels assigned to each load:
Load Priority Assignment
Load 2: Highest Priority
Load 3: Second Priority
Load 1: Lowest Priority
Relay and Load Operations:
Relay S1 (X1): Operates Load 1
Relay S2 (X2): Operates Load 2
Relay S3 (X3): Operates Load 3
Operational Logic:
The system is designed to operate various combinations of outputs (M1, M2, M3) based
on the states of the relays. The following combinations are defined:
Combinations with One Output Off:
M1 Off: If M1 is off while M2 and M3 are on, it activates M4.
M2 Off: If M2 is off while M1 and M3 are on, it activates M5.
M3 Off: If M3 is off while M1 and M2 are on, it activates M6.
Combinations with Two Outputs Off:
M1 and M2 Off: If both M1 and M2 are off while M3 is on, it activates M7.
M2 and M3 Off: If both M2 and M3 are off while M1 is on, it activates M8.
M1 and M3 Off: If both M1 and M3 are off while M2 is on, it activates M9.
Control of Additional Outputs:
The outputs from the combinations above control additional elements:
Outputs Controlled by Combinations:
M5 controls output Y1,Y2.
M6 controls output Y1,Y4.
M7 controls output Y3.
M8 controls output Y1, Y2.

26
Summary:
This ladder logic control system effectively manages multiple loads with varying
priorities through well-defined relay operations. Each combination of relay states leads to
specific outputs being activated, ensuring that higher-priority loads take precedence over
lower-priority ones. The structured approach allows for a clear understanding and
implementation of control logic within the system.

4.4 Conclusion
This ladder diagram’s purpose is to manage loads (machines) by giving priority to
certain loads over others. This avoids situations where too many loads are turned on
simultaneously, which could lead to overload or inefficient power usage.
1. High-priority loads are given first access to power (M1, M2, M3, etc.).
2. Medium- and low-priority loads are only turned on if higher-priority loads do not
need the power or have finished their tasks.
3. Outputs Y1, Y2, Y3, etc., manage the operation of each load based on the current
state and priority conditions.
This system is efficient for environments where certain machines or devices need to
run with a priority over others, helping to save energy and reduce costs by shifting the
load based on need and priority.

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 CHAPTER 5
IMPLEMENTATION AND TESTING
5.1 Introduction
In the last chapter, we elaborated on the design of a smart grid system with a priority-
based load shifting system. We developed this system based on a Delta DVP-12SA PLC,
Wonderware InTouch SCADA as the user interface, and KEPServerEX as the communication
component. We elaborated on the design specifications, functional flow, and component choice
in detail.
This chapter addresses the practical implementation of the system in a controlled
laboratory environment. It illustrates the hardware and software elements deployed and the
procedure for interfacing them to implement the proposed architecture. The developed control
logic in the PLC was interfaced to SCADA using KEPServerEX to allow real-time monitoring
and control.
This was followed by a series of testing processes to check the responsiveness,
accuracy, and load handling abilities of the system. The outcomes of these tests are examined
to determine the system's performance. The chapter is wrapped up with a discussion regarding
the limitations experienced during implementation and the scalability as well as deployment
potential of the system.

5.2 Implementation
The smart grid model was tested by deploying the integrated hardware and software
components to facilitate real-time monitoring and control. The heart of the system, the Delta
DVP-12SA PLC, performed load shifting according to predetermined priority levels under
power supply limitations. Wonderware InTouch SCADA facilitated a friendly user interface
for monitoring and controlling system functions. Data exchange between the PLC and SCADA
was facilitated by KEPServerEX, providing smooth data exchange. This configuration
facilitated efficient load management, system transparency, and responsiveness, creating an
operational prototype that was adequate for assessing smart grid performance under laboratory
conditions.

28
5.2.1 Hardware Setup
The deployment of the smart grid prototype included an extensive hardware
configuration to facilitate real-time load monitoring and control. The configuration was well
planned to provide safe, efficient, and logical system operation depending on power availability
and load priority.

PLC – Delta DVP-12SA

The Delta DVP-12SA PLC acted as the heart of the controller. It was chosen due to its
small package size, stability, and ample I/O channels required for control of multiple loads.
The PLC was programmed using WPLSoft, employing ladder logic to perform the priority-
based load shifting algorithm.
The PLC took input signals from a simulated grid status arrangement, comprising
signals for regular power availability, shortage of power, and grid collapse. The inputs also
involved manual override inputs and other control trigger inputs.

