Written by: Salimu Panzi 2023

CIVICS FOR
SECONDARY
SCHOOL
COMPETENCE BASE CURRICULUM

Lesson Notes
FORM TWO
2023

Prepared by

Sir Panzi

+255 656 820 092

Page | 1
 Written by: Salimu Panzi 2023

1. PROMOTION OF LIFE SKILLS

Concepts of Life skills, Problem and Social Problem

Life skills

Life skills refer to the knowledge and skills which give an individual ability to work independently
and accuracy with maximum efficiency. Life skills help an individual to deal with his or her daily life
like problem solving, decision making, critical thinking and self awareness. Life skills involve
thinking, planning and acting which enable someone to solve his or her problems in life

Problem

Problem is the something and an unpleasant or undesirable condition that cause the difficulties and
unsatisfactory to the people. Problem has to be solved and needs to be corrected in order to create
satisfied situation among the people in the society.

Social problems

Social problems are the things that cause the difficulties that affect the community. Social problems
may include violence, theft, drug abuse, corruption and many others.

Problem solving

Problem solving is an act which involves the relation of decision-making that requires someone to
make a choice and selecting the best alternative and implementing the solution.

Problem Solving Techniques

Problem solving techniques refers to the ways or methods that are applied by a person or a group of
people to deal with the difficult situation in the societies and find out the better solutions. These
methods are applied in order to solve the different problems that face people in the society when they
struggle to get the better life.

Ways of problem solving

i. Cooperation. A person, who has a problem, exposes it to other people around him or her.
People can decide to make contribution of their ideas in order to solve that problem.
ii. Hard working. Sometimes, some problems are caused by laziness, for example lack of
food and good clothes. These problems can be solved by working hard so as to get better
achievement.
iii. Guidance and counseling. There are some of the problems which cannot be solved
physically or mentally, instead they need psychological treatments. This can be applied to
the people who have mental or emotional suffering like people with HIV/AIDS.
iv. Seeking advice from individual person. In our daily life, there are people who are
considered to be wise with the knowledge and experience about the problems. So some

Page | 2
 Written by: Salimu Panzi 2023
people who are facing with various problems pay list to these people seeking the advice of
their problems.
v. Reading the book. Some books are providing various knowledge in life. They can be used
to provide different. They can be used to provide different suggestion on how to solve the
problems. For example, there are some books which help people with psychological
problems to recover. Reading the books refresh the mind and acquire problems solving
skills.
vi. Consult expertise. There are some of the problems need to be solved by expertise. This
need scientific way of solving problem and it is important for a person who is seeking
advice to consider the nature of the problem and deciding which expert to see because there
are some problems which may not be solved by individual people instead need collective
solutions.

Importance of applying social problem techniques

i. Promotion of peace and security. Effective application of social problem-solving techniques
reduces the numbers of social problems in the society and promote peace, security, unity and a
strong bond among the citizens
ii. Disease control. Application of social problem solving techniques is a very important aspect to
control diseases. These diseases may include communicable and non- communicable diseases.
For example prolonged stress may cause heartbreak, pressure etc
iii. Promoting development in the society. Effective promotion of social development activities
enables people to engage themselves in different economic activities rather than spending a lot
of time figuring out how to solve social problems
iv. Provision of solution to various problems. The use of social problem solving techniques help
individuals or a society to get possible solutions to a number of unresolved social problem
v. Minimization of cost. The provision of appropriate locally social problem techniques help to
reduce unnecessary cost which would have been incurred by external experts to solve some
social problems
vi. Making people active and useful. Social problem solving techniques enable people to
participate in various productive activities. Through these techniques, people can solve their
social problems and become more active and useful members of the society.
vii. Reduction of social problems. People in a given society should take effective measures to
overcome various social problems.

Steps Taken in The Problem Solving

i. Identifying the problem. This is the first step of social problem solving. In this step, the
social problem experienced should be identified so that it becomes familiar to those who
are responsible to solve it
ii. Collecting Information. This is the stage whereby all necessary information concerning
the identified social problem is collected. The information is collected through various
methods such as questionnaire, observation or interview.

Page | 3
 Written by: Salimu Panzi 2023
iii. Defining the Problem. This is the explanation of the conflict and disagreements between
people. The problem should be well known before solving it
iv. Generating alternatives. This involves the generating of many solutions which ultimately
assist in problem solving
v. Agreeing in solution. This is the step of making agreement which can be involve what to
do in order to avoid the reoccurrence of the same problem
vi. Carrying out evaluation. This is the final step in the process of solving a particular
problem. At this step the person in-charge determines whether or not the solution applied to
solve the social problem has been successful.

Methods of gathering information

i. Observation. This is one of the methods used in collecting information. Through this
method, a person responsible to resolve a problem may obtain relevant information by
observing what is actually happening.
ii. Interview. This method involves interrogating people. The information obtained through
an interview is likely to be more accurate compared to other methods. This is so because
the method involves face- to- face conversation between interviewer and interviewee.
iii. Questionnaire. This is method involves a list of questions to be answered by respondents
in a writing form. This method is useful in collecting information from a large sample size
within a short period
iv. Mass media. This is a method of collecting information involving the use of various
presses like television, radio, newspaper, journals blogs, social media and websites.
v. Documentary review. This method involves the use of authoritative documents such as
books and other publications to obtain information. For example, through books and other
publication, a person can get information on how to address a social problem.

QUESTIONS
1. What do you understand about the following terms?
a. Problem b. Social problem c. problem solving d. Problem solving techniques
2. Identify six benefits of applying problem solving techniques in our societies
3. What six ways can be used to solve the problems that face many people in the family level?
4. How can you help your father in the family to solve the problems encounter your family members?
Which stages will you most consider?
5. Suppose you have given the chance by the chairperson of Mtakuja village to explain on how to solve
the problems for the development of the village. Which six points will you most consider?
6. Your family members face difficulties in collecting the information to solve their problems in their daily
live. As one among of the family member, how can you help your family members overcome the
situation?

Page | 4
 Written by: Salimu Panzi 2023

2. THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF

TANZANIA
Concept of government
Government is the group of people within the community who have the power and authority to
perform administrative functions. Or
Government is the group of people who are responsible in controlling the country or an
organization.
Usually the leaders of the government determine the way in which a country or a state is run.
These include planning, making decisions and even the implementation of the policies.
Government creates the relationship between people with their institutions or organizations.
The government can be obtained either by election, by force or even hereditary means.

Types of the government

There are two types of the government, namely;

a. Democratic government
b. Non- democratic government

A. Democratic government
Democratic government is the type of the government in which the political power and
authority is determined by the popular election. This type of government, considers the people
in making decision and get its legitimacy through free and fair election. Examples of
democratic government are Tanzania, Kenya, Ghana, etc.

B. Non-Democratic Government
Non-democratic government is the type of government where y, a leader come into power by
force without considering the people’s votes. This kind of government can be resulted from the
military coup, manipulation of the election process or even changing the democratic state into
dictatorship after the leader attain the power through election. In this type of government, only
one person or group of people hold the power of the state. In this kind of government, the
leader runs the government without considering the willing of the people in the country.

FORMS OF THE GOVERNMENT IN THE WORLD

There are various forms of the government which exist in the world in the different
countries. These are;
I. Republic Government
Republic government is the form of the government in which a country is ruled by
an executive President who is elected by popular votes in general election.
Constitutionally, the President is given executive power and authority to be the head
of the state. In this form of government the citizens have supreme power and they

Page | 5
 Written by: Salimu Panzi 2023
exercise that power by voting and electing representatives in decision-making
organs.
There are two types of republic government, namely;
A. Presidential republic. This is the form of government which operates through a
presidential system of governance. The President is the head of the state and the
head of government as well. Tanzania is good example
B. Parliamentary republic. This is a form of government which operates under
parliamentary system. The prime minister is the active head of the executive and
also leader of government business in the parliament. Ethiopia is good example.
II. Union Government
This is the form of the government in which two or more countries are united to
form one country. Examples of the union government are United Republic of
Tanzania (union between Tanganyika and Zanzibar) and United Kingdom (union
between England Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales)
III. Monarchy Government
This is the form of the government whereby, the head of the state is King or Queen
and comes into power through inheritance. Example of monarchy government are
Swaziland (Eswatini), Morocco, United Kingdom and Saudi Arabia
There are two types of monarchies, namely;
A. Absolute Monarchy. This is the type of monarchy government, whereby a
King or queen is the head of the state and head of the government. A good
example Saudi Arabia and Eswatini under King Mswati.
B. Constitutional monarchy. This is the type of monarchy whereby, a King or
queen is only head of the state. The prime minister is the head of the
government after he or she elected. Examples of the countries that practiced
constitutional monarchies are United Kingdom, Sweden etc.
IV. Federal Government/Federation Government
This is the form of the government in which the central government shares power
with the members of small government. In this form, the government is formed
when two or more states or provinces are joined together with each state or
province having its own government which performs certain functions, but there is
a single government which unites all states and share sovereignty with them.
Examples of the federal government are United State of America (USA), India and
Nigeria.
V. Theocracy government.
This is the form of government that governs by using rules and principles which are
derived from religion. In this form of government leaders are obtained from among
the cleric of the concerned religion. The religious leaders claim to rule the country
on behalf of God.
VI. Transitional Government
This is the form of the government which is created temporarily by the people
within the country while waiting for general election or permanent government.

Page | 6
 Written by: Salimu Panzi 2023
This happens whenever there are quick changes of the government and leaders due
to political instability within the country.
VII. Communist Government
This is the form of government whereby, there is no definite form of government. It
is situation where there is no systematic form of administration legally authorized to
rule a nation. It lacks a constitution and organized leadership. Only rival groups
may exist fighting to take control of the state. Countries that experienced anarchy
include Somalia and Myanmar.

Importance of the Government

i. To maintain peace and security in the country. Government maintains peace and security
through its instruments such as legal institutions, armed forces and police force
ii. Provision of social services. Government provides social services to the people in the country
such as health service, education, water, electricity and transport for the welfare of the people
iii. Human rights protection. Government protects the human rights and the freedom of the all
people in the country
iv. Conflicts resolution. Government resolves the conflicts and disputes which may rise between
institutions or international conflicts or among the people in the country
v. To increase national income. Government is responsible in raising revenues within a country
for the development of the country.
vi. Designing policies. The government has the power to design policies in various sectors of the
economy and viable development plans for the welfare of the nation.

STATE AUTHORITIES OF THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA

State authorities refer to the organs through which government activities are being executed.
According to the constitution of the united republic of Tanzania of 1977, there are three state organs,
namely Executive, Legislature and Judiciary

A. Executive
Executive is the organ of the state that deals with administrative functions. The head of the
Executive is President who is elected by all adult citizens in the country during the general
election.
The Executive of the united republic of Tanzania composed of President, Vice president, Prime
minister, cabinet of ministers, ministers, deputy ministers and civil services.

I. President
President is the head of the state and government of the united republic of Tanzania. According
to the constitution of the united republic of Tanzania, President is elected after every five years.
When he or she died, the vice president takes the oath to become the president. Also, president
is the commander in chief of the armed forces. Since independence, the united republic of

Page | 7
 Written by: Salimu Panzi 2023
Tanzania is headed by six presidents, Julius K. Nyerere, Ally Hassan Mwinyi, Benjamin
William Mkapa, Jakaya M. Kikwete, John P. Magufuli and Samia Suluhu Hassan
Responsibilities of the President
The President of the united republic of Tanzania has many responsibilities which are grouped
into three categories as follows;
a. He or she is the head of the state
b. He or she is the head of government
c. He or she is the commander in chief

A. As The Head of The State

i. He or she represents Tanzania abroad
ii. He or she signs treaties with foreign countries
iii. He or she is a symbol of national unity
iv. He or she assents or disapprove parliamentary bills
v. Has a special power to pardon or give respite to criminals convicted in courts

B. As The Head of The Government

i. Is the chairperson of the cabinet of ministers
ii. He or she can dissolve the parliament
iii. Takes last responsibility for all government plans and decisions
iv. Appoints civil services such regional and district commissioners, regional and district
administrative secretaries, ministers, deputy ministers, directors, judges and many
others

C. As The Commander in Chief

i. Appoints the officers of the defense force like Chief of Defense Force (CDF),
Inspector General of Police (IGP) etc
ii. He or she can declare the state of emergency
iii. He or she orders the operation for the defense of the united republic of Tanzania

II. Vice President

The vice president is a principal assistance of the president who takes the office when
the president is absent. Vice president can be obtained as the running mate of the
president during the general election or by appointed by the president and be approved
by the parliament with not less than 50% of all members of the parliament.
The current vice president of Tanzania is Philip Isdore Mpango who was appointed by
the president Samia Suluhu Hassan when the previous vice president takes the oath to
be the president after the death of President John Pombe Magufulu.
Responsibility of Vice President
i. Making follow up in today implementation of the union matters
ii. Promoting all duties assigned by the president
iii. He or she execute president’s duties when the president is absent
Page | 8
 Written by: Salimu Panzi 2023

III. Prime Minister

Prime minister is the general executive of the government who is appointed by the
president from among of the members of parliament and be approved by the national
assembly. The current Prime minister of Tanzania is Majaliwa Kassimu Majaliwa. The
series of the prime ministers of Tanzania since independence are, Rashidi M. Kawawa,
Edward M. Sokoine, Salim A. Salimu, George S. Warioba, John Malecela, David C.
Msuya, Fredrick Sumaye, Edward Lowasa, Mizengo Pinda and Majaliwa K. Majaliwa.

