Explain the following terms used in vibration [4]

i) Natural Frequency
ii) Amplitude
iii) Time period
iv) Resonance

Natural Frequency: The natural frequency (ω) of a system is the frequency at which it oscillates
when undisturbed by external forces. It is determined by the system's mass, stiffness, and geometry.
The natural frequency represents the inherent tendency of a system to oscillate and is independent
of any external influences.

Amplitude: Amplitude refers to the maximum displacement from the equilibrium position during
oscillation. It represents the maximum magnitude of the vibration or wave. In the case of a harmonic
oscillator, the amplitude remains constant if the system is undamped or if the damping is negligible.

xi) Time Period: The time period (T) is the time taken for one complete cycle of oscillation. It is the
reciprocal of the frequency and is measured in seconds. The time period represents the duration
required for a vibrating object to complete one full oscillation.

xii) Resonance: Resonance occurs when a system is subjected to an external force or disturbance at
its natural frequency. At resonance, the amplitude of the vibration becomes significantly larger, as
the system absorbs energy from the external force. Resonance can lead to excessive vibrations,
stresses, and potential damage in structures or systems if not properly controlled

Explain the following terms used in vibration. [4]

i) Free Vibrations
ii) Forced Vibrations

Free Vibrations: Free vibrations occur when a system oscillates without any external forces or
disturbances acting on it. Once set in motion with an initial displacement or velocity, the system
vibrates with its natural frequency and gradually loses energy due to damping until it comes to rest.

viii) Forced Vibrations: Forced vibrations occur when a system is subjected to external forces or
disturbances that drive its motion. These external forces can be periodic or nonperiodic, and they
cause the system to vibrate at a frequency different from its natural frequency. Forced vibrations
can result in resonance if the driving frequency matches the system's natural frequency.

A body of 5 kg is supported on a spring of stiffness 1960 N/m & has a

dashpot connected to it, which produces a resistance of 1.96 N at a velocity
of 1 m/sec. In what ratio will be amplitude of vibration reduced after 5
cycles?
 Define the following terms used in vibration [4]
i) Critical Damping coefficient
ii) Coulomb damping

Critical Damping Coefficient: The critical damping coefficient (c_c) is the minimum amount of
damping required for a system to return to equilibrium without oscillating. It represents the
maximum amount of damping that allows the system to settle in the shortest time without
overshooting or oscillating. Critical damping ensures the fastest approach to equilibrium.

) Coulomb Damping: Coulomb damping, also known as dry friction damping, occurs when the
damping force is proportional to the velocity but acts in the opposite direction of motion. It is named
after Charles-Augustin de Coulomb, a French physicist. Coulomb damping is characterized by a static
frictional force that must be overcome before the object starts moving and a kinetic frictional force
that opposes the motion once it starts.

. Discuss over-damped, under-damped and critically damped system with the help of amplitude
versus time plot

The behavior of a damped system is determined by the damping ratio, which compares the actual
damping of the system to the critical damping value. There are three cases based on the damping
ratio: over-damped, under-damped, and critically damped.

1. Over-damped System: In an over-damped system, the damping ratio (ζ) is greater than 1.
This means that the system has excessive damping, causing it to return to equilibrium slowly
without oscillating. The response of an over-damped system is characterized by a slow decay
to zero without overshooting the equilibrium position. Key features of an over-damped
 system: - Slower response and longer settling time compared to the critically damped and
underdamped systems. - No oscillations or overshoots. - The response may be smoother,
without significant fluctuations.

Applications of over-damped systems include shock absorbers, vibration isolation systems, and some
types of braking systems.

2. Under-damped System: In an under-damped system, the damping ratio (ζ) is less than 1. This
indicates that the system has insufficient damping, resulting in oscillatory behavior. The
response of an under-damped system exhibits decaying oscillations before reaching the
equilibrium position. Key features of an under-damped system: - Oscillatory response with
one or more cycles before settling to the equilibrium position. - The amplitude of oscillations
gradually decreases over time. - The system may exhibit overshoots, where the response
temporarily exceeds the equilibrium position. - Longer settling time compared to the
critically damped system. Examples of under-damped systems include pendulums, certain
suspension systems, and some types of electronic circuits.

