POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

Chapter 2

REVIEW OF LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents the literature and studies closely associated with this

study. The following information aimed to support this study and help the researcher to

determine the entrepreneurial attitudes of the students in selected State Universities and

Colleges (SUCs) in the National Capital Region.

Entrepreneurial Attitude

Attitude is the key to a successful entrepreneur’s life. There are a lot of

variations on how attitude is defined. Mohsin, Halim, and Ahmad (2015) describe

attitude as an assessment of a thought object. Attitude according to Fishbein and Ajzen

as cited by Botsaris and Vamvaka (2014), is the learned propensity to respond to the

object in a constantly favorable or unfavorable manner. BusinessDictionary.com

classified attitude as a disposition to react in a positive or negative way to an idea,

object, person, or situation. Kaseorg and Raudsaar (2013) indicated in their study that

attitude is the overall evaluation of conditions involving beliefs, feelings, and behavior.

Finally, Faghih, Bonyadi, and Sarreshtehdari (2019) stated in their study that other

relevant attitudes can include a level of risk to individuals and the perception they have

of their skills, knowledge, and business startup experience.

Attitude towards entrepreneurship, as defined by Niljinda, Kirdmalai, and

Kittilertpaisan (2019), is the individual's awareness of his or her desire to startup a

business. In addition, entrepreneurial attitude is a positive or negative intention of

individual to start a business that can be assessed by affection, behavioral, and

 POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
cognition intention (Jing and Sung, 2012). Pounder and Devonish (2016) stressed that

attitude has an explicit effect on entrepreneurial activity. The study also showed that the

components of entrepreneurial attitudes are significant to distinguish. According to

Patrisia, Abror, Doriza, and Maulida (2019), if an entrepreneur wants to be successful,

he or she should possess motivational attitudes.

Entrepreneurship scholars specified different entrepreneurial attitudes.

Staniewski and Awruk (2018) indicated the necessary attitudes that an entrepreneur

should possess. These key entrepreneurship attitudes are goal setting, persistence,

self-control, independence, and eagerness to learn. Botsaris and Vamvaka (2014)

stipulated that attitude towards entrepreneurship comprises of three components: being

affective, being instrumental, and the personal and financial sacrifices for his or her

venture or opportunity costs.

In the creation of new business, entrepreneurial attitudes play a vital role.

Although many studies have demonstrated that mood affects influencing behavior, few

speak of this correlation with social and psychological resources by contact. In the study

conducted by Mahfud, Triyono, Sudira, & Mulyani (2019), the goal was to create a

systemic model which shaped the entrepreneurial intent and interrelates entrepreneurial

attitude, social capital, and psychological capital to polytechnic students. Their study

showed the collaborative and interactive influence of entrepreneurial attitude, social

capital, and psychological capital on the entrepreneurial intention of polytechnical

students. The interaction between entrepreneurial mindset orientation and market

purpose was shown to have a significant partial mediation impact on the psychological

property.

The connections of entrepreneurial attitudes to other variables are widely

explored by entrepreneurship and business scholars.

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First, the topic about the relativeness of entrepreneurial attitude to the

entrepreneurial activity is examined by numerous scholars. Gedik, Miman, and Kesici

(2015) conducted a study that uses and builds a metric to classify entrepreneurs'

creative and optimistic attitudes towards the industry in Turkey. The results show that

entrepreneurs can most frequently plan successfully for the future of their companies,

whereas working ventures and employment that enable them to gain new opportunities

are least likely. Moreover, participating in seminar forms and businessmen influenced

their creative existence.

Another topic that is extensively explored by various scholars is the significant

effect of entrepreneurial attitudes on an individual’s entrepreneurial intention. Ayalew

and Zeleke (2018) revealed in their study that entrepreneurial attitudes have a significant

impact on students’ entrepreneurial intentions. They also showed that being an

entrepreneur calls for some attitude, dedication, optimism, and faith in one’s abilities and

skills. Additionally, Strobl, Kronenberg and Petersan (2012) revealed that an individual's

attitudes to venture into self-employment shape the foundation for potential

entrepreneurial activities.

Given that the new generation of entrepreneurs is more likely to be self-confident

and committed to themselves, the Dark Triad is suggested to mediate the interaction

between entrepreneurship and business intent (Do and Dadvari, 2017). The Dark Triad

refers to the overlapping personality traits according to Machiavellianism, Narcissism,

and Psychopathy (Furnham, Richards, and Paulhus, (2013). The results of their study

suggest that people high in dark triad are more likely to invest in businesses, which

deepen our understanding of the decision-making process of entrepreneurship. The

influence of the dark triad as mediator was not only found in addition to its significant

positive relationship between entrepreneurial attitude and entrepreneurial intent.