Responsibilities of Prime Minister

i. He or she is the main actor of the government

ii. He or she performs all duties assigned by the president
iii. He or she is the leader of the government business in the National assembly.

IV. The Cabinet

The cabinet of the united republic of Tanzania is the President’s main advisory organ
which consists of President who is the chairperson of the cabinet, vice president,
president of Zanzibar, prime minister, Attorney General, Chief Secretary who is the
secretary of the cabinet and president’s office and all ministers except deputy ministers
V. Ministers
Ministers are the political heads of the ministries who are appointed by the President of
the United Republic of Tanzania. In Tanzania the ministers are also members of the
Parliament who either elected by the people from their constituencies or appointed by
the President as the members of parliament. This means that, one main condition to be a
minister in Tanzania you must be a member of parliament.
Responsibilities of The Ministers
i. They answer all questions related to their ministries asked by the members of
Parliament
ii. They represent president at the ministerial level
iii. They perform duties assigned to them by the President
iv. They appoint members of board which are under their ministries.
VI. Deputy ministers
Deputy Ministers assist the ministers in their respective ministries. They are appointed
by the President of the United Republic of Tanzania from among the Members of
Parliament. Deputy Ministers are not members of the cabinet
VII. Civil Services/Servants
These are the government workers who perform the duties in various sectors and
positions in the government. Among of the civil services are permanent secretaries in
the ministries, regional and district commissioners, heads of department in the
ministries and directors.

Page | 9
 Written by: Salimu Panzi 2023

Functions of the Executive

i. Implements all decisions reached by the legislature. Executive play an important role to
implement the decisions which were reached by the parliament
ii. Enforce the laws of the state. The Executive carries out and enforce laws to protect the
individual rights. Each government department is responsible for the implementation of
laws and principles.
iii. Provide national defense and security. Executive is responsible in maintaining peace and
security in the country by protecting the country from any event related to internal or
external conflicts
iv. Formulate and execute foreign policies. Executive is responsible in formulating the
foreign policies of the state and to promote the foreign relations
v. Plans and implements social and economic development projects. Executive is
responsible in planning and implementing the development projects for the welfare of the
people in the country
vi. Signing treaties. It is the responsibility of the Executive to sign treaties with other
countries. The Executive also responsible to negotiate treaties in accordance with the
provision of different national laws and procedures defined by international laws.

B. Legislature
Legislature is the organ of the central government which makes laws of the state and set the
government budget. Sometimes, legislature is called parliament when its members meet with
the president and it called national assembly when it involves all its members. The head of
legislature is the Speaker of the national assembly of the United republic of Tanzania who is
elected by the members of the parliament. The current speaker of the national assembly is
Tulia Ackson Mwansasu

PARTS OF THE LEGISLATURE OF THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA

The legislature of the United Republic of Tanzania has two main parts, namely;
I. President parliament
II. National Assembly

I. President Parliament
President is a part of Parliament but he or she is not a member of parliament. President
is a part of parliament because he or she participates on the process of dissolving the
parliament, asserting the laws and addressing the parliament
The president can dissolve the parliament if there is one among of the following
circumstances;
i. When the five years of the parliament life time are over
ii. During the last twelve months of the parliament life so as to call for a new
election
Page | 10
 Written by: Salimu Panzi 2023
iii. When the parliament refuses to approve the government budget
iv. When the two-third of the members of parliament resend a bill which president
refused to assent
v. The refusal of the parliament to support an important government policy
vi. When the government fails to get majority seats in the national assembly.

II. National Assembly

National Assembly is the part of the legislature which consists only members of
parliament (MPs) and other parliament workers headed by the speaker

The national assembly of the united republic of Tanzania is made up with the following;

i. Members of Parliament represent their constituencies (264 constituencies)

ii. Five members who represent the house of representatives of Zanzibar
iii. Ten members nominated by the President
iv. Women members who represent their political parties that participate in general election,
not less than 30 percent
v. The Attorney General who is appointed by the President and he or she attends the
parliament by virtue and has no right to vote

Powers of National Assembly

i. It may remove the president in the office if

 He or she has committed acts to violate the constitution
 He or she violates laws of the public leaders
 He or she misbehave in a bad manners
ii. It may remove the vice president in the office if
 The president reports to the speaker that the vice president does not performs the
duties of president office
iii. It may remove the prime minister in the office if the members pass the vote of no confident
against him/her

Leaders in the National Assembly

There are two types of leaders in the National Assembly

i. Leaders of the parliamentary sessions. These include, speaker, deputy speaker, chairperson,
vice chairperson and the clerk of the National Assembly
ii. Leaders for the camp of the members of parliament. These are government leaders of
government, ruling party and opposition party

Functions of The National Assembly

i. To reviews the works done by the government. Legislature is responsible in reviewing
and follow-up the activities which were performed by the Executive

Page | 11
 Written by: Salimu Panzi 2023
ii. To makes the laws of the state. All laws of the state are made by the Legislature.
Legislature is the supreme organ in the country to make laws
iii. To discuss and pass the annual budget. The annual budget of the state is discussed and
passed by the members of the parliament before the starting of new money year. The
implementations of the annual budgets improve the development in the country.
iv. To ask the questions for the clarification. The members of parliament ask the questions
to the ministers for the clarification concerning public affairs in the country which are
within their responsibilities
v. To discuss and prove long and short term plans. The parliament of Tanzania is
responsible in authorizing any long or short term development plans to be implemented in
the country

Law making process in the Parliament

Concept of Law

Law is the system of rules that a country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its
members. Laws help to deal with the crimes and create social relationship among the citizens.

In Tanzania, laws are made after the problem is identified in a ministry, President, Attorney General or
other member of parliament except speaker and other administrative officials.

The Agenda items are presented to the office of the speaker through the clerk of the national assembly.
The item may include a question, petition, motion or a bill.

 Motion is a policy suggestion which has to be transformed into a bill before it is made
a law
 Petition is a call for an official ministerial response to an urgent matter of national
interest
 Question is a call on ministers to respond to specified matters in their respective
ministries

The bill is short listed and published in the government gazette

Steps In Making A Bill A Law

i. The bill is presented by clerk to members of parliament. This is the first reading there is no
discussion held on the bill
ii. The bill introduced by standing committees and discussions are held and changes or
contribution are made
iii. A bill is read by the third time. At this stage, the members of parliament discuss the bill in
details
iv. The bill is debated and approved or rejected through voting

Page | 12
 Written by: Salimu Panzi 2023
v. If the bill has been approved by Parliament, it is sent to the President for assent. If the
president sign it, then it become a law or Act, and the president disapprove it, then it goes
back to the National Assembly for further discussion.

Bill is introduced

Members discuss the Bill

Members reject the Bill Members approve the Bill

President assent the Bill

President rejects
Law or Act the Bill

Steps in making laws

A. Judiciary
Judiciary is the organ of the central government which interprets the laws of the state. The head
of judicial system is the chief Justice who is appointed by the President. Judiciary performs its
work fairly to solve the disputes in the society.
The Judiciary officials in judicial system include clerks, magistrates, Attorney General,
advocates and court assessors.

Page | 13
 Written by: Salimu Panzi 2023
STRUCTURE OF THE JUDICIARY

Court of Appeal of the United Republic of Tanzania

High court of Tanzania High court of Zanzibar

Resident
Land Commercial Corruption Regional Appellate
magistrate
division division and magistrate Kadhi’s
court
Economic court court
Labour court
division
District
court
District court

District
Primary Primary Kadhi’s
court court court

Hierarchy of the Judicial System in the United Republic of Tanzania

Court System of Tanzania mainland

Court is the body of people presided by judges or magistrate having the judicial power and
authority to hear and resolve disputes through judgment in civil, criminal or military cases.
Court in Tanzania ranges from primary level to court of Appeal which is the higher larder of
court system in Tanzania. Court has many importance, include; help to protect right of the
people, provide opportunity for the people to have their cases heard by neutral judges, protect
against abuses and provide equal treatment and fair to all people
A. Primary Court
This is the lowest level of court system in judiciary of Tanzania. The head of primary court is
the primary court magistrate. Primary court deals with the criminal cases. In this level
advocates are not allowed to defend the accused person.
B. District Court
This is the second level of court system in Tanzania which is headed by resident magistrate.
Each district has the district court which handles appeal cases from the primary court.
C. Resident Magistrate Court

Page | 14
 Written by: Salimu Panzi 2023
This is the third level of the judicial system in Tanzania which is found in the region level. This
court is headed by law degree holder (principal resident magistrate) who is appointed by the
chief justice.
D. High court
The high court is the fourth level of the judicial system in Tanzania which is administered by
the judges with the assistance from the district magistrates. It has the power to hear all types of
cases including murder cases and appeal cases from the resident magistrate court.
E. Court of Appeal
The court of appeal is the highest court in Tanzania which deals with the all appeals cases
presented to it from the high court. A case may originated from primary court and reach the
Appeal court by passing all through levels. The court of Appeal is headed by Chief Justice.

Court System of Tanzania Zanzibar

A. Primary courts
This is the lowest court in the court hierarchy. It deals with petty offences and all civil and
criminal cases. An appeal from the primary court lies with the District court
B. District court
District courts are established every district. They are presided over by District Magistrates.
They have power to entertain appeals from Primary courts and also try cases of the first
instance. District courts do not entertain both civil and criminal matters. Appeals from District
courts lie with the Regional Magistrate court.
C. Regional Magistrate court.
These courts are established in every region. They do enjoy powers to entertain civil and
criminal cases. They entertain appeals from District courts. The Regional Magistrate in charge
has power to call and inspect the record of any District or Primary court for the purpose of
satisfying oneself as to the correctness, legality or priority of any decision of the district
therein.
D. District Kadhi’s Court
These are parallel to the District court system. These are established in every district to
determine matters or question of Islamic laws relating to personal status, marriage, divorce or
inheritance in which all the parties profess Islamic religion. Appeals from the District Kadhi’s
court lie with the Appellate Kadhi’s Court and the High court
E. The High Court
The high court of Zanzibar is a court of appeal for all subordinate courts. It entertains appeals
from Regional Magistrate court and Appellate Kadhi’s court. Its decision binds the courts
subordinate to it.
F. Court of Appeal of the United Republic of Tanzania
It entertains all appeals from the High court of Zanzibar as well as from the High court of
Tanzania mainland. The court of Appeal of the United Republic of Tanzania is a union matter.

Page | 15
 Written by: Salimu Panzi 2023

Administrative tribunals
Administrative tribunals are bodies outside the hierarchy of the court with an administrative or judicial
function. Unlike the ordinary courts which administer justice and are bounded by those procedures,
Administrative tribunals in Tanzania include ward tribunals, Tax appeal tribunals, District land and
housing tribunals, court Martial’s and the Fair Competition tribunals.