The PLC output channels were employed to switch ON or OFF electromechanical

relays, which in turn directly controlled the lamp loads.

Loads – Simulated Using Lamp Bulbs

To mimic different forms of electrical loads, three lamp bulbs were utilized. There were
three lamps that served as different loads each with a specific priority level, allowing hands-on
demonstration of the load shifting mechanism for different power situations:

Load 2 – Priority 1 (Essential Load):

This was the top priority load, mimicking essential services like hospital appliances or
standby lighting. It was kept ON at all times except for a total grid failure.

Load 3 – Priority 2 (Important Load):

This load covered important but non-critical devices like lighting, fans, or HVAC
systems. It was kept ON during average supply levels but switched OFF in case of extreme
power shortages.

Load 1 – Priority 3 (Non-Essential Load):

29
 Lowest priority load, mimicking non-critical devices like ornamental lighting or
entertainment systems. This was the first to be switched OFF on detecting a shortage.

Power Supply – SMPS (Switched Mode Power Supply)

A Switched Mode Power Supply (SMPS) was employed to deliver a regulated 24V DC
output, which supplied power to the PLC and the control circuitry such as the relays. The SMPS
provided stable and efficient power supply to the low-voltage devices. Input voltage levels
were changed during testing to mimic various grid conditions, allowing realistic performance
testing of the system.

Relays – Load Switching Mechanism

Electromechanical relays served as the interface between the high-voltage AC-powered
lamp loads and the low-voltage PLC outputs.
Each relay served as a switching device, being controlled by the PLC's digital output
signals.
The relays offered required electrical isolation, which shielded the PLC from the load
circuit's high voltage.
On activation by the PLC, the relay would connect or disconnect its contacts to switch
on or switch off the associated lamp load based on the priority logic of the system's load.

Mounting and Wiring

Every device—PLC, relays, power supply, and indicator lamps—was rigidly mounted
onto a specially prepared control panel. Sufficient attention was paid to wiring layout,
insulation, and labelling to operate safely and with maximum efficiency.
Terminal blocks provided clean, well-arranged connections.
Careful color coding and insulation were used to reduce the risk of short circuits or
operator error.
The panel layout was designed for simple access and visibility for monitoring,
troubleshooting, and demonstration.
This hardware configuration provided the physical foundation for the smart grid
prototype so that the programmed logic could be mapped into working, observable system
behavior.

30
5.2.2 Software Integration – SCADA and Communication
The software platform was instrumental in facilitating real-time monitoring, control,
and interaction with the smart grid system. The interface of SCADA with communications
software facilitated effortless interaction between human operators and hardware devices.

SCADA – Wonderware InTouch

Wonderware InTouch SCADA was used to create an easy-to-use and responsive
graphical user interface (GUI) for the system. The SCADA interface served as the central point
of interaction for the operators, providing real-time visualization and control functionality. Its
function was not merely to show the operational status but also to provide manual intervention
when needed.

The SCADA interface comprised:

Real-time status indicators indicating whether each load (lamp) was ON or OFF.
Display of priority levels corresponding to each load, so that operators can comprehend
the decision-making process of the system.
Power supply status indicators, indicating whether the system was in normal operation,
suffering from a shortage, or in the process of power restoration.
Manual control switches that enabled operators to override the automatic logic
temporarily and directly control individual loads for testing or emergency situations.
The SCADA system therefore offered complete situational awareness and flexible
control over the operations of the system.

Communication – KEPServerEX
In order to facilitate real-time data exchange between the PLC and SCADA system,
KEPServerEX was utilized as the communication middleware. It acted as an OPC (OLE for
Process Control) server, efficiently converting data between the hardware (PLC) and the
SCADA software.
Communication was facilitated through the MODBUS protocol, which is well-
supported and appropriate for industrial automation systems.

31
KEPServerEX connected to the PLC's RS-232/RS-485 serial communication ports and read
input/output status and write control commands into the PLC's internal memory registers.
This permitted the SCADA system to continuously receive updates regarding the
operational state of each power load and condition.
Moreover, any commands from the SCADA interface—such as system resets or manual
overrides—were passed back to the PLC through KEPServerEX, allowing for two-way
communication.
This communication arrangement provided for the synchronizing, responsiveness, and
ability to adapt automatically and manually to real-time control system operations.