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POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
Another area that is investigated by researchers is the analysis of the

entrepreneurial attitudes of university students. Çolakoğlu and Gözükara (2016)

conducted a study aimed at comparing the characteristics based on university students'

attitudes towards entrepreneurship. The results showed that students with

entrepreneurial goals have a higher need for success and a higher internal control role,

as compared with those without such purpose. Additionally, the study of Zampetakis,

Kafetsios, and Moustakis (2017) revealed that emotional persuasion can change the

attitude of students towards entrepreneurship. This suggests that there is a high

possibility a student will be engaged in entrepreneurship through the encouragement of

his or her family and colleagues.

Lastly, entrepreneurship was never an exception in the issue of gender bias.

Based on the study of Majumdar and Varadarajan (2013) conducted in the United Arab

Emirates (UAE), the findings indicate that in terms of their propensity to become

entrepreneurs, male and female students were similarly high. Female respondents

demonstrated a higher risk-taking predisposition than males. Moreover, the tendency to

be an entrepreneur in the future does not depend on gender but depends on different

factors such as awareness, creativity, and motivation. This statement supports the study

of Dabic, Daim, Bayraktaroglu, Novak, and Basic (2012). According to their study,

female students are less likely to start up their own business compared with males. This

suggests that the tendency of an individual to start a business depends not only on the

gender. Other internal and external factors need to be considered.

Achievement in Business

One of the goals of an entrepreneur is to achieve great things in his or her

venture. Achievement in business, according to Robinson, Stimpson, Huefner, and Hunt

 POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
as cited by Salilew and Jebena (2017), is the concrete results associated with a

business venture start-up and growth. It is one of the many characteristics an

entrepreneur must possess. Pǎaunescu and Cantaragiu (2012) revealed in their study

that recognizing the tendency to risk-taking as a determinant of the need for

achievement is beneficial. This indicates that entrepreneurs need to consider the risks

that they may encounter in their entrepreneurial ventures. In other terms, it is necessary

to assess the risk. In addition, Ayala and Manzano (2014) revealed that the resilience of

entrepreneurs and the growth of their businesses are positively linked within the scope

of small businesses. This implies that the more resilient the entrepreneur is, the high

possibility that he or she will succeed in his or her entrepreneurial venture. Furthermore,

Kolvereid and Isaksen (2017) stated in their study that the need for social cohesion for

entrepreneurs, subjective norms for business growth, and perceived self-efficacy in

terms of opportunity recognition is substantially related to business growth expectations.

Additionally, social networks also have a vital role in achieving business success.

Abou-Moghli and Al-Kasasbeh (2012) studied the relationship between the social

networks and the success of business start-up. The result of their study revealed that of

social networks has significant impact on entrepreneurial start-up success. This

insinuates that, to succeed, entrepreneurs need to develop their relationships with other

entrepreneurs, suppliers, and other business stakeholders.

Several studies have been conducted to measure the impact of different

variables on business achievement. Al Idrus, Ahmar and Abdussakir (2018) examined

the effect of organizational learning and job satisfaction on market orientation and its

impact on business achievement. Based on the results of their study, organizational

learning and job satisfaction can improve business achievement. Additionally, Ghasemi,

Rastegar, Jahromi, Marvdashti (2011) found the association of entrepreneurial practices

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with the four dimensions of creativity (fluency, effort, stability, and development) and the

eight characteristics of achievement motivation (duration of the activity, ambition,

passion, commitment, growth, persistence, co-expertise and the utmost utilization of

time). The results showed that the association between success and entrepreneurship

was meaningfully favorable. Additionally, among the incentive factors for achievement

are hard work, purposefulness, and insistence; nevertheless, the best use of effort had a

negative impact on entrepreneurship. Another study conducted by Staniewski and

Awruk (2019) that explores the relationship between elasticity and superiority and the

entrepreneurship achievement from four different perspectives. During the analysis,

important associations were identified between entrepreneurial performance and the

motivation for achievement.