Function of the Judiciary in Tanzania

i. To provide justice to the people in the country. The judiciary takes necessary steps to provide
the justice to all people in the country without any kind of discrimination and oppression.
ii. To protect the national constitution. The judiciary is responsible to ensure that, the laws of the
state which are obtained in the constitution are to be followed by all people in the country
iii. To protect the rights of the citizens. Judiciary is responsible to safeguard the rights of the
people. All citizens in the country have the rights to seek protection in the Judiciary in case of any
violation of human rights
iv. To interpret the laws of the state. The Judiciary has the power to interpret the laws of the state
enacted by the legislature for the welfare of the people in the country.
v. Hearing and judging the cases. All cases which are presented to the court relating to disputes
between citizens or institutions are heard and judged in the court of laws

Functions of Central Government In General

i. Providing social services. The central government provides the essential social services such as
education and health services which are needed by people in the country
ii. Formulating the policies. The central government through Executive formulates different
policies for the well-being of the people in the country
iii. Regulating and maintaining the economy of the country. The central government enacts laws
and rules that guide the investors, issue licenses and collect tax for the development of the country
iv. To provide the security in the country. The central government defends the nation, its people
with their properties and resources found in the country from any internal or external enemies.
v. Enforcing the laws of the state. The central government enacts the laws and rules that guide all
people in the country. This makes people to respect the rights of all people

CENTRAL GOVERNMENT SOURCES OF REVENUES

The central government gets its revenues from the following sources;

i. Direct and indirect taxes. The government collects the taxes from various sources such
employees and private sectors which is direct tax, and also collects tax through imposing on
goods or services

Page | 16
 Written by: Salimu Panzi 2023
ii. Grants. . This is the non-payable fund which the government received from the internal or
external sources such as donor countries. Most of the grants are provided to the developing
countries
iii. Customer or user charges. Central government collects revenues from users of different public
services like water, power supply, transport and medical services. They are paid through the
customers’ payments of bills.
iv. Licenses. Also government collects revenues through selling the licenses to an individual or
companies for offering services to perform certain function. Any trade or business which is
conducted within the country should be given the license
v. Loans. These are revenues in which the government obtains from borrowing money from either
internal or external institutions. The government can borrow from other countries or international
financial institutions such as world bank and IMF
vi. Dividends from Parastatals organizations. Dividends are payments made by a corporate to its
shareholders. the government owns not less than 50% of shares in different Parastatals
organization such as TANESCO, TTCL, NIC, NSSF,TPA. Once profit is made the government
gets its dividends from these organizations

Expenditure of Central Government Revenues

i. Building of infrastructures in the country such as roads and railways. A good example is the
construction of Standard Gauge Railways (SGR), the modern railway from Dar es Salaam to lake
zone regions such as Mwanza, construction of fly over at Ubungo to overcome the problem of
traffic congestion and construction of the road from Mbezi-Dar es Salaam to Kbaha- Pwani
ii. Construction of schools and health centers. They built for the provision of education and health
services to the people. A good example is the maintenance of all high school in the country and
building the health centers in each district in the country
iii. Finances different scheme and projects which may increase the development in the country.
A good example is Julius Nyerere Hydropower project (JNHPP) which was strategic project of
producing the electricity of more than 2,115 megawatts in the river rufiji falls at Stigler’s Gorge
iv. Provision subsides to the local government. The central government provide grants to the local
government to facilitate various economic projects in the councils
v. Paying salaries and wages. The government expends its revenues through paying the salaries to
the government employees who are performing various government tasks such as doctors, teachers
and other civil servants

Participation in Central government activities

i. Participation in political activities such as voting if they have the required qualifications or
contesting for political post.
ii. Seeking information on different government activities through different media such as
television, radio, newspapers etc
iii. Participate fully in community activities such as constructing inland waterways, that can help
supply of water

Page | 17
 Written by: Salimu Panzi 2023
iv. Paying taxes through different ways like purchasing of goods and services like books, pens etc
so as to enable the government to increase revenues
v. Making proper use of the facilities provided by the government, for example proper handling
of school facilities and other public properties.

LOCAL GOVERNMENT
Concept of Local Government

Local government refers to the system of administration whereby, the elected leaders or
representatives are in charge of the administration of regions, districts, urban centre and villages. The
leaders and representatives in these authorities are elected by the residents of these areas. Local
government is formed from the grass-root level in order to assist the central government in matters of
administration and other important activities.

Local government authorities are established in each districts, township, municipality and city
throughout the United Republic of Tanzania. The aim of establishment of local government is to give
more power to the people living in local areas and to widen the system of democratic leadership to the
local areas.

The present local government authorities were established by the Act of parliament of 1982 and the
ministry which holds the local government authorities is President’s Office Regional Administration
and Local Government-PO-RALG (OR-TAMISEMI).

THE STRUCTURE OF THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT

The local government of the United Republic of Tanzania is categorized into two authorities, namely;

I. Rural Authorities
II. Urban Authorities
LOCAL GOVERNMENT

RURAL AUTHORITY URBAN AUTHORITY

Village Ward District Town Municipal City

government government council council council council

The structure of the local government of Tanzania

Page | 18
 Written by: Salimu Panzi 2023

I. Rural Authorities
Rural authorities range from the village to district level. It has three organs which are;

a. Village government
b. Ward government
c. District council

A. Village Government
Village government is the smallest unit of a local government based on rural authorities which
is formed due to the collection of hamlets to form a village. It comprises of three main organs
which are;
i. Village Assembly
ii. Village council
iii. Village committees

i. Village Assembly. Is the organ of the village government which comprises all adult
members of the village. This organ is headed by a chairperson who is elected by the
villagers. The main functions of the village assembly is to adopt by-laws and other
decisions of the village, electing the village chairperson and electing the village council
ii. Village Council. This is the organ of the village government which performs the day to
day village activities. This organ composed of 25 members elected by the village
assembly. The head of this organ is the village chairperson. The activities of the village
are supervised by the Village Executive Officer (VEO) who is appointed and employed by
the district council. The main functions of the village council are; Planning and
coordinating all village activities, giving assistance and advising the villagers on
developmental matters, encouraging village residents to undertake and participate in
communal enterprises and proposing by-laws of the village
iii. Village Committees. The village government has the standing committees which deal
with the different economic and social welfare for the village development. Those
committees are;
 Financial and economic planning which deals with the financial matters such as
collection of taxes and other sources of revenues and budgeting the income and
expenditure of the village
 Defense and security which deals with the promoting peace and security in the village
 Social services which deals with the strengthening the provision of social services in
the village

B. Ward Government
Ward government is the second unit of the local government based on rural authorities which
comprises the number of villages joined together to form a ward. The ward government is
divided into three main parts;
i. Ward development council
Page | 19
 Written by: Salimu Panzi 2023
ii. Ward executive officer
iii. Ward department

i. Ward Development Council

This is the highest organ in the ward government which composed of;
 Chairperson, the chairperson of ward government is the councilor of the ward who is
elected by the people during the general election. He or she runs the office for five
years and may be re-elected. The councilor represents the ward in the district
development council.
 Chairpersons of all village governments within the ward
 The members of the district council who live in the ward
ii. Ward Executive Officer
The ward executive officer (WEO) supervises all development activities in the ward.
He or she is appointed and employed by the district council.
iii. Ward Department
There are different departments in the ward including;
 Department of social welfare
 Department of health
 Department of education
 Department of agriculture and livestock
 Department of finance

C. District Council
District council is the highest level of the local government based on rural authorities which
covers district administrative boundaries. The district local government is divided into four parts
i. District council
ii. District Executive Director
iii. District committees
iv. District departments
i. District Council
This is the administrative system within the district which comprises of;
 Chairperson who is appointed from among of the councilors. He or she is the head of
district council
 Three members appointed by the minister of local government
 Members of Parliament from the constituencies within the district
 Chairpersons of village councils elected by the district council
 Elected members/councilors from each ward
ii. District Executive Director
This is the chief secretary of the district who is appointed by the President. Also DED is
a chief Executive of the District Council.

iii. District Committees

Page | 20
 Written by: Salimu Panzi 2023
The district council has the following committees
 Economic, construction and environmental committee
 Finance administration and planning committee
 Education, health and water committee
iv. District Department
The district council has many departments such as Administration, trade, finance,
education, construction, livestock, water, land and natural resources and teachers’
service commission.

Functions of the District Council

i. Supervise the implementation of all plans for the development of the district
ii. Approving by-laws made by the village council
iii. Coordinating plans, projects and programs for the village in the district
iv. Providing environmental protection and management in the district
v. Promoting social welfare and economic well-being of residents
vi. Passing by-laws applicable in the district.

WARD COUNCILORS

Councilors are the heads of the ward government who are chosen by the people to represent the affairs
of their local government authorities. Councilors are chosen through voting and hold the power for
five years in the office.

Responsibilities of the Councilors

i. To direct and control the affairs of their local government authorities

ii. To make decisions on the objectives of their authorities and on the plan to attain
them
iii. To review periodically the objectives set by authorities for development
iv. To make the reform concerning the already set objectives
v. To collect data from the ward about the economic, social and political affairs.

II. Urban Authorities

Urban Authorities are the local government authority which based on the urban level. This
include Town Council, Municipal council and City council
A. Town Council (TC). This is the local government authority in urban level which based on
town level. Town council involves the councilors from each ward, members of parliament
representing their constituencies within the town, five members who are appointed by the
minister responsible for local government. Town council has a chairperson who is elected
among the councilors and town director who is appointed by the president and he or she is
the chief executive. Examples of town council in Tanzania include, Kibaha town council,
Korogwe town council, Handeni town council, Njombe town council and many others

Page | 21
 Written by: Salimu Panzi 2023
B. Municipal Council (MC). Municipal council is the area which has the population of
100000 residents. In Tanzania there are many municipal councils such as Morogoro, Iringa,
Moshi, Tabora, Kahama etc.
Municipal council composes of;
 Councilors from each ward within the municipality
 Members of the parliament who represent their constituencies within the municipality
 Three members appointed by the minister for local government

Also municipal council has the following officials;

 Mayor. He or she is the head of municipal council and he or she is assisted by deputy
mayor. They are elected from among of the councilors within the municipality
 Municipal executive director. He or she is a secretary of a municipal council. He or
she is appointed by the president
 Chairperson and vice-chairperson of the municipality.

C. City Council (CC). City council is the highest level of the local government based on
urban authorities which has a population of not less than 500,000 residents. Currently there
are six cities in Tanzania. These are Dar es Salaam (Ilala district), Mwanza, Tanga, Arusha,
Dodoma and Mbeya.
City council composed of the following;
 Councilors from each ward within the city
 Members of Parliament representing their constituencies in the city
 Six members appointed by the minister for local government authorities from among
the city residents.

The officials of the city council include the following;

 Mayor. He or she is the head of the city council and is assisted by deputy mayor. They
are elected from among of the councilors to run the office for five years.
 The city Director. He or she is the chief executive and secretary of the city council. He
or she is appointed by the President

Responsibilities of Urban Authorities

i. Facilitate the maintenance of peace, order and good governance
ii. Promoting social welfare and economic well-being of the local community
iii. Furthering social and economic development in their areas
iv. To suppress crimes and protect public and private properties
v. Improving agriculture, trade, commerce and industry
vi. Enhancing the health, education. Social well-being and recreational life of the people
vii. Eradicating poverty.

Page | 22
 Written by: Salimu Panzi 2023
FUNCTION OF THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT

The local governments are charged into two types of functions

a. Mandatory functions
b. Permissive functions

A. Mandatory Functions
Mandatory functions are the functions which are performed by local government as directive
from the central government. Those functions are assigned by the large extent framework and
they are performed according to the national laws. These include the following;
i. Maintenance of laws and orders
ii. Promotion of social and economic welfare and well being of all people within the area
iii. Collection and proper utilization of revenues
iv. Making by-laws.
By-laws are those laws that are made by the local authorities or organization and
applied only to that area.
v. Advancement of social and economic development in accordance with material policy
and plans
vi. Consider, regulate and coordinate projects and plans

B. Permissive Functions
These are the functions which the local government may perform depending on the nature of
the area and availability of resources. These include the following;
i. Building and letting of shops and houses
ii. Establishment, maintenance, operation and control of damaged sewage works
iii. Building and maintaining health centers and schools
iv. Charging fees for services and licenses
v. Prescription of methods of agriculture and animal husbandry.

Sources Of Local Government Revenues

Revenues are called income. The following are the main sources of local government revenues;

i. Rent. Local governments impose the payment to the people who use and own some
property, facility, equipment or service which are owned by the councils. Example of rent
are house rent from council houses, rent from markets and shops
ii. Fees for business licenses. License is a permission from an authority to carry out an
activity, own property or use something such as use of community centre like public
ground or car parking ground for a certain activity
iii. Duties on trade. Duties are fees paid for a certain goods and services. Examples of duties
which are imposed is custom duties on importing or exporting of trade goods

Page | 23
 Written by: Salimu Panzi 2023
iv. Fines and penalties. Local government collect money from the people who are breaching
by- laws of the authorities
v. Grant. Grant is the non-payable money which is obtained from the central government or
abroad as a foreign aid. Usually, this is the financial assistance from the central government
to facilitate the implementation of a certain project in a council.