5.2.3 Control Logic Operation

The embedded control logic within the Delta DVP-12SA PLC was coded in ladder logic
in WPLSoft to control the automatic transfer of electrical loads according to predetermined
levels of priority. This logic allowed the system to dynamically respond to different grid
conditions so that the most critical loads could continue to run during power outages while
lesser-priority loads could be selectively shed. The system's operating behavior can be
decomposed into the following clear-cut conditions:
1. Full Power Available
In normal grid conditions, when the power supply is stable and adequate:
All three loads—Load 1 (Priority 3), Load 2 (Priority 1), and Load 3 (Priority 2)—are turned
ON.
The system is in its normal mode, with full functionality on all connected loads.
This condition is the best case for system operation with no limitations on energy supply or
distribution.

2. Moderate Power Shortage Detected

When partial constraint in the grid is indicated by a moderate decline in power availability:
Load 1 (Priority 3), being a non-essential load, is cut off first in order to decrease energy
consumption.
Load 2 (Priority 1) and Load 3 (Priority 2) continue to remain ON, since these are vital and
critical loads, respectively.

32
This phase is an intermediate power reduction mode where the system retains operating
integrity for essential and semi-essential functions but drops non-vital load in order to save
power.

3. Severe Power Shortage

In severe power shortage or near blackout conditions, the system increases its strategy of load
shedding:
Load 1 (Priority 3) and Load 3 (Priority 2) are both cut off since they are not classified as vital
during emergency situations.
Load 2 (Priority 1) alone, which stands for essential services (such as hospital or emergency
equipment), continues to be powered ON.
The mode holds back scarce power for exclusive use in critical functions while sustaining life-
safety and mission-critical functionality.

4. Restoration of Power
As soon as the system recognizes that power availability is back up to normal or acceptable
conditions, the control logic requests a gradual recovery of loads previously disconnected:
Load 3 (Priority 2) is recovered first because it offers essential but non-vital functionality.
Load 1 (Priority 3) is recovered last, after Load 2 and Load 3 resume functioning.
This step-by-step reconnection avoids abrupt spikes in demand and facilitates smooth system
recovery without saturating the supply.

5. Manual Override through SCADA

To enable testing, diagnostics, and operator intervention, a manual override capability was built
into the Wonderware InTouch SCADA user interface:
Operators can manually switch ON/OFF any of the loads and simulate power conditions,
overriding the PLC's automatic control temporarily.
This feature is very useful during system commissioning, fault analysis, or training simulations.
When the manual mode is engaged, automatic responses are disabled, and the operator takes
complete control of load behavior until the system is brought back to automatic operation.

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5.2.4 Limitations
Although the developed prototype well captures the fundamental principle of priority-
based load shifting within a smart grid environment, various limitations were encountered
during testing and usage. Such limitations identify potential areas for enhancement in
subsequent iterations of the system.

1. Scalability
The existing system is intended for a small-scale installation with three lamp loads only.
This minimal configuration is appropriate for laboratory demonstrations but does not represent
the sophistication of an actual smart grid. Expansion of the system to accommodate more loads
or connect to wider energy infrastructure would involve:
A more capable PLC with greater processing power and more I/O expansion modules.
A more robust communication network to handle the increased data flow and maintain
performance at scale.

2. Static Priority Logic

The load priorities in the current system are statically assigned and remain fixed
regardless of changes in environmental or operational conditions. While effective for basic
control, this approach lacks flexibility. Future enhancements could include:
Dynamic priority assignment based on real-time usage patterns or load demand
forecasts.
Integration of machine learning algorithms to forecast load behavior and modify control
strategies accordingly for improved efficiency and responsiveness.

3. Communication Dependence
The system is dependent on the communication link established through KEPServerEX
between the SCADA software and the PLC. Any interruption or failure in this communication
channel would:
Stop the transfer of real-time data.
1. Prevent operator control and system updates through the SCADA interface.
2. Potentially impair the system's capability to react to grid conditions in a timely
fashion.

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 3. A redundant or fail-safe communication system may be included
in future designs.