3. Critically Damped System: In a critically damped system, the damping ratio (ζ) is equal to 1.
This represents the optimal condition for damping, resulting in the fastest approach to
equilibrium without any oscillations. The response of a critically damped system reaches the
equilibrium position as quickly as possible, without overshooting. Key features of a critically
damped system: - Fastest response and shortest settling time among the three damping
scenarios. - No oscillations or overshoots. - The system approaches the equilibrium position
without any delay. Critically damped systems are commonly used in applications where
quick and precise responses are required, such as in control systems, door closers, and shock
mounts for delicate equipment.

Define the following terms [4]

i) Viscous damping

ii) Coulomb damping

i) Viscous Damping: Viscous damping refers to the damping force that is proportional to
the velocity of the vibrating object. It is a type of damping where the dissipative force
opposing the motion is proportional to the velocity of the object. Viscous damping is
commonly encountered in fluids, where the resistance to motion arises from the
internal friction of the fluid.
 ii) ii) Coulomb Damping: Coulomb damping, also known as dry friction damping, occurs
when the damping force is proportional to the velocity but acts in the opposite direction
of motion. It is named after Charles-Augustin de Coulomb, a French physicist. Coulomb
damping is characterized by a static frictional force that must be overcome before the
object starts moving and a kinetic frictional force that opposes the motion once it starts.

2. Explain Transmissibility Vs. frequency ratio curve for different amounts of damping. (IMP)

The transmissibility versus frequency ratio curve is a graphical representation that illustrates the
relationship between the transmissibility of a system and the frequency ratio (the ratio of the
excitation frequency to the natural frequency of the system) for different amounts of damping.

Transmissibility is a measure of the amplification or attenuation of an input force or motion as it is

transmitted through a system. It represents the ratio of the amplitude of the response of the system
to the amplitude of the applied force or motion.

The transmissibility versus frequency ratio curve is typically plotted with transmissibility on the y-axis
and the frequency ratio on the x-axis. The transmissibility values can range from 0 to 1, where 0
represents complete attenuation (no transmission) and 1 represents unity transmissibility (perfect
transmission or no attenuation). The shape of the transmissibility curve varies based on the amount
of damping present in the system. Let's discuss the characteristics of the transmissibility curve for
different damping scenarios:
1. Under-damped System: In an under-damped system, the transmissibility curve exhibits a
resonance peak at the natural frequency. The peak represents a significant amplification of the input
force or motion at the resonant frequency. As the frequency ratio moves away from the resonant
frequency, the transmissibility decreases. The curve generally has a symmetric shape around the
resonance peak.

2. Critically Damped System: For a critically damped system, the transmissibility curve does not
exhibit a resonance peak. Instead, it has a broad, flat response around the natural frequency. The
transmissibility remains close to unity (1) over a wide range of frequencies, indicating that the input
force or motion is effectively transmitted without significant amplification.

3. Over-damped System: In an over-damped system, the transmissibility curve does not exhibit a
resonance peak, similar to the critically damped case. However, the transmissibility decreases
gradually as the frequency ratio approaches the natural frequency. The curve has a smoother and
more gradual decline compared to the under-damped system. The transmissibility curve for different
amounts of damping provides important insights into the system's response to external forces or
motion at different frequencies. It helps in understanding the system's sensitivity to specific
excitation frequencies and aids in the design and analysis of damping systems to control unwanted
amplification or attenuation.