Expenditure Of Local Government Revenues

i. Payment of salaries, wages and allowances. Local government authorities pay the
salaries and wages to the officials and employees of the council such as village executive
officer, ward executive officer and civil servants who were employed by the councils.
ii. Paying operational cost. The council pays the operational cost for the administrative
offices, for example telephone, water and electricity bills and updating computer software
iii. Developing economic activities. Economic activities such as agriculture, livestock keeping
and small business enterprises are developed through the revenues collected from the
councils. For example provision of loans to the small group of entrepreneurs from the 10%
of the income
iv. Improving social services. The provision of social services are improved through building
and maintaining of schools and health centers
v. Financing the development activities. This the development expenditures such as
construction of infrastructures like roads maintenance, drainage sewage system and
buildings

STUDENTS’ PARTICIPATION IN SCHOOL AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT AUTHORITIES

Students’ participation refers to the involvement of the students in various issues in school and other
communities. The aim of establishment of local government is to bring about social and economic
development in each specific area by involving people from grass root level. Students and the people
in general, each one should participate in performing functions.

A. In School
Students can participate actively in school functions in the following ways;
i. Visiting people with special needs. A student can visit people with special needs living
nearby school compound who are suffering from various physical disabilities. The student
as other citizens, is required to visit these people and help them
ii. Protecting the school environment. A student is obliged to take part in protecting the
school’s environment by planting trees and flowers, prune hedges and flowers and clean
the school compound.
iii. Participating in various schools’ projects. A student is required to take part in creating
various development projects of the school such as agriculture and art works

Page | 24
 Written by: Salimu Panzi 2023
iv. Obeying the school rules and regulations. A student is obliged to obey the rules and
regulations established by the school administration in order to bring peace and harmony in
the school
v. Participating in schools’ elections. A student should engage in school elections by
electing their leaders such as class leaders, head boy and head girl. This participation
enable a student to practice democratic activities.
B. In Local Communities
i. Participating in environment conservation such as planting trees in the local areas
ii. Volunteering in development projects such as construction of school, dispensaries
iii. To educate the societies about various issues related to the social development, for
example fighting against ignorant, diseases and poverty.

Importance of Citizens’ Participation in the government Activities

i. To ensure that the leaders do not misuse their powers
ii. To keep the government informed on the wishes of the society
iii. To involve citizens in the governing their country
iv. To bring personal satisfaction
v. To protect their rights and promote the common good
vi. To improve the quality of life in their communities.

Important Effect of Local Government On People’s Lives

i. There is presence of peace, order and harmony in the societies
ii. There is peaceful environment which allows people to participate in production activities
iii. There is freedom of expression and freedom of participation in decision making on matters
affecting the society
iv. It encourages democratic participation. The residents from each area electing their leaders
such as councilors and village chairpersons
v. It benefits people from what they contribute to the local government. Residents pay taxes
and in turn get services such as education and health
vi. People are kept informed about the policies of their local government authorities. As a
result better decisions are made in local areas.

Differences between the Local government and Central government

i. The central government exercise its power over the whole country while the local
government powers are limited to certain areas in the country
ii. The central government does not interact with the community directly while the local
government interacts directly with people
iii. The central government provides funds to the local government and therefore the local
government may be said to be subordinate to the central government
iv. The central government makes laws which are enforced nationwide while local government
by-laws are enforced within their areas
Page | 25
 Written by: Salimu Panzi 2023
v. The central government has control over different ministries while the local government
has control over different departments.

THE UNION OF TANGANYIKA AND ZANZIBAR

The United Republic of Tanzania, was resulted from the union of two countries, Tanganyika and
Zanzibar which took place on 26th April 1964

Tanganyika got her independence from British on 09th December 1961 and Mwalimu Nyerere became
the first Prime minister

On 1962, Tanganyika became republic and Mwalimu Nyerere became the first president

On 12th January 1964, the revolution was staged in Zanzibar and Sheikh Abeid Aman Karume became
the president of Zanzibar.

On 22nd April 1964, Nyerere and Sheikh Karume signed an agreement to unite their countries

On 25th April the National Assembly approved the agreements to unite Tanganyika and Zanzibar.

On 26th April 1964 Tanganyika and Zanzibar united to form the united republic of Tanzania. The
article of the union was ratified by the Parliament of Tanzania by the Act of parliament called “The
Union of Tanganyika and Zanzibar Act 1964”

The Reasons of the Union Tanganyika and Zanzibar

i. Common historical background. The people of these two countries were colonized by the
British. Tanganyika was ruled by British from 1919 to 1961 and Zanzibar was ruled by
British through Sultan until 10th December 1963
ii. Defense factor. The union was created to protect these two countries from being invaded by
the external enemies.
iii. Common language. Kiswahili as a medium of communication between these two countries.
The leaders and their people meet to discuss different matters related to their countries
iv. Similar political objectives. The political objectives of these countries were to benefit the
majority. This made them to introduce the socialism system in which all major means of
production were owned by public
v. Enhancing African unity. When African countries began getting their independence there
were calls to unite the continent. As a result countries have formed unions
vi. To consolidate the social and economic cooperation and integration of people who live in
these two countries

Page | 26
 Written by: Salimu Panzi 2023

Importance of the Union of Tanganyika and Zanzibar

i. Free movement of people within these two countries. The union facilitates free
movements of people from one place to another especially after removing the carrying
passport
ii. It promotes peace, security and stability of the country. The union promote peace and
security among the people who live within the boundaries of the united republic of
Tanzania
iii. It accelerates political and socio-economic developments in the country. The union
between Tanganyika and Zanzibar facilitates development in social, economic and political
within the countries
iv. Improvement of social and cultural relation. The union between Tanganyika and
Zanzibar made the people of the united republic of Tanzania to have strong relation and
interaction in various political and socio-economic activities
v. Enhancing democratic principles. Through the union, these two countries have created
and shared powers in different organs, this has helped to define a clear separation of power

UNION MATTERS IN THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT

i. External affairs i.e interaction with xviii. The public services of united
other countries republic
ii. Defense and security xix. Mineral resources, including
iii. The police force petroleum and gas
iv. Citizenship xx. Registration of political parties
v. Power to declare the state of xxi. The constitution of the united
emergency republic
vi. Immigration xxii. The national examination council
vii. Industrial license and all matters relating to the
viii. Higher education council
ix. Research
x. Meteorology
xi. Statistics
xii. Aviation and air transport
xiii. External trade and borrowing
xiv. The court of appeal
xv. Income tax, customs and excise
duties
xvi. Financial matters, legal tenders and
currency
xvii. Harbors, air transport, post and
telegraphs

Page | 27
 NON- UNION AFFAIRS

i. Health services
ii. Judiciary system except court of appeal
iii. Primary and secondary education
iv. Local government authority
v. Agriculture, fisheries and livestock
vi. Prison
vii. Trade and small scale industries.

Strategies for Improving The Stability of The Union

i. To create free movement of people. Free movement of people from island to
mainland and vice versa without passports should be observed
ii. To introduce strong institution to deal with the union. The establishment of a
ministry in the president office to deal with union affairs will make union to be strong
iii. Removing all trade barriers of the union. Encourage the trade between the people
of Zanzibar and Tanzania mainland by removing all trade obstacles that encounter the
traders
iv. To address all challenges facing the union. Leaders in both countries should meet
together to discuss find the solution of different challenges facing the union
v. Consolidate cooperation in cultural matters. To consolidate cooperation in cultural
affairs such as sports and games by introducing the union cup.

Achievements of the Strategies for Improving the Union

i. There is free movement of people between the two countries without carrying
passport. Now there are Azam marine boats which transport passengers between Dar
es Salaam and Zanzibar without passport
ii. There is mutual relationship among the people of both countries in social,
political and economic. People from mainland live in Zanzibar and also people from
Zanzibar live in mainland peaceful
iii. There are no trade barriers among the people of both countries. People travel
from Zanzibar to mainland to buy certain goods and people travel from mainland to
Zanzibar to buy some goods for their consumption. There is no any trade restriction
to these traders
iv. There is good cooperation in sports and game between these two countries. A
good example is the introduction of Mapinduzi cup in Zanzibar to honor the
revolution of Zanzibar in which many football clubs from mainland such as Simba
SC, Azam FC and Young African SC are invited to participate in this tournament.
v. Presence of Ministry that deals with union matters. There is the Ministry under
vice president’s office which deals with the union matters of the United Republic of
Tanzania

QUESTIONS

Page | 28
1. What do you understand by the following terms?
a. Government (b). Law (c). Court (d). Executive (e).Village government g. Legislature
h. Judiciary
2. Give the explanation of the different forms of the government in the world
3. Differentiate between the following
a. Rural authority and urban authority b. Village assembly and village council c. local
government and central government d. democratic government and non-democratic
government e. presidential parliament and national assembly f. permissive function
and mandatory function
4. In five points, argue with the statement that “ democratic government is different from
non- democratic government”
5. By giving five points, show why the government of Tanzania is important in the
improving the development to the people in the country?
6. Mr. Mashaka said that “there are many forms of the government applied by different
countries in the world including Tanzania”. Consider yourself as a form two student, use
the knowledge you have studied in Civics to support Mr. Mashaka by demonstrating at
least five forms
7. Assume you have been appointed by your Civics teacher in your class to explain the
functions of the Executive of the United Republic of Tanzania to your fellow students,
what your five points will you consider?
8. Suppose you are a student of Haki secondary school and you get a chance to visit the
National Assembly in Dodoma to learn the parliamentary activities. Narrate five
functions of the parliament of Tanzania.
9. The students of Maendeleo secondary school want to know how the Judiciary of
Tanzania is working to serve the people’s needs. As an officer in charge in Judicial
system, elaborate five functions of this organ of the state
10. Some people in a country tend to ignore the efforts of a government in the
implementation of its policies in the country. As a citizen of Tanzania, give five points to
explain the important roles of the central government of Tanzania
11. The government of Tanzania is now focusing on the implementations of various projects
for the development in the country. In five points, show how the government gets its
revenues for the accomplishment of those projects?
12. Tanzania revenues authority (TRA) collects revenues for the development of the country.
In five points, show how the government of Tanzania spends it revenues?
13. The government of Tanzania established the local government authorities in order to
serve people better from the local authorities. Give five functions of these authorities in
the development of our country
14. “There is no any benefits we are getting from the local government authorities rather
than existence of abuse of power to the leader.” This statement was said by the Mtakuja
villagers. Assume you are the village executive officer in that village, use five points to
educate the villagers on the important effects of having local government authorities in
Tanzania.

Page | 29
15. Suppose you are a councilor of Ngomeni ward which happens to have serious water
shortage. Propose five sources of revenues for local government authorities which can be
used to address the problem
16. Assume you are the District Executive Director of Same district council which is the
leading council for revenues collection in Tanzania. Explain five expenditures of the
revenues in your council to facilitate the development in the district
17. Assume you are a student of Nanenane secondary school in Morogoro, attended the
school Baraza concerned on how students can participate in school function. Explain to
your friend who was absent five ways as expressed to you by the head master.
18. As a citizen of Tanzania, give five points to explain why it was necessary for the union
between Tanganyika and Zanzibar of 1964?
19. Provide five points to defend the view that, the union of Tanganyika and Zanzibar is
beneficial to Tanzanians
20. As an officer from Ministry which deals with the union matters of the United Republic of
Tanzania, propose five measures that can be taken to improve the union stability in
Tanzania
21. The measures which are taken to improve the union of Tanganyika and Zanzibar have
been achieved to the great extent, verify this statement by giving five points

3. THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF

TANZANIA
Constitution

Page | 30
 Constitution is the body of laws and basic principles that a country or an organization is
governed by
National constitution
National constitution is the basic laws and principles of the state which govern all
activities of the state. National constitution guarantees certain rights to the people. It is
the fundamental laws found in one or more documents which consists state power and
define the relationship between organ of the state and the citizens

TYPES OF THE CONSTITUTION

There are two types of constitution

a. Written constitution
b. Unwritten constitution

A. Written constitution
This is the type of constitution whereby, laws and basic principles are written down in
a single document. It acts as a standard reference to which government activities
reflect upon it and minimize the chance of wrong interpretation. Many countries
adopt this type of constitution

Advantages of written constitution

i. It is easy to make reference
ii. It make the process of constitutional changes easy
iii. It is easy to preserve
iv. It clearly shows separation of powers among pillars of the state

Disadvantages of written constitution

i. It is bureaucratic in the process of changing content
ii. It is expensive to make constitutional changes
iii. It is not easy to include current issues on time
iv. It may be subjected to misinterpretation of legal terms

