Lecture 5

Prepared by:
ENGR. CINDY MAY C. BELIVESTRE
MS in Mechanical Engineering
Faculty, Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
 At the end of this lecture, the students
must be able to:

 Discuss electromagnetic waves and the

electromagnetic spectrum, with particular
emphasis on thermal radiation.

 Discuss and analyze idealized blackbody,

blackbody radiation, and blackbody radiation
function, together with the Stefan–
Boltzmann law and Planck’s law.

Prepared By: Engr. Cindy May C. Belivestre

  Conduction and convection modes of heat
transfer, which are related to the nature
of the materials involved and the
presence of fluid motion, among other
things.

 We now turn our attention to the third

mechanism of heat transfer: radiation,
which is characteristically different from
the other two.

Prepared By: Engr. Cindy May C. Belivestre

  Radiation is emitted by every point on a plane
surface in all directions into the hemisphere
above the surface.
 The quantity that describes the magnitude of
radiation emitted or incident in a specified
direction in space is the radiation intensity.
 Various radiation fluxes such as emissive power,
irradiation, and radiosity are expressed in terms
of intensity.
 Radiative properties of materials such as
emissivity, absorptivity, reflectivity, and
transmissivity all depend on wavelength,
direction, and temperature.
Prepared By: Engr. Cindy May C. Belivestre
  Radiation differs from the other two heat
transfer mechanisms
 It does not require the presence of a
material medium to take place.
 In fact, energy transfer by radiation is
fastest (at the speed of light)
 Also, radiation transfer occurs in solids as
well as liquids and gases.
 Heat transfer through an evacuated
space can occur only by radiation.
 For example, the energy of the sun
reaches the earth by radiation.
Prepared By: Engr. Cindy May C. Belivestre
  Thermal radiation emitted as a result of
energy transitions of molecules, atoms,
and electrons of a substance.
 Temperature is a measure of the strength
of these activities at the microscopic
level, and the rate of thermal radiation
emission increases with increasing
temperature.
 Thermal radiation is continuously
emitted by all matter whose temperature
is above absolute zero.
Prepared By: Engr. Cindy May C. Belivestre
  Everything around us such as walls,
furniture, and our friends constantly emits
(and absorbs) radiation.

Prepared By: Engr. Cindy May C. Belivestre

  A blackbody is defined as a perfect emitter and
absorber of radiation.
 At a specified temperature and wavelength, no
surface can emit more energy than a blackbody.
 A blackbody absorbs all incident radiation,
regardless of wavelength and direction.
 Also, a blackbody emits radiation energy
uniformly in all directions per unit area normal
to direction of emission.
 That is, a blackbody is a diffuse emitter. The
term diffuse means “independent of direction.”

Prepared By: Engr. Cindy May C. Belivestre

The VARIATION
of the
blackbody
emissive
power with
wavelength
for
several
temperatures.
(Refer to next
slide for
discussion)

Prepared By: Engr. Cindy May C. Belivestre

  The emitted radiation is a continuous function
of wavelength. At any specified temperature,
it increases with wavelength, reaches a peak,
and then decreases with increasing
wavelength.
 At any wavelength, the amount of emitted
radiation increases with increasing
temperature.
 As temperature increases, the curves shift to
the left to the shorter wavelength region.
Consequently, a larger fraction of the
radiation is emitted at shorter wavelengths
at higher temperatures.
Prepared By: Engr. Cindy May C. Belivestre
  The radiation emitted by the sun, which
is considered to be a blackbody at 5780 K
(or roughly at 5800 K), reaches its peak
in the visible region of the spectrum.
Therefore, the sun is in tune with our
eyes. On the other hand, surfaces at T =
800 K emit almost entirely in the
infrared region and thus are not visible
to the eye unless they reflect light
coming from other sources.

Prepared By: Engr. Cindy May C. Belivestre

  TOTAL BLACKBODY EMISSIVE POWER Eb:

𝐸𝑏 = σ𝑇 4 ; 𝑊/𝑚2

 The relation for the spectral blackbody

emissive power 𝐄𝐛𝛌 was developed by Max
Planck.