Explain frequency response curves (Magnification factor Vs. Frequency ratio)

forced vibration due to external harmonic excitation
Frequency response curves, also known as magnitude-frequency response curves or amplitude-
frequency response curves, are graphical representations that illustrate the behavior of a system
under external harmonic excitation at different frequencies. These curves show the relationship
between the magnitude or amplitude of the system's response and the frequency ratio (the ratio of
the excitation frequency to the natural frequency of the system). In forced vibration, an external
force or excitation is applied to a system at a specific frequency. The frequency response curve
provides insight into how the system responds to this excitation over a range of frequencies. The
frequency response curve is typically represented by a plot of the magnification factor (also known
as the amplitude ratio, response factor, or gain) on the y-axis against the frequency ratio (also
known as the excitation frequency ratio or normalized frequency) on the x-axis. The magnification
factor represents the amplification or attenuation of the system's response relative to the input
excitation

At low excitation frequencies (frequency ratio close to zero), the magnification factor is generally
low or close to unity, indicating that the system's response is relatively small compared to the
applied force. As the excitation frequency approaches the system's natural frequency (frequency
ratio of 1), the magnification factor increases, indicating resonance. Resonance occurs when the
system's natural frequency matches the excitation frequency, leading to a significant increase in the
amplitude of the system's response. Beyond the resonant frequency, the magnification factor
gradually decreases as the frequency ratio increases. This decrease in the magnification factor
signifies that the system's response becomes progressively smaller with increasing frequency,
indicating a reduced sensitivity to the excitation.

The shape of the frequency response curve depends on the characteristics of the system, including
its damping ratio and stiffness. In systems with low damping, the resonance peak in the frequency
response curve is sharper and more pronounced. In contrast, systems with higher damping exhibit
broader resonance peaks and less amplification at resonance. Frequency response curves are useful
in engineering and design as they provide information about the system's behavior and help in
determining the appropriate excitation frequencies to avoid resonance or achieve desired levels of
response. By analyzing the frequency response curve, engineers can select suitable parameters for a
system, such as damping or stiffness, to optimize its performance and avoid potential issues
associated with resonance.

Define Quality factor and state its significance in frequency response

curves

. The quality factor is defined as the ratio of the resonant frequency to the bandwidth of a system.
Mathematically, it can be expressed as:

Q = ω₀ / Δω

where: - Q is the quality factor - ω₀ is the resonant frequency of the system - Δω is the bandwidth,
which is the width of the frequency response curve at a specific magnitude (e.g., -3 dB) relative to
the resonant frequency

The significance of the quality factor lies in its ability to provide information about the dynamic
behavior of a system. Here are a few key points:
1. Damping: The quality factor is inversely proportional to the damping of a system. Higher values of
Q indicate lower damping, while lower values indicate higher damping. Damping refers to the
dissipation of energy in a system, and it affects the rate at which vibrations decay over time. Systems
with higher damping exhibit faster decay, while systems with lower damping sustain vibrations for a
longer duration.

2. Resonance: The quality factor is also related to the sharpness of the resonance peak in the
frequency response curve. A higher Q value corresponds to a narrower peak, indicating a system
with a more focused response around the resonant frequency. Conversely, a lower Q value leads to
a broader resonance peak.

3. Bandwidth: The quality factor provides an indication of the bandwidth of the system's frequency
response curve. A higher Q value corresponds to a smaller bandwidth, indicating a narrower range of
frequencies where the system exhibits significant response. On the other hand, a lower Q value
results in a wider bandwidth, indicating a broader range of frequencies with significant response.

What is critical speed of rotor without damping? Explain with the

neat sketch. Explain critical speed of shaft carrying single rotor.
 4. Explain Force transmissibility on the basis of i) Definition ii) Equation iii) terminology used
in equation.
5. Force transmissibility is a concept used in the field of dynamics of machinery to describe the
effectiveness of transmitting forces from one component or structure to another. It provides
a measure of how well a system can transmit or transfer a force input from a source to a
receiver

i) Definition: Force transmissibility is defined as the ratio of the magnitude of the

transmitted force to the magnitude of the input force. It represents the ability of a
system to pass on or transmit forces without significant attenuation or distortion.
ii) ii) Equation: The force transmissibility can be mathematically expressed as:
Transmissibility = (Magnitude of Transmitted Force) / (Magnitude of Input Force)