Another area studied by scholars is the assessment of the significant impact of

business achievement on the country's economy. According to the study of Alas,

Elenurm, Rozell, and Scroggins (2018), the perceptions of entrepreneurs' characteristics

that improve their success are determined by economic development. Additionally, in

the study conducted by Powell and Eddleston (2013), economic measures, such as

business efficiency and job growth, and indices of satisfaction with entrepreneurial

experience (i.e. status satisfaction, employee relationship satisfaction) measure the

entrepreneurial progress. The results have substantially supported the idea that women

entrepreneurs benefit from the links between enrichment and business enrichment and

support for entrepreneurial success, while the idea that male entrepreneurs benefit from

these links has not been supported. Furthermore, according to Hisrich, Peters, and

Shepherd (2017), growth pursuit and success have an impact on the economy, the

business, and entrepreneurs. Edralin (2016) stated 10 roles of entrepreneurship and

entrepreneurs in economic development. Entrepreneurship creates employment and

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improves the quality of life of the products and services that it produces. Entrepreneurs

develop new markets, seeking new customers for their products and services.

Entrepreneurship also introduces innovation, creates new sources of materials, and

make use of indigenous resources in creating their products and services.

Entrepreneurship also kindles investment interest in the newly established business

ventures. It stimulates people’s curiosity to invest because of the benefits it offers.

Entrepreneurship also brings social benefits to people because entrepreneurs pay taxes

on every product and service sold on the market. Entrepreneurs serve as role models

by sharing their experience of how they have achieved success. Lastly, entrepreneurs

create competition and provide more alternatives for customers.

Finally, business researchers also looked at student achievement in their

business startups. Antonio, Lanawati, Wiriana, and Christina (2014) examined the

connection between the three traits (creativity, intelligence, and personality) and the

student's entrepreneurial success at the graduate level. The findings of the study

revealed that there are significant correlations between the graduate students’

temperament or personality level and entrepreneurship achievement. Additionally,

Sarkawi, Jauriyah, Abdul Rahim and Baharom (2018) studied the impact of

entrepreneurial orientation on the business performance of graduate students in

Malaysian Universities. The entrepreneurial orientation components involved in their

study are competitive aggressiveness, innovativeness, proactive, risk-taking, and

autonomy and student’s business performance. Based on the results of their study, it

has been revealed that there is a significant relationship between the students'

competitive aggressiveness and proactive orientation and their business performance.

These findings imply that the entrepreneurs’ personality is one of the keys factors in the

achievement of entrepreneurial success.

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18

Innovation in Business

Throughout talks on paths to a more sustainable future, the enticing yet nebulous

idea of structural transformation gathers that momentum. Van de Ven and Poole, as

cited by Ngan and Khoi (2020), defined innovation as the process involving the creation

and integration of new concepts or activities in an organization. Manual, as cited by

Peterková, Czerná, and Macurová (2019), defined innovation practices as the

enhancement of products and services, production processes, new means of marketing

for products and services, or new organizational changes to improve the efficiency of the

company's activities. Thus, innovation in business is the application of innovative

methods in business (Salilew and Jebena, 2017).

One of the distinct types of entrepreneurship is Innovation-Driven Enterprise

Entrepreneurship (IDE). According to Zajko (2015), innovation-driven entrepreneurship

focused creativity with a significant competitive advantage, centered on global or

regional markets, and with a diverse ownership base with external equity providers. He

also stated that IDE starts with a loss period but if it succeeds, it achieves exponential

growth.

The innovation caused significant changes to the whole world. Innovation is the

way to put the best ideas into the real world, which causes an inventive thought that

produces a continuum in imaginative opportunities (Jose Prabhu, 2020). Hendrickson,

Taylor, Ang, Cao, Nguyen, and Soriano (2018) studied the impact of persistent

innovation on business growth in Australia. They found out that innovation features a

weaker, more favorable effect on productivity, profit, and employment advancement. Yet

the advantages of innovation do not seem to be found across the entire growth
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distribution in large and complex businesses. They argued that sustained innovation

leads significantly to economic development.

19

There is plenty of published researches about the impact of innovation on

business activities. The first area of study concerns the impact of innovation on

business success. Indriarti, Mulyadi and Hendrayati (2020) studied the impact of

entrepreneurial skills and innovation on business success. Based on their study, the

findings indicate that entrepreneurial skills and innovation have a significant impact on

success of the business. Likewise, Riyadi and Sumardi (2017) studied the impact of

innovation strategy on the business competitiveness of the manufacturing industry in

Surabaya, Indonesia. The findings of their study have demonstrated, in the

manufacturing settings, that innovation strategy can improve organizational

competitiveness.