4. Absence of Real-Time Electrical Feedback

The system does not yet monitor real-time electrical parameters like voltage, current,
or power consumption for individual loads. Control decisions are made only on simulated
status inputs and pre-defined conditions.
This restricts the accuracy and depth of performance assessment.
Real-time integration of measurement data might facilitate more accurate control, fault
detection, and energy optimization.

5.3 Testing and Conclusion

5.3.1 Testing
Testing was conducted to ensure the system works as expected under different grid
scenarios. The capacity of the system to control load shifting on priority, track the status of the
grid, and enable manual operation via SCADA was tested.

5.3.1 Verification – 'Have I built the system right?'

- The PLC logic was checked by testing the ladder logic in WPLSoft and simulating to ensure
proper functioning.
- Control of relays was verified using the ON/OFF switching of lamp loads.
- Communication reliability and proper data exchange between KEPServerEX and
Wonderware InTouch SCADA were verified.

5.3.2 Validation – 'Have I built the right system?'

- The system was able to fulfill its design objectives successfully. It ranked the loads based on
predefined rules and controlled them in accordance with grid conditions.
- Load 2 (Priority 1) was always left on under all conditions, and Load 1 (Priority 3) was the
first to be switched off in cases of power cuts.
- The SCADA system accurately displayed real-time changes and enabled manual control of
the loads.

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5.3.3 Evaluation – 'How good is the system?'
- Reliability: The system was reliable when it was tested, and it switched the loads with no
delay.
- Accuracy: There was no difference between the programmed control logic and real load
switching.
- Responsiveness: The response of the switches to supply variation was within 1–2 seconds.
- Usability: The SCADA interface was simple to use, and the operators were able to monitor
the system and take action as required.
- Limitations: Although functional, the system is limited by its inability to dynamically modify
load priorities and its dependence on a stable communication link.

5.3.2 Test Results

Fig 5.1: - Top view of the model

5.3.3 Conclusion
The project effectively proved a working model of a smart grid system with PLC and SCADA
for priority-based load shifting. Using a Delta DVP-12SA PLC, Wonderware InTouch
SCADA, and KEPServerEX for communication, the system successfully controlled power
distribution during simulated supply shortages. It showed how essential, important, and non-

36
essential loads could be regulated according to priority levels to achieve maximum energy
utilization. Though it has limitations in scalability, flexibility, and real-time feedback, the
project does lay a solid base model. It provides useful findings and acts as a basis for future
research in smart grid automation and intelligent energy control.

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 CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
6.1 Conclusion
The research documented in this report details the successful implementation and
demonstration of a Priority-Based Load Shifting Smart Grid system, presenting a visionary
solution to contemporary power distribution issues. The project emphasizes the revolutionary
capacity of smart grid technologies to overcome the limitations of traditional power systems,
especially regarding their efficiency, reliability, and responsiveness.
The core of the system is a Delta DVP-12SA Programmable Logic Controller (PLC),
which is responsible for performing real-time load control and monitoring. The combination of
Wonderware InTouch SCADA for visualization and KEPServerEX for communication provides
for smooth interaction between the hardware and the operator interface, allowing automated and
manual control of the system depending on current power conditions.
Through the imposition of a priority-based load-shifting mechanism, the system ensures
that such high-priority services as hospitals, emergency stations, and major infrastructure are
always supplied with a steady power output during peak times or grid incidents. Lower-priority
loads like unnecessary lighting or entertainment systems are gradually curbed or cut back in order
to save energy while sustaining system equilibrium.
The project also shows how automatic load management through the use of PLCs
decidedly lowers response times to electricity aberrations, thus keeping downtime to a bare
minimum and enhancing the general resilience of the distribution system. This active control of
electricity use not only increases operational stability but also helps to achieve optimized energy
usage, a key consideration in this day and age of rising energy consciousness.
Most significantly, the system is scalable and flexible. The system can be added to, so it
supports more loads or is incorporated into bigger infrastructures by using greater-capacity PLCs
and superior networking protocols. The priority setting can also be customized by facility
managers to ensure evolving operational demands, and thereby, the system maintains
synchronization with organizational objectives and ambient conditions.
In the future, the results of this project highlight the potential for further work in dynamic
load prioritization, possibly through the implementation of machine learning, real-time demand
prediction, and sensor feedback. Additional improvements in the future could include integrating
renewable power sources, such as solar or wind, into hybrid systems with the ability to
dynamically balance generation and demand.