B. Unwritten constitution
This is the type of constitution in which the basic laws and principles are not
contained in a single document, consisting of several different sources. A good
example is Britain where its constitution is based on status, customers, etc

Advantages of unwritten constitution

i. It is flexible and easy to change
ii. It allows easy and quick decision making in time of urgency
iii. It allows a new condition of the government to be resolved through passing a
legal legislation

Page | 31
 Disadvantages of unwritten constitution
i. It gives the court too much work of handling legal issues
ii. It does not clearly express fundamental rights of individuals
iii. It does not consist of codified constitutional laws and principles
iv. It is difficult to ascertain the unconstitutionality of an act
v. It is difficult for making reference

Importance of having a Constitution

i. Constitution protects the rights of an individual. The government of Tanzania
protects the constitution because it protects the individuals rights in the country
ii. Constitution creates equality. Always the constitution ensures that, the government is
fair and justice to its citizens. There is the presence of equality due to the citizens respect
the constitution
iii. It describes the form of the government. Constitution describes the form of the
government used in a particular country. For example Tanzania there is republic and
union government
iv. Constitution resolves the disputes in the country. Also the government of Tanzania
protects the constitution because it gives the guideline on how to resolve the disputes
among the people in the country.
v. Constitution sets the limit of power to the leaders. Constitution defines the limit of
power of the leaders in their positions. Those leaders in the country are required to rule
according to the constitution

MAJOR CONSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENTS IN TANZANIA

Since independence, there are five constitutional developments that have taken place in Tanzania
as follows;

I. Independence constitution 1961. This was the constitution adopted in Tanganyika

which declared Julius Nyerere as the Prime Minister of Tanganyika soon after
independence. It based on ministerial level
II. Republic constitution 1962. This was the second constitution which declared Julius
Nyerere as the first President of Tanganyika
III. Constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania 1964. This was the constitution
which declared the union between Tanganyika and Zanzibar to form Tanzania.
IV. Interim constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania 1965. This constitution
declared Tanzania as a single party state in both mainland and island. TANU from
mainland and ASP from Island (Zanzibar)
V. Constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania of 1977. This is the permanent
constitution which declared the union between TANU and ASP to form CCM. This is
the current constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania.

Page | 32
 THE STRUCTURE OF THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF
TANZANIA

The structure of the constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania is divided into ten chapters
as follows;

Chapter one. This chapter is divided into three parts

a. The United Republic of Tanzania and the people.

This part talks about the; proclamation of the United Republic of Tanzania as a single
sovereign state, its territory, declaration of the multi party state, exercising of state
authority and the franchise (permission to vote for above 18 years)
b. Fundamental objectives and directive principles of state policy
This part describe, the interpretation of the government which include the United republic
of Tanzania, Revolutionary government of Zanzibar, local government authorities, the
government and the people
c. Basic rights and duties of the citizens
This part explains about equality of human being, equality before the law, right of life,
freedom of conscience, right to the privacy and personal security. Duties of the society.

Chapter two. This chapter deals with the executive of the united republic of Tanzania and has
three parts. Part one deals with the president, part two deals with the vice president and part three
deals with the prime minister

Chapter three. This chapter describes the parliament of the united republic of Tanzania and has
the three parts. Part one touches the parliament. Part two is about constituencies, members and
election of members. Part three deals with the procedures, powers and privileges of the
parliament, also describe the function of speaker and deputy speaker and procedures of electing
them.

Chapter four. This chapter describes the revolutionary government of Zanzibar, the
revolutionary council of Zanzibar which is headed by President of Zanzibar and chief minister
and the House of Representatives of Zanzibar

Chapter five. This chapter describes about the judiciary system of the united republic of
Tanzania. This chapter has six parts which give the description about high court of the united
republic, appointment of judiciary personnel, the judiciary service commission, high court of
Zanzibar, the court of appeal of the united republic, process of the courts and the special
constitutional courts.

Chapter six. This chapter has two parts. Part one deals with the permanent commission of
inquiry where its members are appointed by the president. Part two deals with the public leaders’
ethics secretariat, whose main task is to investigate the conduct of public leaders.

Chapter seven. This chapter deals with the finances of the united republic of Tanzania and has
two parts. Part one deals with the contribution and allocation of revenues. Part two discuss the
consolidated fund and the conditions for withdrawal of the money, the expenditure and other
matters concerning union fund.
Page | 33
Chapter eight. This chapter deals with the establishment and function of local government
authorities such as municipal council and city council.

Chapter nine. This chapter contains the provision on the armed forces and describes the powers
of the commander in chief of the armed forces

Chapter ten. This chapter has miscellaneous (various) provisions. It include resignation of
personnel from the various offices, procedure of succession in government offices, interpretation
of terms in the constitution, title, commencement and application of the constitution and the
union matters

How the constitution is made

The current constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania was passed by the Constituent
Assembly on 25th April, 1977 and published in the government gazette on 26th April, 1977. The
constitution making process in Tanzania involves the four major stages as follows;

i. Stage one. This stage involves collecting citizens’ views and opinions for the new
constitution. This is done by a special commission which is elected by the President
of the United Republic of Tanzania
ii. Stage two. This stage involves the formation of the Constituent Assembly. The
Assembly is nominated by the President of the United Republic and it comprises of
all members of the National Assembly of the United Republic of Tanzania, all
members of the House of Representative of Zanzibar
iii. Stage three. This stage involves the formation of citizen constitutional forums by the
constitutional review commission. The forums are based on the geographical
diversity of the United Republic of Tanzania and involve representatives from various
groups of people within the communities. The major role of these forums is to collect
public opinion on the draft constitution through meetings organized by the
commission.
iv. Stage four. This stage involves referendum. This is process whereby eligible citizens
vote to decide on the proposed constitutional bill made by the Constituent Assembly

The Relationship Between Constitution and the government

i. Government activities reflect constitution. All government activities should reflect
upon the constitution. The leaders perform the government activities as per constitution
ii. The constitution defines the forms of the government. The constitution defines the
forms of the government to be used in the country
iii. Constitution established the organs of the state and outlines their powers. The
constitution established the state organs such as Executive, Legislature and Judiciary
and outline the powers of those organs
iv. Constitution provides the guidelines to choose the government leaders. The
government leaders are elected as per constitution and those who are elected take an
oath to defend the constitution and lead according to the constitutions guidelines

Page | 34
v. Constitution puts the principles of equality and democracy and government
implements them. The government has to be based on principles of democracy, human
rights, social justice and observance of sovereignty of the state as the constitution
prescribes
vi. Taking the oath of leaders. The appointed government officials and leaders are sworn
in and take an oath to defend and protect the constitution

Ways of safeguarding the Constitution

i. Provision of public education. Government and non- governmental organization
should educate the public about the constitution and its importance to the people in
the country
ii. Provision of punishment to those who violate the constitution. A person who
violates the constitution should be arrested, tried in the court of laws and if found
guilty is fined or jailed
iii. Dissolving the constitutional board. Constitution board is dissolved after finishing
its task hence the constitution is supreme and no one is above it
iv. Derive the enacted laws from the constitution. All laws must be derived from the
constitution and no one can make the laws that contradict the constitution
v. Protected by the court of laws. The court of laws protect the constitution by
ensuring that all people are allowed to enjoy their rights
vi. Existence of clear separation of power. The powers of the state are divided into
three pillars whose functions are to ensure that, there is no organ that violate the
Constitution.

CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS

Concept of constitutional amendments

Constitutional amendments, is the process of improving or changing some laws and
clauses in the constitution. The constitution of the united republic of Tanzania of
1977 has many amendments. These amendments were made for the changing needs
of the society.

The major amendments which were made include the following;

i. Introduction of Bill of Rights in the constitution in 1984. Bill of right is a proposal
for a new law which can be originated either from government or private bill. Bill of
right was introduced in order to guarantee the essential rights and civil liberties of the
citizens as well as to protect against the oppressive of government actions
ii. introduction of multi party system in Tanzania in 1992
iii. In 1995 another amendment introduced the vice president as the president’s running
mate in the election. Also president of Zanzibar become the members of the cabinet
iv. Another amendment of 2000 were as follows
a. It changed the mode of electing president. Previously the president was
elected by majority votes. This amendment allowed president to be elected by
highest votes
Page | 35
 b. It increased the number of seats allocated to women in parliament to thirty
percent (30%)
c. The independence of judiciary and its power on legal matters were established
d. It established the Human rights and good governance commission
e. The President’s power to appoint up to 10 Members of Parliament.

Constitutional Principles
i. Sovereignty of the people. In modern democratic theory, sovereignty resides in the
people. That is to say, the source of power or authority is the people. This has been
accommodated in both constitutions of the United Republic of Tanzania and
Zanzibar.
ii. Supremacy of the constitution. A Constitution is considered to express the will of
the people and as such, it is supreme. The Union and Zanzibar constitutions both
declare the supremacy of the constitution and clearly stipulate that any law which is
contrary to the Constitution shall be ‘null and void’, meaning it will not have legal
force.
iii. Separation of power. This principle refers to state power being separated and vested
in three pillars of the state. The union constitution stipulates three pillars of the state
which are Executive, Legislature and Judiciary
iv. Independence of Judiciary. This means that, Judiciary should be independent from
the other State pillars. The functions of the Courts should not be interpreted or
influenced by other pillars of the state
v. Rule of law. The rule of law means that the exercise of political power is in
accordance with rule of laws of the state. The power is to be exercised within these
rules and laws and not according to personal whims or desire of the ruler.
vi. Respect of Human Rights. The constitution of the united republic of Tanzania
respects the human rights by introducing the bill of right in 1984. This was created in
order to ensure that the constitution regard the principle of democracy

QUESTIONS
1. Define the following terms
a. Constitution b. National constitution c. Constitutional amendment d. Bill or rights
2. Differentiate between written constitution and unwritten constitution
3. Briefly explain how the constitution of the united republic of Tanzania is made.
4. Identify major constitutional amendments to the Constitution of the United Republic of
Tanzania of 1977.
5. Identify five major changes introduced in the constitutional amendments of 2000
6. Elaborate five constitutional development adopted in Tanzania since independence
7. The government of Tanzania employed various measures to achieve the dream of
safeguarding the national constitution. As a Minister of Constitution and Laws, provide
five reasons on why the government employed such measures to attain that dream?

Page | 36
 8. Constitution in any country is important in the implementation of all government
activities. In the light of this statement, explain the relationship between the government
of Tanzania and the constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania
9. Suppose you are the Minister for Constitution and Laws in Tanzania, propose five
measures that can be taken to protect the constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania
of 1977?
10. With reference to Tanzania’s constitution, explain why it is necessary to have
constitution principles.

4. DEMOCRACY
Concept of Democracy

Democracy is the system of government whereby, the majority of the citizens make the decisions
of their country. The government of any democratic state receives its power from the mandate of
its citizens.

Principles of Democracy
Principles of democracy refer to the accepted basic rules that exist to guide democratic processes
and practices in a nation. In any democratic state, there are ideas that most people believe in and
necessary for democracy to succeed. They act as the basic of political activities. The following
are some of those basic needs;

Page | 37
 i. Citizens’ participation. Citizens’ participation is the involvement of citizens within
the country in different affairs. Every citizen is obliged to participate fully in political,
social and economic affairs of the country such as voting in election, paying taxes, etc
ii. Accountability and Transparency. Accountability is the responsibility of the
leaders for their citizens. Transparency is the situation of doing things openness
without secret. The government leaders in any democratic state are supposed to
perform their duties and responsibilities in open way without any secret to the citizens
iii. Rules of laws. Rule of laws is the situation where all people in the country including
leaders are equal under the laws and all orders are confirmed by the laws. In any
democratic state, no one including leaders must obey the laws and no one is above the
laws.
iv. Separation of power. This is the act of dividing authority among the organs of the
state between the leaders. Each organ in the democratic state has the power to
exercise its obligation without being interfered with other organs.
v. Regular Free and Fair Election. This is the situation whereby choosing the leaders
or representatives is done democratically. In any democratic state election should be
conducted in a fair environment.
vi. Political tolerance. This is the ability of a person to bear unpleasant and unfavorable
political situation in the country. In any democratic state, the citizens are supposed to
tolerate over unpleasant political situation which is not harm others
vii. Multiparty system. This is the existence of more than one political party in the
country. Any democratic country must allow the existence of many political parties
viii. Economic freedom. This is the condition in which the citizens are allowed to own
the properties and production of goods and services. In any democratic state, the
people are allowed to own their properties, goods and services freely without being
interfered. Also people are allowed to engage in any legal work
ix. Equality. This is the situation of being essential equivalent between people in the
country. In any democratic state, there must be the existence of fairness to all people.
x. Respect of Human rights. Human rights are the basic things that all human being are
entitled to and no one should interfere with. In any democratic states, human rights
must be respected and protected to ensure equality to all people in the country.

