MOTIVATION

MODULE- II

BY-
PREETIBANYA PARIDA
CONTENT TO BE DISCUSSED
• Definition & concept
• Motive and motivation
• Theories of motivation
THEORIES OF MOTIVATION
• Why do some people perform better than others?
• Why does the same person act differently at different times?
MOTIVES

• Motives are the expressed needs and could be conscious or

subconscious.

• Sometimes motives define as reason to do something.

MOTIVATING

• It is an act of stimulating emotion or desire and promoting

it to action.

• Research says there are two types of motivation:

• 1. positive motivation
• 2. negative motivation (fear/ based on force)
DEFINING MOTIVATION ........
• Motivation is one’s
Motivation Model
willingness to exert efforts
towards the accomplishment
of his/her goal.
• According to Fred Luthans

• “Motivation is a process that

starts with need that activates
behaviour or a drive that is
aimed at a goal or incentive”.
THE PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF
MOTIVATION MODEL

BEHAVIOUR REWARD SATISFACTION

 THE CONTENT THEORIES
• The content theories basically “what” of motivation.
• It means focus on the different things that people may
feel they need in their lives.

• In this content theories people’s motivations will be based

on acquiring the things that they think they need.

• So, manager first try to understand what employee need.

• Because performance of an employee always depends on

ability backed by motivation.

Performance = (ability * motivation)

MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS
THEORY (ABRAHAM MASLOW)

Maslow’s
conception of people
satisfying their
needs in a specified
order, from bottom
to top.
DISCUSSION ON FIVE NEEDS

• Physiological Needs: (1st order)

• 1. The Physiological needs are the basic needs for
sustaining the human life.

• 2. These needs include food, clothing, shelter, rest, water,

air, sleep.

• 3. lowest
The level inattempts
management the hierarchy of needs.
to meet such physiological needs
through payment of fair wages.
 SECURITY/SAFETY NEEDS: (2ND
ORDER)
• These are the needs connected with psychological fear of
loss of job, or hazard.

• An employee needs protection from such types of fear.

• The safety needs come after meeting the physiological
needs.

• Such physiological needs lose their motivational

potential when they are satisfied.

• As a result, safety needs replaces them.

The management attempts to meet such safety needs through
security of job , pension at old age, insurance coverage.
SOCIAL NEEDS/LOVE BELONGING (3RD
ORDER)

• An employee is a human being who desires or likes to stay

(belong) in group.

• This is treated as basic social need of an individual.

Management provides break time more to satisfy this need.
SELF -ESTEEM NEEDS

• need to be respected and appreciated by others.

• need to have the power and finally prestigious position.

• Esteem needs are two-fold in nature.

1. self-confidence, self-respect, competence

2. status, reputation, recognition and appreciation by others.

• Esteem needs do not assume the motivational properties unless

the previous needs are satisfied.
SELF-ACTUALISATION NEEDS

• Highest among the needs in the hierarchy of needs.

• Humans want to utilize their potentials to the maximum extent

and desires to become what they are capable of becoming.

• It is the ‘growth’ need.

• Though every one is capable of self-actualisation, many do not reach

this stage.
HERZBERG’S MOTIVATION
• Frederick Herzberg designed the theory in the year of 1959.
• It is also known as Herzberg motivation theory or two –
factors theory.

• Frederick argued that there are 2 factors that an organization can

adjust to influence motivation in the workplace.

• 1. Motivators : which can encourage employees to work harder.

• 2. Hygiene factors: These won’t encourage employee to work
harder but they will cause them to become unmotivated if they
are not present.
TWO –FACTORS THEORY

Job Dissatisfaction Job satisfaction

Influenced by Hygiene Improving Influenced by Motivator

Factors motivating factors factors
that increase job
•Pay satisfaction •Recognition
•Company policies •Sense of achievement
•Fringe benefit •Growth and promotional
•Working condition Improving opportunities
•Interpersonal relation hygiene factors •Responsibilities
•Supervisor quality that decrease job •Meaningful work
dissatisfaction
CRITICISM OF TWO-FACTOR THEORY
• Herzberg assumed a correlation between satisfaction and
productivity. But the research conducted by Herzberg
stressed upon satisfaction and ignored productivity.

• when you try to find out the sources of satisfaction and

dissatisfaction at work, employees start blame
dissatisfaction on factors such as salary structure,
company policies and peer relationship and give credit to
themselves for the satisfaction factor at work.
COMPARISON BETWEEN MASLOW
THEORY WITH HERZBERG'S THEORY
• Maslow referred to the needs or motives, whereas
Herzberg dealt with the goals that tends to satisfy the
need.

• Hygiene or maintenance factors of Herzberg are satisfied by

the Physiological, safety and belongingness needs of
Maslow.

• Motivator factors of Herzberg tend to be satisfied by the

self-esteem and self-actualization needs of Maslow.
PROCESS THEORY OF MOTIVATION
• In content theories of motivation emphasized the inner
needs in motivation

• The process theories of motivation do not explain how

needs emerge. Rather it explain the process through which
needs are translated into behaviour.
 VROOM’S EXPECTANCY THEORY

• Expectancy Theory of Motivation was suggested by Victor H.