Moreover, the researchers also assessed the effect of innovation on business

performance. Al-Ansari, Pervan, and Xu (2013) examined the innovative characteristics

of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) and the relationship between their

innovation and business performance in the Dubai market in the United Arab Emirates

(UAE). The findings of their study showed that there is a significant relationship between

the innovative characteristics of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) and

innovation and business performance. Likewise, Trinidad (2018) stated that innovation

has a major positive influence on the business performance of Latin American small

family businesses. Moreover, Ngo and O'cass (2013) stated in their study that the

quality of the service the business provides significantly enhances the business

performance. Also, Visnjic, Wiengarten and Neely (2016) studied the impact of product

innovation and service business model innovation to the business performance. The
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findings show that the interaction between the service business model innovation and

product innovation results in long-term performance benefits with a short-term

performance loss. However, based on the studied conducted by Rybárová, Štetka and

Šagátová (2019) it is shown that businesses encounter difficulties in building a clear

relationship between innovation and performance. Additionally, when assessing

innovation performance in terms of overall performance, there is a serious difficulty with

a considerable delay of the benefits of innovation and the challenge of separating

innovation's role from other business activities.

Lastly, several scholars have also explored the innovation of university students.

Jaaffar, Jauriyah and Sarkawi (2019) analyzed the impact of innovation and

entrepreneurial orientation on student business performance. Their study reinforces that

innovation is one of the key factors that have a direct effect on student business

performance, where process, administration, and marketing innovation has a substantial

effect on their progressive business performance. Wurthmann (2014) also investigated

the attitudes of business students towards innovation and the intention to start up their

businesses in the US. The result showed that there is a significant relationship between

the attitude towards innovation and the intentions of US business students to engage in

business startups.

Personal Control of Business Outcomes

Personal control beliefs, also known as personal mastery beliefs or locus of

control, signifies the beliefs of individuals about to what extent they can control or

influence the outcome (Seeman as cited by Ngan and Khoi, 2020). Choe, Loo, and Lau

as cited by Jelenc, Pisapia, and Ivančić (2016), asserted that personal control provides

entrepreneurs' confidence, dedication, determination, and the capability to pursue his or

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her entrepreneurial journey. It refers to the attitude of a person in handling one's day-to-

day affairs which in effect influences his or her actions and decisions (Choe, Loo, and

Lau, 2013). People with an internal locus control claim they can influence events in their

lives. Conversely, people with external locus control appear to assume that much of the

events in their lives are the outcome of external factors (Do and Dadvari, 2017). 21

Throughout the years, researches related to personal control of business

outcomes have been investigated in the field of entrepreneurship. Salilew and Jebana

(2017) revealed in their study that there is a substantial correlation between the

perceived personal control of business outcomes and the respondents’ gender. Roberts

and Robinson (2010) compared the entrepreneurial attitudes towards perceived

personal control of business outcomes, self-esteem and business growth of home-based

entrepreneurs, commercial entrepreneurs, and white-collar workers. Results have

shown that there is a significant difference between all groups in the measure of

perceived personal control of business outcomes.

Researches on the relationship of personal control of business outcomes and

business performance are also published. Pulka (2018) studied the multidimensional

impact of entrepreneurial attitude orientation on firm performance in the context of micro

enterprises in Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria. Based on the results, it is found that

personal control of business outcomes significantly related with the micro enterprises

performance. Comparably, Yogalakshmi and Latha (2018) explored the effect of

entrepreneurial attitude orientation on entrepreneurs’ business performance in

Cuddalore District. Their study revealed that perceived personal control of business

outcomes do not have significant role on the entrepreneurs’ business performance in

Cuddalore District.
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Finally, scholars also explored the relationship of personal control of business

outcomes and the students and adolescents’ intention to startup a business. Ayodele

(2013) investigated the demographics, entrepreneurial self-efficacy, and locus of control

as determinants of the adolescents' entrepreneurial intention in Ogun State, Nigeria.

Based on the result of the study, personal control of business outcomes or locus of

control significantly contributed to predicting entrepreneurial intent. Sesen (2013)

studied the factors that affects the entrepreneurial intentions of university students.

Based on the results of the study, locus of control is one of the individual factors that

significantly impact the students’ entrepreneurial intentions. Mat, Maat and Mohd (2015)

examined the factors that affects the entrepreneurial intention of engineering technology

students. It is revealed in their study the locus of control contributes the most to the

students’ entrepreneurial intention.