 This relation is known as Planck’s law

Prepared By: Engr. Cindy May C. Belivestre

Prepared By: Engr. Cindy May C. Belivestre
 λ = is the wavelength of the radiation
emitted,

k = 1.38065 x 10−23 J/K is Boltzmann’s

constant.

This relation is valid for a surface in a

vacuum or a gas.
 For other mediums, it needs to be modified
by replacing C1 by C1/n2, where n is the
index of refraction of the medium.
Note that the term spectral indicates
dependence on wavelength.
Prepared By: Engr. Cindy May C. Belivestre
 Consider a 20-cm-diameter spherical ball at
800 K suspended in air as shown in the
figure. Assuming the ball closely
approximates a blackbody, determine
(a) the total blackbody emissive power,
(b) the total amount of radiation emitted
by the ball in 5 min, and
(c) the spectral blackbody emissive power
at a wavelength of 3 m.

Prepared By: Engr. Cindy May C. Belivestre

Prepared By: Engr. Cindy May C. Belivestre
 SOLUTION

Known: An isothermal sphere is suspended in air. The

total blackbody emissive power,

Find: Total blackbody emissive power

Total radiation emitted in 5 minutes,
Spectral blackbody emissive power at 3 mm

Assumptions: The ball behaves as a blackbody.

Prepared By: Engr. Cindy May C. Belivestre

 Analysis:

a. Total blackbody emissive power

𝟒 −8
𝑊 4
𝐄𝐛 = 𝛔𝐓 = 5.67 𝑥 10 2 4
(800 𝐾 )
𝑚 𝐾

𝑊 𝑘𝑊
𝑬𝒃 = 23.2 𝑥 103 2 = 23.2 2
𝑚 𝑚

Discussion: The ball emits 23.2 kJ of energy in the

form of electromagnetic radiation per second per m2
of the surface area of the ball.

Prepared By: Engr. Cindy May C. Belivestre

 Analysis:

b. Total radiation emitted in 5 minutes.

 Multiply the blackbody emissive power obtained by the

total surface area of the ball and the given time
interval.
𝐐𝐫𝐚𝐝 = 𝐄𝐛 𝐀𝐬 ∆𝐭

As = 𝜋𝐷2 = 𝜋(0.2)2 = 0.1257𝑚2

60 s
∆t = 5 min = 300 s
1 min
kW 2
1 kJ/𝑠
Q rad = Eb As ∆t = 23.2 2 0.1257𝑚 300 𝑠 ( )
m 1000 𝑊
𝑸𝒓𝒂𝒅 = 𝟖𝟕𝟔 𝐤𝐉

Discussion: The ball loses 876 kJ of its internal energy in the form of
electromagnetic waves to the surroundings in 5 min, which is enough energy to
raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 50°C.
Prepared By: Engr. Cindy May C. Belivestre
 Analysis:

c. The spectral blackbody emissive power at a

wavelength of 3 µm is determined from Planck’s
distribution law,

C1
𝑬𝒃λ =
C2
λ5 [exp − 1]
λT

3.743 x 108 W. µm4 /m2

Ebλ =
5 1.4387 𝑥 104 µm. K
(3 µm) [exp − 1]
3 µm(800 K)

𝑬𝐛𝝀 = 𝟑𝟖𝟒𝟖 𝑾/𝒎𝟐 .µm

Prepared By: Engr. Cindy May C. Belivestre

  Radiation is emitted by all parts of a
plane surface in all directions into the
hemisphere above the surface, and the
directional distribution of emitted (or
incident) radiation is usually not uniform.
 Therefore, we need a quantity that
describes the magnitude of radiation
emitted (or incident) in a specified
direction in space.
 This quantity is radiation intensity,
denoted by I.
Prepared By: Engr. Cindy May C. Belivestre
  Radiation intensity is used to describe the
variation of radiation energy with
direction.
 For a blackbody:

𝝈(𝑻𝟒 )
𝑰𝒃 𝑻 = ; (W/m2 .sr)
𝝅

Prepared By: Engr. Cindy May C. Belivestre

 A small surface of area A1 = 3 cm2 emits
radiation as a blackbody at T1 = 600 K. Part
of the radiation emitted by A1 strikes
another small surface of area A2 = 5 cm2
oriented as shown in the figure (refer to
next slide).