This equation gives a quantitative measure of how much of the input force is transmitted through
the system. The transmissibility value can be greater than 1 (amplification), equal to 1 (unity), or less
than 1 (attenuation), depending on the characteristics of the system.
iii) Terminology used in the equation related to dynamics of machinery: - Magnitude of
Transmitted Force: It refers to the absolute value or magnitude of the force that is
transmitted through the system. It represents the force that reaches the output or
receiver component. - Magnitude of Input Force: It refers to the absolute value or
magnitude of the force that is applied as the input to the system. It represents the
force that is exerted on the input or source component.
Derive the equation for the length of Torsionally Equivalent Shaft.

Consider a shaft of varying cross-sections as shown in below fig. Let this shaft is replaced by an
equivalent shaft of uniform diameter d and length l as shown figure

These two shafts must have the same total angle of a twist when equal opposing torques T are
applied at the opposite ends. d1, d2 and d3 = Diameters for the lengths l1, l2 and l3 respectively,

θ1, θ2 and θ3 = Angles of twist for the lengths l1, l2 and l3 respectively,
θ = Angle of twist for the diameter d and length l,
J1, J2 and J3 = Polar moment of inertia for the shaft of diameters
d1, d2 and d3 respectively. Since the total angle of the twist of the shaft is equal to the sum of the
angle of twists of the different lengths.

θ = θ1 + θ2 + θ3

Where τ = Shear stress (MPa) r = Radius of the shaft (mm) T = Torque (Nm) J = Polar moment of
inertia G = Modulus of rigidity (MPa) θ = Angle of twist (rad) l = length of the shaft
We can write θ = θ1 + θ2 + θ3 as following

As we want to make the multiple cross-sectional shafts into a uniform diametral shaft, so we have to
assume that the diameter d of the equivalent shaft should be equal to one of the diameters of the
actual shaft. So we can assume d = d1 Substitute

From this expression, we can evaluate the length of the torsionally equivalent shaft.
Explain free vibrations of a two rotor system using following parameters[8] i) neat diagram ii)
frequency equations iii) Position of node iv) amplitude ratios of two rotors.

The free vibrations of a two rotor system refer to the natural oscillations that occur in the system
without any external forces or disturbances. In such a system, there are two rotors that are
connected and can vibrate independently or in sync with each other.

i) Zero frequency: In a two rotor system, the concept of zero frequency refers to a mode of
vibration in which both rotors move in unison without any phase difference. In this mode,
the two rotors vibrate at the same frequency, amplitude, and phase, resulting in a
synchronized motion.
ii) Node point: A node point in a two rotor system refers to a location where the displacement
of the system is minimal or zero. At a node point, the two rotors vibrate with equal and
opposite displacements, canceling out each other's motion. As a result, the node point
remains stationary while the rest of the system vibrates.
iii) iii) Position of node: The position of the node(s) in a two rotor system depends on various
factors such as the rotor masses, stiffness, and coupling between the rotors. Typically, the
node(s) are located at points where the bending moment or forces due to the rotational
motion of the rotors are balanced out, resulting in minimal displacement. The exact position
of the node(s) can be determined through mathematical analysis or experimental
measurements.
iv) iv) Amplitude ratios of two rotors: The amplitude ratios of the two rotors in a two rotor
system describe the relative magnitudes of their displacements during vibration. These
ratios can vary depending on the system's properties and the mode of vibration. In some
modes, the two rotors may have equal amplitudes, while in others, they may have different
amplitudes. The amplitude ratios provide insights into the distribution of energy or motion
between the two rotors during vibration.

Differentiate Time domain and frequency domain Analysis.