Self-esteem in Business

The entrepreneurs' self-esteem is also an essential attribute that is required to be

successful in business. Self-esteem in business is one's self-confidence in his or her

entrepreneurial competencies and skills (Pihie and Bagheri, 2011). It is an individual

self-worth appraisal, and the moral aspect of his or her self-image (Gecas and Orth as

cited by Burger, Mortimer, and Johnson, 2019).

Self-efficacy is a key element of self-esteem (Krishnan and Kamalnabhan, 2015).

Bandura, as cited by Cherian and Jacob (2013) defined self-efficacy as the level of

motivation, affective states, and actions of people that are more rooted in what they

believe than in what is objective. Drnovšek, Wincent, and Cardon (2010) proposed in

their study that self-efficacy is a multi-dimensional concept. They also showed that

entrepreneurial self-efficacy may include two distinct types of beliefs. Foremost, the
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entrepreneurial goal belief which are the assessments of an individual's ability to engage

in activities that will contribute to the success of the business start-up. Finally, control

beliefs are the entrepreneur's belief in his or her ability to control negative thoughts and

to foster positive thoughts in pursuing his or her goals. The study conducted by

Radipere (2014) confirmed that there is a significant relationship between self-efficacy

and business performance. 23

Self-esteem affects the entrepreneurial intention of an individual. Laguna (2013)

analyzed the entrepreneurial and general self-efficacy, global self-esteem, and their role

in the entrepreneurial process. The results show that self-esteem, entrepreneurial, and

general efficacy were positively related to business startup intentions. Johnson and

Mathew (2017) studied entrepreneurial attitudes and their influence on an individual's

entrepreneurial intentions. The results revealed that self-esteem is one of the

entrepreneurial attitudes that highly influence an individual’s intention to start up a

business. Ismail, Jaffar and Hooi (2013) also examined the self-employment intentions

of undergraduates of universities in Malaysia using the entrepreneurial attitude

orientation model. The results show that self-esteem has a significant relationship with

self-employment intention.

Apart from how self-esteem influences an individual's entrepreneurial intention,

entrepreneurship scholars also assessed the relationship between self-esteem and

business performance. Keling and Entebang (2015) studied the entrepreneurial attitude

orientation and the indigenous Dayak entrepreneurs’ performance in Sarawak, Malaysia.

Based on the results of their study, self-esteem was positively and significantly

correlated with the Dayak entrepreneurs’ performance. Likewise, Yogalakshmi and

Latha (2018), examined influence of entrepreneurial attitude orientation on

entrepreneurs’ business performance in Cuddalore District. Based on the findings of

 POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
their study, self-esteem influence the entrepreneurs’ business performance in Cuddalore

District, along with other successful intelligence, entrepreneurial self-efficacy, success,

and autonomy. Pulka (2018) also explored the multidimensional impact of

entrepreneurial attitude orientation on the performance of the micro-enterprises in

Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria. Based on the results, self-esteem, and the other

dimensions of entrepreneurial attitude orientation significantly associated to the

performance of micro-enterprises. This implies that self-esteem is one of the key

elements to enhance the performance of the business.

Uncertainties also influenced the performance of a business. Additionally, an

individual’s capacity for uncertainty relates to self-esteem (Shariff and Saud, as cited by

Do and Dadvari, 2017). This implies that a person with a high tolerance for uncertainty

finds the ambiguity of the situation difficult and seeks to overcome the instability and the

unpredictability of the situation to achieve good results.

Synthesis of the Reviewed Literature and Studies

The above literature and studies show support to assess and evaluate the

entrepreneurial attitudes of students at selected State Universities and Colleges (SUCs)

in the National Capital Region (NCR).

The reviewed literature and studies were focused on discussing entrepreneurial

attitudes and its components (Achievement in Business, Innovation in Business,

Personal Control of Business Outcomes, and Self-esteem in Business). These are the

main themes of the present study. These themes were discussed to understand its

concepts from different literature and the results of studies conducted by other

researchers.
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The entrepreneurial attitude is the main subject of this study. Attitude towards

entrepreneurship is the awareness of an individual of his or her desire to business

startups (Niljinda, Kirdmalai, and Kittilertpaisan, 2019). Attitude also has an explicit

effect on entrepreneurial activity (Pounder and Devonish, 2016). Staniewski and Awruk

(2018) specified the key entrepreneurial attitudes which are goal setting, persistence,

self-control, independence, and eagerness to learn. Additionally, Botsaris and Vamvaka