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 Additionally, the creation of real-time control algorithms will play a key role in
optimizing the responsiveness and adaptability of such smart grid solutions. Such algorithms can
enable demand-side management strategies that are market signal responsive, user preference
responsive, and responsive to grid stability requirements, enabling next-generation energy
systems that are both sustainable and intelligent.
In sum, this project is an important step towards a wiser, more resilient, and energy-
efficient future. As urban systems and energy requirements continue to expand, technologies
such as the system created in this project will be key to providing continuous service, optimizing
the use of power, and achieving a successful transition to wiser energy infrastructures.

6.2 FUTURE SCOPE

This "Smart Grid with Priority-Based Load Shifting" project effectively shows the
fundamental operation of a smart power distribution system through PLC and SCADA. In real
life, though, electric systems are enormous and complicated. Our model works at a minuscule
level at present, but it has colossal potential to be enlarged and further improved. The system
can be made more efficient, intelligent, and appropriate for real-world applications in a number
of ways. Some of the key future development and potential are elaborated as follows:

1. Utilization of IoT for Remote Monitoring and Control

One of the most exciting directions of the future is the integration of the system with
IoT (Internet of Things). With the use of IoT devices like smart controllers and sensors, the
whole grid can be controlled and monitored remotely from the cloud-based systems. The
operators can operate the system remotely from any location via smartphones or computers.
This would enhance decision-making speed, eliminate human errors, and render the system
highly sensitive to any fault or change in the network.

2. Real-Time Load Monitoring and Adjustment

Currently, the system takes a fixed priority-based shifting scheme. In the future, the
system may be equipped with sensors to continuously monitor the load and adjust the priority
in real-time. That implies if one zone suddenly increases power consumption, the system will
automatically switch or decrease load to prevent overload or failure. This dynamic method will
enhance the system's performance during peak hours or in cases of emergency.

39
3. Real-Life Deployment
The prototype that is already developed can be scaled up and deployed in real-life
applications like housing societies, industrial complexes, hospitals, or educational institutions.
In these locations, continuous supply to loads that are critical is extremely important. Our
system has the capability of automatically transferring loads and balancing it without any
manual intervention. It can also lower downtime and increase energy efficiency.

4. Integration with Renewable Energy

In the coming future, this system can be combined with green energy resources such as
solar panels or wind turbines. This will not only make the system environmentally friendly but
also assist in power management from various sources. The controller can be designed to give
priority to loads according to available solar or wind energy. For instance, solar energy can be
given top preference in the daytime.

5. Future Load Forecasting with Data Analytics

One more interesting domain is to predict the future demand of energy based on past
data. Through simple data analysis utilities, the system can analyze past usage patterns and
predict future demands. On this basis, it can modify priorities in advance so that supply remains
undisturbed. This will prove particularly useful where there are constant fluctuations in load.

6. Improved SCADA Interface

While we have implemented SCADA in our model, we can improve it further by
coming up with an advanced graphical interface. The interface may comprise real-time graphs,
color-coded status of loads, fault auto alerts, and logs of performance. This will enable
operators to have a quick glance at the health of the grid and take action quicker.

7. Fault Detection and Auto Recovery Features

Future releases of the system can incorporate advanced protection capabilities like fault
detection and isolation automatically. When the feeder line fails or a short circuit is detected,
the system will be able to identify the fault immediately, disconnect the errant section, and
transfer the load onto another available feeder without wasting any time. This would increase
reliability and prevent the equipment from getting damaged.

40
8. Mobile App for User Interaction
A simple-to-use cellular app can be designed that gives load status, energy report,
priority settings, and manual control capabilities. Operators or users can be alerted on their
phone in the event of faults or maintenance requirements. This will open up the system and
make it easier to use.

9. Energy Savings and Cost Monitoring

The future system should also have methods for monitoring saved energy and saved
cost resulting from smart load shifting. Reports can be provided monthly or weekly to indicate
improvements in energy efficiency. The methods will be useful for analysis, budgeting, and
system assessment.

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NATIONAL LEVEL PROJECT COMPETITION
CERTIFICATE

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