Explain how frequency spectrum can be used to detect
vibration related faults in a system

Time domain analysis and frequency domain analysis are two approaches used in signal processing
to analyze and understand signals, including vibrations in a system. Here's a brief differentiation
between the two: Time domain analysis: - In time domain analysis, signals are analyzed in the time
or spatial domain. - It focuses on studying the behavior and characteristics of a signal over time. -
Time domain analysis provides information about signal amplitude, duration, waveform, and timing
relationships between different parts of the signal. - Common time domain techniques include
waveform analysis, statistical analysis, and correlation analysis.

Frequency domain analysis: - In frequency domain analysis, signals are analyzed in terms of their
frequency content. - It focuses on studying the distribution and strength of different frequencies
present in a signal. - Frequency domain analysis provides information about the spectral
components of a signal, such as frequency peaks, bandwidth, and power at different frequencies. -
Common frequency domain techniques include Fourier transform, power spectrum analysis, and
spectrograms.
Write a short note on 1) piezoelectric accelerometer 2) Any one vibration isolator

1) Piezoelectric Accelerometer: A piezoelectric accelerometer is a sensor used to measure and

analyze vibrations and acceleration. It is based on the principle of the piezoelectric effect,
where certain materials generate an electric charge when subjected to mechanical stress or
deformation. In a piezoelectric accelerometer, a piezoelectric crystal or ceramic material is
typically used. When the accelerometer is subjected to acceleration or vibration, the
piezoelectric material experiences mechanical stress, causing it to generate a proportional
electric charge. This charge is then measured by an external circuit and converted into an
electrical signal, which can be further processed and analyzed
2) Vibration Isolator: A vibration isolator is a device or system designed to reduce the
transmission of vibrations between two objects or structures. It is commonly used to isolate
sensitive equipment or structures from external vibrations, ensuring their proper functioning
and preventing damage. One example of a vibration isolator is the passive rubber mount. It
consists of a resilient rubber material that acts as a damping medium between the two
connected objects. The rubber mount absorbs and dissipates the vibrations, preventing
them from being transmitted to the isolated object. This helps reduce the effects of
vibrations such as mechanical noise, shocks, and vibrations from nearby machinery or
environmental sources

Classify vibration measuring instruments.

Explain any one frequency measuring instrument with a
neat diagram

Explanation: 1. Input Signal : The signal source represents the input signal that contains the vibration
information. In the context of detecting vibration-related faults, this could be a sensor or transducer
that measures the vibrations in the system.

2. Low Pass Filter: The signal from the source might contain noise or unwanted highfrequency
components. To ensure accurate frequency analysis, a low pass filter is used to remove these
unwanted frequencies, allowing only the desired vibration signal to pass through.

3. Analog-to-Digital Converter (A/D): The filtered analog signal is then converted into a digital format
using an A/D converter. The A/D converter samples the continuous analog signal at regular intervals
and assigns a numerical value to each sample, representing its amplitude.
4. Digital Computer: The digital computer processes the digital samples obtained from the A/D
converter. In the case of FFT analysis, the digital computer performs the Fast Fourier Transform
algorithm on the sampled data. The FFT algorithm converts the time- domain signal into the
frequency domain, providing information about the amplitudes and phases of different frequency
components present in the signal.

5. Digital-to-Analog Converter (D/A): The frequency spectrum obtained from the digital computer is
then converted back into an analog signal using a D/A converter. This step is optional and might be
required if further analog processing or visualization of the signal is desired.

6. CRQ Display: The final step involves displaying the processed signal on a CRQ (Cathode Ray Tube)
display or any other suitable visual output device. The display shows the frequency spectrum of the
input signal, representing the amplitude of different frequencies present in the system.

The analysis can involve techniques such as peak detection, comparing the spectrum with
predefined fault signatures, or using statistical methods to identify anomalies. Once a fault is
detected, appropriate measures can be taken to address and rectify the issue, minimizing potential
damage or system failures. By leveraging the FFT analyzer's ability to transform vibration signals
from the time domain to the frequency domain, engineers and technicians can gain valuable insights
into the health and condition of the system, allowing them to proactively address vibrationrelated
faults and ensure optimal performance and reliability.

Derive a relation between sound intensity level and sound

pressure level