TYPES OF DEMOCRACY

There are two types of democracy namely;

1. Direct democracy
2. Indirect democracy

1. Direct democracy
This is the types of democracy in which all adult citizens assembled to participate in
making decisions on the government affairs. This type of democracy is applicable only in
the countries which have small population and small geographical areas, examples
Greece in 5th and 4th centuries BC and it involved only rich adult men and not women.
Also direct democracy in our country is observed in the local and small communities
Page | 38
 such as school and villages. Many villagers in different parts in the country participate in
making decision for the development of their villages.
This of democracy has many advantages such as;
 promotes a sense of honour and ownership of the decision made the community
members
 it makes the decision made more legitimate because they are made by majority
 it is less expensive compared to the indirect democracy.

This type of democracy also has some disadvantages such as;

 it is not viable for large group of people

 it is time consuming as it allows every member of the community to
contribute in discussion and decision making
 it does not work properly where community members have different interests
and social economic status
 it can be affected by different levels of skills and knowledge

Features of Direct Democracy

i. It is applicable only in the areas with small population and small geographical
areas such as village level, small community level and even tribal level, clan or
family level
ii. The people (Adult) have enough freedom to make their own decisions concerning
their country
iii. People contribute directly to the government decisions
iv. All votes have equal weight
v. All adult citizens have the right to vote on all national issues

2. Indirect Democracy
This is the type of democracy whereby, few people are elected to represent others on
making the decision of the government. This type of democracy is applicable in the areas
with high population and large geographical areas. Example Tanzania

Features of Indirect Democracy

i. The representatives are obtained through election and are removed in the office
through election
ii. All adult citizens have the rights to vote to choose their representatives
iii. There are competition among leaders to win the position of representative
iv. The elected representatives are govern according to the wishes of majority

Forms of Indirect Democracy

i. Parliamentary Democracy
This is the kind of indirect democracy whereby people elect the members of the
parliament. Then, the members of the parliament elect the Prime Minister from the
majority party in the parliament who becomes the head of the Executive and the head

Page | 39
 of the government in the parliament. The Prime minister stays in power for the whole
period of life of the Parliament. However, Members of Parliament can, in the event of
misconduct, cast a “vote of no confidence” to remove the Prime Minister from the
office. United Kingdom is the country run by this system of democracy
ii. Presidential Democracy
This is the form of indirect democracy whereby, the voters elect both the members of
parliament and the head of the Executive who is the President. In this system,
Legislature and Judiciary are independent from the Executive, but each has power to
scrutinize the performance of the other. This is referred as “checks” and “balance” in
the sense that, the Parliament and the Judiciary oversee the Executive under the
President and vice versa. Example Tanzania
iii. Mixed Representatives. This is the form of indirect democracy whereby, people
elect the head of the state who is the President and Members of Parliament. Then,
Members of Parliament elect Prime minister. Good example is Israel, Ethiopia

The advantages of indirect democracy

i. it is appropriate in an area with a large population density and large geographical
area,
ii. it is suitable in societies with freedom which allows the representative to oversees
their government,
iii. it saves time since few elected representatives make decisions on behalf of other
citizens,
iv. it provides a wide choice to the people to elect leaders of their choice during
democratic elections

Disadvantages of indirect democracy

i. it does not allows the highest level of participation in decision making
ii. conflicts may occur especially during the election of representatives
iii. it can lead to underdevelopment in a certain area due to choosing incompetent
representatives
iv. it requires effective, frequent and open communication
v. it is costly since electoral process require financial resource

DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENT AND NON-DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENT

Democratic government
Democratic government is the type of the government in which the political power and
authority is determined by the popular election. This type of government considers the
people in making decision and gets its legitimacy through free and fair election.
Examples of democratic government are Tanzania, Kenya, Ghana, etc.

Features/Characteristics of Democratic Government

Page | 40
 i. There is the presence of rule of laws in the country. All people are equal under the
laws
ii. The rulers are chosen by the people through election and they serve interest of the
people
iii. Every adult citizen has the right to elect or to be elected to political office
iv. The decisions must be based on the will of the majority and with respect to the
minority rights
v. There is the respect of human rights
vi. There is the separation of power in the government’s institutions

Non-Democratic Government
Non-democratic government is the type of government where y, a leader come into
power by force without considering the people’s votes. This kind of government can be
resulted from the military coup, manipulation of the election process or even changing
the democratic state into dictatorship after the leader attain the power through election. In
this type of government, only one person or group of people hold the power of the state.
In this kind of government, the leader runs the government without considering the
willing of the people in the country.

Features/Characteristics of Non-democratic Government

i. They are not answerable to the people
ii. Those who rule ensure that, their decisions are final
iii. Most of the dictators came into power by force
iv. They usually abuse their power.

Page | 41
 Written by: Salimu Panzi 2023

Forms of non-democratic government

i. Fascism
Is the form of dictatorship which is hold by one political party which operates in the country
with strict and severe rules. It suppressed the opposition party through terror and censorship
ii. Autocracy.
Is the form of dictatorship where a single person or small group form and control the
government with unlimited power in the country. The leaders of this government can do
whatever they want and judicial power rest on them.
iii. Authoritarianism/ Caesarism
This is the form of dictatorship where the government is controlled by military and seeks no
consent of the people
iv. Totalitarianism
This is the form of dictatorship where the government ruled by few people controls all activities
of the people in the country. No citizen has the right to challenge the government.

Implementation of democratic principles in Tanzania

In Tanzania, the following are some principles of democracy which are implemented

i. Citizens’ participation. Citizens’ participation is the involvement of citizens within the

country in different affairs. Every citizen is obliged to participate fully in political, social and
economic affairs of the country such as voting in election, paying taxes, etc
ii. Accountability and Transparency. Accountability is the responsibility of the leaders for their
citizens. Transparency is the situation of doing things openness without secret. The government
leaders in any democratic state are supposed to perform their duties and responsibilities in open
way without any secret to the citizens
iii. Rules of laws. Rule of laws is the situation where all people in the country including leaders
are equal under the laws and all orders are confirmed by the laws. In any democratic state, no
one including leaders must obey the laws and no one is above the laws.
iv. Separation of power. This is the act of dividing authority among the organs of the state
between the leaders. Each organ in the democratic state has the power to exercise its obligation
without being interfered with other organs.
v. Multiparty system. This is the existence of more than one political party in the country. Any
democratic country must allow the existence of many political parties
vi. Respect of Human rights. Human rights are the basic things that all human being are entitled
to and no one should interfere with. In any democratic states, human rights must be respected
and protected to ensure equality to all people in the country.

42 | P a g e
 Written by: Salimu Panzi 2023

Participation Of Students In Democratic Activities

i. Opinions- sharing at the family level. A student can be encouraged to contribute ideas and
opinions on various family matters.
ii. Election of student government. A student participate in electing their school government
leaders who represent them in school leadership
iii. Debating on various issues in the society. Student can participate in different debate going on
in the society
iv. Seeking and disseminating information. A student should stay informed about what happened
in the country and inform others what is going in the country
v. Participating in democratic processes and practice. Students with 18 years old and above
have the right to join civil societies and political parties of their choices.

MULTI PARTY DEMOCRACY

Concept of Multi party system

This is the political system in a country where there is the existence of many political parties which operate
their activities legally and freely. In any democratic country, multi party system is common as the means of
ensuring the implementation of Human Rights

A Political Party

Is a group of people legally organized and registered for the purpose of forming the government of a
certain country

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF MULTIPARTISM IN TANZANIA

Tanzania introduced multi party system in 1992. This is not first time, our country is experienced this
system during the struggle for independence in both Tanganyika and Zanzibar. The political parties which
existed during that time in Tanganyika were African National Congress (ANC), United Tanganyika Party
(UTP), All Muslims National Union of Tanganyika (AMNUT) and Tanganyika African National Union
(TANU)

In Zanzibar there were Afro-Shiraz Part (ASP), Zanzibar National Party (ZNP) and Zanzibar and Pemba
People’s Party (ZPPP)

After independence, there was constitutional amendment of creating single party system in 1995 in both
Tanganyika and Zanzibar. In Tanganyika there was TANU and in Zanzibar there was ASP. Therefore, the
from 1965 to 1992 there was the existence of single party system in the country

After reintroduction of multiparty system in 1992 in Tanzania, nowadays we have the following political
parties

43 | P a g e
 Written by: Salimu Panzi 2023

i. Chama cha Mapinduzi (CCM) xii. Democratic Party (DP)

ii. Civic Unite Front (CUF) xiii. Tanzania Democratic Alliance
iii. Chama cha Demokrasia na Maendeleo (TADEA)
(CHADEMA) xiv. Sauti ya Umma (SAU)
iv. Tanzania Labour Party (TLP) xv. National League for Democracy
v. National Convention for Construction (NLD)
and Reforms (NCCR- Mageuzi) xvi. National Reconstruction Alliance
vi. United Democratic party (UDP) (NRA)
vii. Chama cha Haki na Ustawi xvii. Demokrasia Makini
(CHAHUSTA) xviii. Forum for Restoration of Democracy
viii. Jahazi Asilia (FORD)
ix. Alliance for Change Tanzania (ACT- xix. Union for Multiparty Democracy
Wazalendo) xx. Chama Ustawi wa Umma
x. Alliance Democratic Change (ADC) (CHAUMA)
xi. Progressive Party of Tanzania (PPT-
Maendeleo)

Features Of Multi Party System

i. Presence of law that allow multi-party system. In Tanzania, there is the law in the
constitution which allows the existence of more than one party system. All political parties are
operated legally and recognized by the government
ii. Existence of Special office that deals with multi-party system. In Tanzania, there is special
office which handles the affairs of all political parties in the country. This office is called Office
of Register of Political Parties.
iii. Power of a winning political party to form the government. In Tanzania, the multi-party
election gives the power and authority to the winning political party to form the government in
the country. The winning party acquires legitimate mandate to form the government
iv. Presence of political tolerance. In Tanzania, the existence of multi-party system create the
political tolerance in such a way that, political parties which lose election can concede defeat
and support the winning party for well- being of the people
v. It allows the debate on national matters. Multi- party democracy in Tanzania allows debate
and discussion on national policies and development plans for the development of the country

Reasons Foe Multi Party System In Tanzania

i. Ideological changes in the world. This occurred after the disintegration of USSR and rise of
USA. USSR supported single party system because of its socialist ideology, while USA
supported multi-party system because of its capitalist ideology. After the decline of USSR, USA

44 | P a g e
 Written by: Salimu Panzi 2023

remained only powerful nation that perpetuating liberal democracy that promotes multi-party
system.
ii. Pressure from outside. The spread of neo- liberal policies in USA and Europe made the
African countries including Tanzania to adopt multi-party system due to the economic crises
they faced. To recover with that problem they seek financial support from the donor countries
which had some conditions including adopting neo-liberal policies which emphasized multi-
party system
iii. Challenges from civil societies and pressure groups. The government of Tanzania
experienced the challenges from the pressure groups and civil societies which criticized the
single party system. The single party system was condemned for denying political freedom to
the people in the country
iv. Widening the scope of democratic freedom. In Tanzania, multi-party system was adopted in
order to give people wide scope of democratic freedom. People were given the freedom and
opportunities to make their choices in different democratic affairs
v. The role of Nyalali commission. In February 1991, Francis Nyalali was given the Presidential
commission to collect the views country wide from the citizens and make decision on whether
the country should adopt multi-party system or continue with single party system. The report of
the commission later on lead to gradual changes of the constitution to accommodate a multi-
party system

Advantages Of Multi Party System

i. Creation of good governance. Multi-party democracy helps the political parties to co-operate
and ensure good governance in the country because opposition parties create pressure to the
government so as to become more serious in serving the citizens
ii. It stimulates the national development. Multi-party system stimulates the national
development because the elected leaders are accountable to serve the citizens because citizens
themselves elected and accepted their government leaders
iii. Ensuring good representation to the citizens. Multi-party system ensures good representation
to the citizens because each political party creates its platform which represents the overall wills
of the people
iv. Strengthening the political competition. Multi-party system strengths the political
competition in the country because it creates the freedom of citizens to participate legally in
political affairs such as voting for a leader or making choices to join with a political party
v. Promotion of democracy in the country. Multi-party system promote democracy in the
country because it gives the chance to the citizens to enjoy their social, political and economic
rights

45 | P a g e
 Written by: Salimu Panzi 2023

DEMOCRATIC ELECTION
Concept of Election and Democratic Election

Election is the process of choosing a leader by vote, especially for political position whereby the citizens
are given the opportunity to choose a person to lead them.