(2014) stated that attitude towards entrepreneurship comprises of being affective, being

instrumental, and the opportunity costs components. Furthermore, entrepreneurial

attitude can be a knowledge asset for entrepreneurs (Draghici, Albulescu, and Tamasila,

2013). Ayalew and Zeleke (2018) revealed that entrepreneurial attitudes have a

significant impact on entrepreneurial intentions specifically to students. Strobl,

Kronenberg, and Petersan (2012) revealed that an individual’s attitude serves as the

foundation for potential entrepreneurial activities. Majumdar and Varadarajan (2013)

and Dabic, Daim, Bayraktaroglu, Novak, and Basic (2012) agree that the tendency of an

individual to start a business depends not only on the his or her gender but also in

different factors.

Achievement in business, according to Robinson et al., is the concrete results

associated with a business venture start-up and growth. Pǎaunescu and Cantaragiu

(2012) revealed that it is beneficial to recognize the tendency to risk-taking as a

determinant of the need for achievement. Ayala and Manzano (2014) revealed that

resilience and business growth are significantly related. of opportunity recognition and

business growth expectations are also related.

Several articles have been published on the relationship of achievement in

business and other business variables. Alas, Elenurm, Rozell, and Scroggins (2018),

Powell, and Eddleston (2013) concur that business achievement and success are
 POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
determined by economic development. Moreover, Hisrich, Peters, and Shepherd (2017)

confirmed that growth pursuit and success have an impact on the economy, the

business, and entrepreneurs. Additionally, Abou-Moghli and Al-Kasasbeh (2012)

revealed that

social networks have a significant impact on the success of entrepreneurial start-ups.

Innovation, according to Van de Ven and Poole as cited by Ngan and Khoi

(2020), is the creation and integration of new concepts or activities in an organization.

According to Manual, as cited by Peterková, Czerná, and Macurová (2019), innovation is

the enhancement process of different business activities. Hence, innovation in business

is the application of innovative methods in business (Salilew and Jebena, 2017). 26

Researchers also explored the relationship between innovation and business

performance and success. Indriarti, Mulyadi, and Hendrayati (2020) stated that

innovation and entrepreneurial skills have a significant impact on business success.

Additionally, Riyadi and Sumardi (2017) asserted that innovation strategy can improve

organizational competitiveness. Al-Ansari, Pervan, and Xu (2013), Trinidad (2018), Ngo

and O'cass (2013), and Visnjic, Wiengarten, and Neely (2016) agree that innovation has

a significant impact on business performance. Nevertheless, Rybárová, Štetka, and

Šagátová (2019) revealed in their study that businesses encounter difficulties in building

a clear relationship between innovation and performance.

Personal control beliefs, also known as locus of control and personal mastery

beliefs, signify the beliefs of individuals about to what extent they can control or influence

the outcome (Seeman as cited by Ngan and Khoi, 2020). Concerning the relationship of

locus of control and business performance, Pulka (2018) found that personal control of

business outcomes significantly related to the micro-enterprises’ performance.

Conversely, Yogalakshmi and Latha (2018) revealed that perceived personal control of
 POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
business outcomes does not have a significant role in the entrepreneurs’ business

performance. In relation with the relationship of personal control of business outcomes

and adolescents/students’ intention to start a business, Ayodele (2013), Sesen (2013),

and Mat, Maat and Mohd (2015) concur that locus of control significantly contributed to

the entrepreneurial intention of and adolescents and/or students. 27

Self-esteem in business is one's self-confidence in his or her entrepreneurial

competencies and skills (Pihie and Bagheri, 2011). (Krishnan and Kamalnabhan, 2015)

stated that self-efficacy is a key element of self-esteem. In terms of the relationship of

self-esteem with entrepreneurial intention, Laguna (2013), Johnson and Mathew (2017),

and Ismail, Jaffar, and Hooi (2013) agree that self-esteem is significantly related to

entrepreneurial intention. Regarding the correlation between self-esteem and business

performance, Keling and Entebang (2015), Yogalakshmi and Latha (2018), and Pulka

(2018) agree that self-esteem influences business performance.

Moreover, the reviewed literature and the findings of the reviewed studies before

this present study served as an inspiration for the researcher to investigate more and

gain a deeper understanding of the entrepreneurial attitudes of students in selected

State Universities and Colleges (SUCs) in the National Capital Region (NCR).

This reviewed related literature and studies served as the basis for interpreting

the results of this study.