Determine the solid angle subtended by A2

when viewed from A1, and the rate at which
radiation emitted by A1 that strikes A2.
Prepared By: Engr. Cindy May C. Belivestre
Prepared By: Engr. Cindy May C. Belivestre
 SOLUTION

Known: A surface is subjected to radiation emitted by

another surface.

Find: Solid angle subtended (ω)

Rate at which emitted radiation is received
(𝑸𝒓𝒂𝒅 )

Assumptions:

1. Surface A1 emits diffusely as a blackbody.

2. Both A1 and A2 can be approximated as differential
surfaces since both are very small compared to
the square of the distance between them.
Prepared By: Engr. Cindy May C. Belivestre
 Analysis:
𝑨𝒏
a. Solid angle subtended 𝝎= 𝟐
𝒓
(general equation)

Gen. Rule:
An,2 A2 cosθ2 Refer to figure
if sin, cos, tan.
ω𝟐−𝟏 = 2 =
r r2

5 𝑐𝑚2 (cos 40°) −𝟒

ω𝟐−𝟏 = 2
= 𝟔. 𝟖𝟏 𝒙 𝟏𝟎 𝒔𝒓
(75 𝑐𝑚)

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 Analysis:

b. Rate at which emitted radiation is received

𝑊
𝜎(𝑇 4 ) 5.67 𝑥 10−8 (600 𝐾) 4
𝐼= = 𝑚2 𝐾 4
𝜋 𝜋

𝑊
𝐼 = 2339 2 𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚
𝑚 . 𝑠𝑟

This value of intensity is the same in all directions since a

blackbody is a diffuse emitter. Intensity represents the rate
of radiation emission per unit area normal to the direction
of emission per unit solid angle.
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 Analysis:

The rate of radiation energy emitted by A1 in the

direction of θ1 through the solid angle ω2–1 is
determined by multiplying I1 by the area of A1
NORMAL to θ1 and the solid angle ω2–1.

𝑄1−2 = 𝐼 𝐴1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃1 ω2−1

W
𝑄1−2 = (2339 2 )(3𝑥10−4 cos 55° 𝑚2 )(6.81𝑥10−4 𝑠𝑟)
𝑚 .𝑠𝑟

𝑄1−2 = 2.74 𝑥 10−4 𝑊

Therefore, the radiation emitted from surface A1
will strike surface A2 at a rate of 2.74 x 10-4 W.
Prepared By: Engr. Cindy May C. Belivestre
  The emissivity of a surface represents the
ratio of the radiation emitted by the surface
at a given temperature to the radiation
emitted by a blackbody at the same
temperature.

 The emissivity of a surface is denoted by ε,

and it varies between zero and one.

 Emissivity is a measure of how closely a

surface approximates a blackbody, for
which ε = 1.

Prepared By: Engr. Cindy May C. Belivestre

  The emissivity of a real surface is not a constant.

 Rather, it varies with the temperature of the

surface as well as the wavelength and the
direction of the emitted radiation.

 The most elemental emissivity of a surface at a

given temperature is the spectral directional
emissivity, which is defined as the ratio of the
intensity of radiation emitted by the surface at a
specified wavelength in a specified direction to
the intensity of radiation emitted by a blackbody
at the same temperature at the same
wavelength.
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  Absorptivity (α) - fraction of irradiation
absorbed by the surface
 Reflectivity (ρ) - fraction reflected by the
surface
 Transmissivity (τ) – fraction transmitted

Prepared By: Engr. Cindy May C. Belivestre

 THANK YOU!

Prepared By: Engr. Cindy May C. Belivestre