Vroom.

• It is based on the idea that work effort is directed towards

behaviour that people believe will lead to desired outcomes.

• In short we can understood that :

• People get motivated by how much they want something and

how surely they know that they will get that thing.
 VROOM’S EXPECTANCY THEORY

• Case 1:
• You can never be motivated by unrealistic whishes like you
will marry Brad Pitt.

• Do you remotely find any possibility of such wish getting

fulfilled ??
 VROOM’S EXPECTANCY THEORY

• Case 2:
• You strongly want to get a higher range luxury car and you
know that this wish is likely to be fulfilled or at least this is
a realistic wish that can be fulfilled.
 QUESTION TO YOU
• Why in case 2 motivation occurs?
• The answer lies in three concept of Vroom’s expectancy theory.
• 1. Expectancy
• 2. Instrumentality
• 3. Valence
Let us understand each concept separately.

Then we will put them together to understand how it motivates

an individual.
DISCUSSION ON THREE COMPONENTS
• Expectancy: Expectancy can be described as the belief that higher
or increased effort will yield better performance

• It can be restated as follows: Effort – to- Performance (E P)

• Instrumentality: It is the relationship between the performance to

outcome. Further it can be described that if an individual perform
well, then there will be outcome. (P O)

• Valence: Valence means “value”. It refers to beliefs about outcome

desirability.
LET’S GO THROUGH A SMALL THEORY
• Marry joins a Company. As soon as she joins her boss tells her
that if she completes a given project properly, he will promote
her and increase her salary.

• Marry becomes happy and she is in hope of increasing her

performance does a lot of hard work, overtime etc.

• Further with increased performance she hopes to bag all the

rewards promised by the Boss.

• when she gets the rewards, she hopes to get something to which she
assigns a lot of value.
 SUMMARY OF THE STORY
• First hope of Marry is expectancy. This hope is further strengthened
if Marry gets sufficient resources and has enough skills at her hand.

• Second hope that with good performance she will achieve rewards is
called instrumentality.

• The third concept is valence. Suppose Marry achieves a decent level

of performance, completes the project and impresses to the Boss. The
boss in return will bestow reward upon her. Now Marry wanted a
fat paycheck but boss gave her a dry promotion. Marry definitely
doesn’t assign value to a dry promotion.
• So next time when she gets any project, she will work on it half heartedly
as the reward she got did not fulfill her personal goal. Here she is
demotivated.

• But if marry gets a fat check along with promotion, she will be highly
motivated. This is valence. She will perform repeatedly to achieve her
desire outcome.
 APPLY YOUR KNOWLEDGE (MATCH THE
COLUMN AND NAME THE AUTHORS )
A B
1. People are motivated by economic rewards a. Two factor theory
and will get motivated if economic incentives
are offered.

2. Needs motivates people. Needs are several b. Expectancy theory

and can be categorized in to 5. Hierarchy can
be built among them.

3. Needs motivate employees. They are two c. Need hierarchy theory

dimensions.

4. Work effort is directed towards Behvaiour d. Scientific management

that people believe will lead to desired
outcome.
PORTER & LAWLER THEORY (BASED ON
4 ASSUMPTIONS)
• According to Porter & Lawler , 1st assumption the behaviour of
an individual depends on some factors of his own and some
factors related to environment.

• 2nd assumption was that human begins are rational beings and
therefore they make conscious decisions about their behaviour in
the organization.

• 3rd assumption is that human beings differ from one another in

terms of needs, desires and goals.

• 4th assumption is that human begins select the most favorable

behaviour that helps them get the most desirable outcome.
THE PROCESS AND CONTEMPORARY
THEORIES (THE EQUITY THEORY)

• The Adam’s Equity theory

EQUITY THEORY
• Equity theory is also called as “Social comparison” theory.
• Assumptions:
• Individuals are motivated by their desire to be equitably treated
in their work relationships.

• Four important terms in this theory:

• 1. person
• 2. comparison other
• 3.inputs
• 4.outcomes
STRUCTURE OF EQUITY IN THE
WORKPLACE IS BASED ON THE RATIO OF
INPUT / OUTPUT
NOW IT’S TIME TO REDUCE
DEMOTIVATION

• Altering his or her inputs

• Altering his or her outcomes
• Leaving the field
 EQUITY THEORY AT WORK

• Why people are so strongly affected by the situations of

colleagues, friends, partners etc., in establishing their
own personal equity in their work situations?

• People demotivated, if they learn that a colleague (is

enjoying a better reward-to-effort ratio.

Individual makes Job satisfaction and

Manager allocates
equity performance are
rewards
comparisons affected
CONCLUSION

• Adams’ equity theory of motivation says that to be

motivated, individuals need to perceive that the rewards
they receive for their contributions are fair, and these
rewards are similar to those received by their peers. If
individuals perceive that their rewards are not fair, they
will feel distressed and try to change things to create a
sense of fairness.
PORTER & LAWLER THEORY