Democratic election is the process of choosing leaders who operate through the principles of democracy.
In any democratic country, the citizens are given the chance to choose the leaders in free and fair
environment

Indicators Of Democratic Election

i. Free and Fair election campaigns. Election campaigns are the series of political meetings
which are designed to win voters for a certain candidates and political party. In these meetings,
candidates present their policies, promises and programs. Citizens are free to express their
opinions and freedom of association. This will enable them to make the right choice in the
election
ii. Equal opportunities to all political parties. There should be equal opportunities to all political
parties and their candidates without biasness. The mass media should give equal coverage to all
candidates of different political parties
iii. Code of Ethics for Election. This is the agreements between National Electoral Commission
(NEC), Government and political parties for the purpose of sustaining fairness, mutual
understanding and peace during election process. The NEC is responsible for planning,
supervising and conducting election that are free and fair
iv. Presence of Neutral Electoral Commission. Election should be planned by neutral electoral
commission which will operate independently without biasness to the political parties
v. Equal access to mass media. This also is important for any working democratic system. All
candidates and their respective political parties must have equal access to mass media to air
their opinions

Importance of Democratic Election

i. It promotes democracy. Democratic election promote democracy because it gives the
opportunity to the citizens t participate in the political activities in their country
ii. It ensures good governance. The democratic election ensures the good governance because the
elected officials such as members of parliament are accountable to their citizens
iii. It creates an acceptable government. Those who are elected are chosen by majority citizens.
This show that, the leaders are acceptable by the large number of citizens
iv. It strengthens democratic activities. It gives the chances to the citizens to ship changed their
leaders peaceful and promote viable multiparty system in the country
v. It ensures the development in the country. This is resulted from the accountability of the
elected leaders who will decide an important issues of the country for the benefit of the citizens
46 | P a g e
 Written by: Salimu Panzi 2023

Implementation of free and fair election in Tanzania

Concept of Free and Fair Election

Free and fair election is the situation whereby choosing of leaders or representatives is done
democratically. This means that, in order for election to be free and fair it must be competitive, periodic,
inclusive, definitive and not limited to selecting candidates

Conditions For Free and Fair Election

i. Equal competition to all political parties. There must be the competitive for vacant seat for
councilors, members of parliament or president under equal treatment. Every political party are
free to assemble, move and make speeches
ii. Frequency of Election. There must be election interval where the election must be conducted
in specific period. In Tanzania the general election is conducted after every five years
iii. Wide range of alternatives. There must be many choices to select the candidates. This means
that, election should not be limited to select a candidate or representatives
iv. Presence of Secret Ballot. The election must be conducted in secrecy environment where
people can vote for their representatives without fear
v. Election must be inclusive to all adult citizens. The right to vote must be exercised by the
large proportion of the adult population who qualify to vote.
vi. Presence of Neutral Electoral Commission. Election should be planned by neutral electoral
commission which will operate independently without biasness to the political parties
vii. Free flow of information. This also is important for any working democratic system. Accurate
and unbiased information is needed by the people to make correct decisions

Voting procedures in democratic election

i. Registration of voters. All eligible citizens are registered by the electoral commission in a
permanent voters registration book and after that they are provided with special voter’s identity
card that will be used during the election
ii. Commencement of election campaigns. Election campaigns are announced by the National
Electoral Commission. All political parties are allowed to participate in peaceful campaigns
iii. Voting process. A day of election to all eligible citizens in the country is announced by the
National Electoral Commission. The voters are given ballot paper which they cast their vote.
They go into the voting booth (chamber) to cast their votes by pitting (√ ¿ to a candidate whom
they wishes
iv. Counting of votes. after the voting, the electoral commission officials and representatives from
political parties will count the votes and later sign up a special form of confirming the number
of votes each candidate obtained
v. Announcing the election results. In a democratic election, the winners are announced soon by
the responsible authority as stipulated in the election laws and principles.

47 | P a g e
 Written by: Salimu Panzi 2023

National Electoral Commission (NEC)

National Electoral Commission is the organ responsible for supervising and coordinating the general
election and by- election conducted in Tanzania. The head of NEC is the chairperson who is appointed by
the President of the united republic of Tanzania from among of the judges of High Court or Court of
Appeal and he or she is assisted by a vice- chairperson who also is appointed by President. Also in the
NEC, both chairperson and vice chairperson are assisted by Director of the Election who is appointed by
the President and he or she is responsible for executing daily routine of NEC. Zanzibar has her own
electoral commission known as Zanzibar Electoral Commission (ZEC). Both NEC and ZEC are
constitutionally required to operate collaboratively

The Roles of NEC during the General Election

i. To make people complying with electoral rule. NEC is responsible to ensure that, the election
participants must comply with constitution and electoral laws
ii. Provide civic education for voters. NEC is responsible to provide civic education for the
election procedures to the voters in the country
iii. Make timetable and notice available before hand. NEC is responsible to arrange and make
timetable for the conducting the general election in the country
iv. Provide adequate training for electoral staffs. NEC provide the training to its electoral staffs
in order to perform well the electoral activities during the general election
v. To announce the results of the election. NEC has the power to announce the election results in
the country, and the presidential result is announced by the chairperson of NEC
vi. Declaration of the electoral constituencies. Constituencies are the areas of election which are
represented by the members of parliament. Example Tanzania has 264 constituencies

THE SPIRIT OF TOLERANCE

Concept of spirit of tolerance

Spirit of tolerance is the inner behavior of being in the mood of unpleasant situation. In any democratic
state all citizens are supposed to demonstrate both the spirit of accepting constructive criticism and defeat.
The spirit of tolerance helps people to accept announcement of election results. Spirit of tolerance should
be observed on

i. During election campaigns. This is the part of initial election activities where the candidates
from various political parties hold meeting to tell people about their party and convince people
to vote for them. They should not try to force their ideas and opinions on others; it might lead to
the conflicts

48 | P a g e
 Written by: Salimu Panzi 2023

ii. During Polling Day. This is the day in which people vote in election. During this day people
are supposed to have the tolerance due to the things that are taking place during this day. The
following events take place on polling day;
 Once the voters arrive at a polling stations, they present their voters cards to check their
names in the voters registration book by line
 Voters are given ballot paper which they cast their vote. Ballot paper is the special paper
used for voting. They go into the voting booth, the place where they make their mark on
ball of paper usually (√ ¿ to a candidate whom they wishes
 Voters are secret in the voting booth. No one is allowed to see where the voters mark the
ballot paper
 Voters placed the folded ballot paper into the boxes
 The voters’ fingers are marked in dye or ink. This is to make sure that each person only
votes once.

The voters show the tolerance by obeying order and procedures of voting. They should not
quarrel with each other even if they support different political parties or candidates. They
should not in any way try to stop any one from voting

iii. During counting of votes. When voting is over at a polling station, counting of votes begin. A
designed official breaks the seal of the ballot boxes and opens the box in front of the political
parties’ agents and neutral monitors, sometimes international monitors are present. Each ballot
paper is examined and counted by a ballot clerk with the monitors watching and checking on the
counting. The spoilt ballot papers are kept aside.
A tolerance is shown during this stage when the monitors and agents do not just interrupt the
counting process.
iv. During Declaration of Results. The results are announced on the spot. Parties’ agents sign
special results forms to confirm they have witnessed the vote counting process and accept the
results, a copy of the results are posted outside the polling station. This is done to ensure
transparency and avoid the possibility of election rigging. All results from the polling stations in
a constituency is announced by the returning officer, he or she announces the winner of a
constituency. The results of the presidential election is announced by
a chairperson of National Electoral Commission (NEC)
In the spirit of tolerance defeat candidates should accept the results. Their supporters too. The
winners or supporters should also be humble in their winning and avoid angering those who
have lost

Conducting by-election
By-election is the election which is conducted to fill a vacant seat of a Member of Parliament or a
councilor between the general election. By- election is conducted if there is one of the following
circumstances;

49 | P a g e
 Written by: Salimu Panzi 2023

i. Resigning of councilor or Member of Parliament. By- election is conducted in a constituency

or a ward if a member of parliament or councilor resign from his or her position
ii. Death of a councilor or Member of Parliament. By- election is conducted in a constituency
or ward if a member of parliament or councilor died when he or she is in position
iii. Dissolve of the Parliament. By- election is conducted if the parliament is dissolved before the
end of its life time of five years after the general election
iv. Failure of a member of parliament to discharge duties. By- election is conducted in a
constituency if a member of parliament fails to discharge his or her duties
v. High court decisions due to wrong in general election. By- election can be conducted if the
High court make decision for re-election due to the wrong in general election

QUESTIONS
1. Write short notes of the following
a. Democracy b. Multiparty democracy c. Election d. Democratic election e. Free and fair election
f. Election campaigns g. Political party h. National Electoral Commission i. ballot paper j. By-
election k. polling station l. Polling booth m. National electoral commission (n) spirit of
tolerance (o) election candidate (p) Citizens’ participation
2. For the democracy to thrive in any country, there are the pillars of democracy to be observed. In
five points, assess the achievements of Tanzania in broadening the scope of democracy
3. The chairperson of Ngosiko village held the village assembly in order to address the significance of
having multi party system to the adult citizen in the village. As a democratic expert in Tanzania,
highlights the features of that system of democracy in Tanzania
4. You have given the chance to deliver talks on the factors that contributed to the existence of
multiparty system in Tanzania, which five points will you most consider?
5. The adoption of multiparty system in Tanzania brought the changes in practicing democratic
activities in the country. As one of a leader of one political party in Tanzania, highlights five
advantages of this system of democracy in the country
6. You are invited to give a motivational speech to the voters of Tanga constituency. Prepare five key
points on the importance of democratic election in Tanzania
7. Many countries in the world hold the general election after every specified interval, but the
challenge remains on whether the election is conducted in free and fair environment. In five points,
explain how you can achieve the free and fair election in Tanzania?
8. The form two students of Msaragambo secondary school organized a tour to visit the National
Electoral Commission (NEC). They wanted to know its functions and responsibilities. Assume you
were the office in charge, elaborate five functions you will explain to the students.
9. People of Nganeko constituency conducted by- election to fill the vacant position of their member of
parliament. What five circumstance you think may cause people in any constituency to conduct by-
election?

50 | P a g e
 Written by: Salimu Panzi 2023

5. GENDER
Meaning of Gender

Gender refers to the social relationship in terms of roles and responsibilities between male and female in
the societies. In this context, gender involves the roles and responsibilities, behaviors that are performed by
both male and female in our communities. There is difference between Gender and sex

 Gender involves the social relation between male and female in the society in terms of role and
responsibilities
 Sex refers to the biological differences between male and female in the societies in terms of
structures and body organs that differentiate them, for example reproductive organs of male and
female are different also reproductive roles between male and female are different

Gender Related Concepts

There are various concepts which are used in relation to the concepts of gender. It is important to know
how they interrelate or differ in the whole process of dealing with gender issues. These concepts are

i. Gender Equality. This is the exercise of fairness and justice to all sexes without discrimination
or considering whether one is born male or female. It is based on the beliefs that all people are
equal and should therefore have equal access to opportunities and resources. It is practiced in
giving equal rights, responsibilities and opportunities to both male and female
ii. Gender Equity. This is the principle based on the measures to be taken to bridge the gap
between men and women. This involves giving priority to women in order to reduce imbalance
that already exists. For example empowering more women, special seat in the parliament or
recruit more girls in science subjects
iii. Gender Stereotype. This is the assignment of tasks and duties to a particular gender. To
stereotype is to have fixed ideas about a community, group or person, but which is usually not
true in reality. In this context, the society grades activities according to sex and it based on
capable of doing a particular task. For example some people believe that boys are more capable
in science subjects than girls.
iv. Gender Roles. Gender roles refer to the adult duties of a particular sex as determined by a
society. Those roles have been based on the division of labour according to sex. Gender roles
can be divided into reproductive roles that include child-bearing and productive roles such as
domestic related tasks and other economic activities.
v. Gender Discrimination. This is the situation where one sex (male or female) is treated either
better or worse than other. In this context, there are beliefs and obstacles that hinder a certain
gender to be accepted to perform a certain activity. For example some people do not believe that
girls should go to school, instead they are prepared for marriage at their tender age. They are
even forced to be married to husbands without true love

51 | P a g e
 Written by: Salimu Panzi 2023

vi. Gender Analysis. This is the systematic effort to identify and understand the role of women
and men within a given society. It involves the collection of gender specific information and
data from the community. This analysis is first step towards making the gender sensitive
planning needed for promoting gender equality in the society
vii. Gender Bias. This the positive or negative attitude practiced either to men or women with the
specific purpose
viii. Gender Mainstreaming. This is the taking into consideration gender issues in the development
activities at all levels. For example in making laws, policies and programs. It help men and
women to benefit equally from development projects
ix. Gender Balance. This is the ensuring that, men and women participate equally at their work
places
x. Gender Blindness. This is inability to know that, there are different gender roles, gender
responsibility and gender based hierarchy. This lead to the failure to realize that policies,
programs and project can have different impacts on men and women

GENDER ISSUES IN THE SOCIETY

Gender issues are all ideas that rise for discussion because there is inequality between the two sexes (male
and female) in the society. The following are some of the gender issues in the society

i. Sexual harassment such as verbal harassment

ii. Unequal distribution of domestic or economic tasks
iii. Male dominance in the family or community
iv. Female Genital Mutilation (FGM)
v. Inequality between male and female in terms of welfare, participation and control
vi. Inheritance of the widow
vii. Payment of bride price
viii. Violence against women especially in the family levels
ix. Women are regarded as the sexual object
x. Early and forced marriages

NEGATIVE SOCIO-CULTURAL PRACTICES

Culture refers to the totality ways of people’s life in a given society. It include customs, beliefs, language
,arts and social organizations of a particular group of people. In many of the African societies, there are
some negative socio-cultural practices that hinder equal participation between men and women. These are;

i. Female Genital Mutilation (FGM). Female Genital Mutilation is a collective name which
means the partial or total removal of the clitoris in the female reproductive organ (vagina).
Female Genital Mutilation is a violation of basic human rights. This is practiced by some

52 | P a g e
 Written by: Salimu Panzi 2023

societies in Mara, Manyara, Dodoma and Morogoro regions. In Dodoma for example, 12613
out of 16789 (75%) of women who went for delivery between 1998-2000 were mutilated.

Reasons for FGM

 To control women’s sexuality or sexual desire. Societies who practiced FGM know that,
biologically, there are some organs of woman body which are very sensitive during sexual
intercourse. One of them is clitoris. So to prevent a girls from developing interesting in
sexuality, they are mutilated (cut off clitoris)
 Promote the young girls to adult hood. FGM goes with initiation of ceremonies that
promote young girls to women hood. So it considered as a prestige and a sign of maturity
among girls
 Beliefs of preserving the traditional culture. Some societies believe that, female genital
mutilation is one among of the important African traditional culture that the societies must
practice it in order to preserve their culture. So people from outside the community should
not question or stop it.
 Beliefs of improve women fertility. Some societies believe that, female genital mutilation
develop women fertility and improves a woman’s ability to endure the pain during delivery
 Beliefs of making a girl clean. Some societies practiced female genital mutilation because
they believe that the young girls will be clean all the time because due to FGM, the girls
could develop the sense of adult hood

Effects of FGM

 Marital conflicts due to sexual dissatisfaction. This can result from two reasons, one,
some men dislike the women who are mutilated. Second, circumcised women do not enjoy
the sexual activity, thus they lack sexual satisfaction, so they dislike sexuality altogether.
 Can lead to death. FGM can cause the death to the circumcised women and girls due to
the prolonged bleeding during and after mutilation
 Disturbance of the natural vaginal elasticity during delivery. Female genital mutilation
disturb the vagina elasticity due to the scar left after the mutilation
 Spread of HIV/AIDS. Female genital mutilation can lead to the spread of HIV/AIDS
because FGM is practiced under unsafe condition. Sometimes, a single knife is used to
circumcise several girls.
 Circumcised women can develop feeling of anxiety and depression. Women who are
mutilated develop a feeling of anxiety and depression due to the deformation of their
genitalia or due to the pain they feel during circumcision.

ii. Inheritance of widow or wife inheritance. . This is the process of taking one’s wife after the
death of her husband this process has been discouraged in many societies in order to avoid the
rate of transmission of HIV/AIDS

53 | P a g e
 Written by: Salimu Panzi 2023

Reasons for wife inheritance

 Beliefs of promoting and protection culture. Some societies in Tanzania believe that,
inheriting the widow is one among of the way of promoting and protecting their
traditional culture
 Management and retention of family wealth. Some societies in Tanzania practicing
this traditional culture as the way of preserving the wealth of a family after the death of a
husband. They believe that, brother of deceased husband is a right person to take care on
the family of his brother
 Continuation of clan bloodline. Some societies practice wife inheritance in order to
continue the clan bloodline and family lineage after the death of a husband
 Comforting a widow from loneliness. Inheritance of wife in some societies in
Tanzania is practiced in order to bring comfortably to a widow and free from loneliness.
 Continuation of the bond between the families. Some societies in Tanzania inherit the
widow in order to make the continuation of the bond between the families of the widow
and deceased husband

Effects of FGM

 Wife inheritance lead to the spread of HIV/AIDS. This is because, may be a

husband dead with HIV/AIDS, and a widows may be victims, so a person who
inherits a widow will be affected. So the government put efforts to abolish wife
inheritance in order to avoid the rate of transmission of HIV/AIDS
 Wife inheritance leads to the violation of human rights. Sometimes, inheritance
of a widow is termed as violation of human rights because it has turned women as a
sexual object or leisure. A woman is to be there only to satisfy a man who inherits
her.
 Wife inheritance leads to the psychological problem to a widow. Sometimes,
inheritance of a widow may lead to the psychological problem to a widow because
she was forced to be married with a man without her willing.
 Wife inheritance may cause family conflicts. Inheritance of a widow may cause
family conflicts between the inherited wife and husband’s family, especially in the
inhering the wealth left behind by deceased husband
 Wife inheritance may lead to the increase street children. Sometimes inheritance
of a widow may lead to the street children. This is because, the children of deceased
husband may lack good parental care from a man who inherit their mother
iii. Early marriages. Early marriages are those marriages in which a person who gets married he
or she does not reach the proper age of getting married. Normally, in Tanzania the suggested
right age for marriage is 18 years and above. Early marriages are not required because they can
lead to the increase of girls drop out from school as they get married at a tender age. This can
lead to the increase in the number of people who do not know how to read and write.

54 | P a g e
 Written by: Salimu Panzi 2023

 Payment of bride price. Bride price is a gift receives the parents of a girl in terms of
money, livestock or land. This convinces parents to be greedy hence force their
daughters to marry in immaturity age.
 Maltreating the girls who live within the families. This may encourage Early
marriages because the girls who are maltreated may not able to tolerate such
treatment hence decided to get marriage to leave the family
 Gender discrimination in education. Some educating boys rather than girls and
some parents believe that, educating girls is wastage of resources. The parents forced
their girls to drop out from school in favor of their brothers. After leaving school, the
next step for girls is usually marriages.
 Tradition initiation. Traditional practices such as “unyago” prepare the girls for
marriage because it taught the girls how to take care of a marriage at early age. This
makes them to know that they are grown up hence married at immaturity age.
 Inheritance of the properties. In some societies do not allow a boy to inherit a
property if he is not married. This encourages some boys to enter into early marriages
as a condition of inheriting the property.
 Ignorance of some parents. Some parents marry off their young daughters because
they do not know the dangers of earl marriage that may encounter their young
daughters.
 The beliefs of living the descent life. The belief of married early lead to the living
the descent life. Some society believe that if a young will late to get married will
involved into prostitution.

Problems Associated with Early Marriages

 Complication during delivery. This is because, the reproductive organ of the
young girl is not matured for bearing the baby. This lead to the destruction of the
girl’s body.
 Increase of poverty. This is because the couple are young and do not able to have
reliable means of getting income which become difficult for caring their children
 Spread of HIV/AIDS. This is due to the fact that, the young are not able to make
good decisions on marital issues like going to check up for their health in turn lead
to acquire diseases like AIDS.
 Break down families. This is because, the couple are young and do not have
experience, knowledge and tolerance of rearing the children and handling the
family problems. This lead to the separation of the family.
 Increase of illiterate people. This is because early marriages prevent the girls to
continue with their education since they were forced to get married earlier. In some
societies the young girls are forcefully removed from school to be married off.

55 | P a g e
 Written by: Salimu Panzi 2023

 It accelerates unplanned pregnancy. This is due to the fact that, the girls are not
well educated about family planning therefore a couple will have the big number of
children in their family.

Solutions / Prevention of Early Marriages

 Public education must be provided. Provision of education about the danger of early
marriage to both young boys and girls
 To stop negative cultural practices. Abandon negative cultural practices that
encourage the early marriages like female genital mutilation and inheritance
 To enact the laws that defends the girls. Enacting the laws that will prevent the
existence of early marriages
 Effective implementation of poverty alleviation strategies. Poverty alleviation
strategies must be effectively strengthened that will help to prevent economic hardship
to the parents
 Provision of education opportunities to the girls. Increasing formal education
opportunity to the girls and give them first priority in all aspects of life

iv. Cruelty or violence against women. This is the situation which involves oppression and
humiliation against women. This is because men have the power in the community, so they can
do whatever they want against women. Domestic violence such as wife beating is common in
many societies in Tanzania
v. Excluding women from decision making in social, political and economic matters as well as
in a family level.
vi. Dowry payment of bride price. Some people considered that, payment of dowry is like buying
of that girl or woman, thus the women were put under the control of men.
vii. Food taboos. Food taboos affect reproductive health to a woman because some societies deny
women to eat certain kind of food such as fish and eggs. This may cause poor nutrition to a
woman which lead to a poor health.

Corrective Measures t against Negative Socio-cultural Practices

i. Provision of mass education. To educate the people through various mass media on the
negative impacts of the negative socio-cultural practices, this will help them to take the
necessary measures to avoid those bad traditional culture
ii. Empowering women Organization. Some of the organization that defend the rights of
women like TAMWA. TGNP, WAMA and TAWLA must be encouraged and protected in the
country because they help to defend the rights of the women
iii. Enacting the laws to defend the women. The government should take the legal actions to
those who entertain negative aspects of our cultural values that affect the women status in a
community

56 | P a g e
 Written by: Salimu Panzi 2023

iv. Prohibiting those harmful cultural practices. The government should take necessary action
to prohibit those harmful cultural practices that affects the right of the women in Tanzania
such as early marriages, FGM, wife inheritance etc
v. Provision of reproductive education. The reproductive education should be offered to both
girls and boys so that they can know on how to take care of their reproduction system by
avoiding those bad cultural practices that affect their reproductive health

Women Empowerment
Women empowerment refers to the initiatives taken by the government or organizations to promote the role
of women in Tanzania to engage themselves in political and socio-economic affairs. Women in Tanzania
are regarded inferior to men in all aspects of life.

Ways of women empowerment

i. Improving and increasing education opportunities to women. There must be the increase the
educational opportunities to the girls. If the women get education development will be achieved
ii. Improving access to the resources. There must be improving equal access to women such as land
and other properties in order to encourage women to liberate themselves economically
iii. To allow women to establish various social organizations. The women must be allowed to
establish various social organizations that will deal with the liberation of women in the country.
iv. Enact strict laws against negative cultural practices. The government should commit itself to the
prohibition of all cultural practices and customs that oppress women
v. To ensure equal access to women in national affairs. The government has to ensure that, women
receive equal opportunities as men in all social, political and economic issues within and outside
country

QUESTIONS
1. What do you understand by following terms?
a. Gender b. Sex c. Female Genital Mutilation d. Early Marriages e. wife inheritance
2. In five points, argue against the statement that “female genital mutilation is important”
3. “Some girls and women in Tanzania are the victim and were affected with Female Genital Mutilation.” As
civics experts, assess five driving forces that lead to this cultural practice
4. “Some societies in Tanzania pressurize the widow inheritance after the death of her husband.” This statement
was said by chairperson of LHRC when he homiletic the congress of women in Nkrumah Hall at University of
Dar es Salaam. As one among of the member who attended the congress, provide five driving factors for the
practice of this traditional culture in Tanzania
5. If you have given the chance to explain the reasons that, why there are many efforts which are put forward to
abolish the traditional culture of wife inheritance to some societies in Tanzania, which five points you will
explain?
6. Consider yourself as an expert from Tanzania Gender Network Program (TGNP), explain to the community
five cultural practices that should be prohibited in Tanzanian societies

57 | P a g e