****Protein Synthesis Study Guide- Honors
Term Information Picture
DNA Made of nucleotides joined into long strands
by hydrogen bonds that create a double helix
Found in the nucleus
Nucleotide Basic unit for nucleic acid (DNA)
Made of 3 different parts:
● Phosphate group
● 5-carbon sugar - deoxyribose
● Nitrogenous base
Sugar- Structural support for DNA
phosphate Contains the phosphate group and the
backbone deoxyribose sugar
Nitrogenous Determine our genetic code
Bases There are 4 nitrogenous bases:
● Adenine – Thymine
● Guanine – Cytosine
RNA Made of a long chain of nucleotides that
create a single strand
Video Link
Made of 3 different parts:
● Phosphate group
● 5-carbon sugar - ribose
● Nitrogenous base
Found in the cytoplasm
RNA Base Adenine bonds with Uracil
Pair Rule
Guanine bonds with Cytosine
Central The theory that describes the flow of genetic
Dogma information
DNA → RNA → Protein
Polypeptide A chain of amino acids linked together by
Chain peptide bonds
mRNA RNA molecules that carry copies of the
(Messenger instructions for proteins.
RNA)
They carry the instructions from the nucleus to
the ribosomes.
rRNA RNA molecules that keep proteins in place
(Ribosomal and carry out the chemical reactions that join
RNA) amino acids together.
tRNA RNA molecules that carry amino acids to the
(Transfer ribosome and match them to the mRNA
RNA) message.
Transcription The process of copying DNA to produce a
complementary strand of RNA
Video Link
Steps:
1. Determine where the gene starts & unwinds
DNA
2. RNA nucleotide form base-pairs with DNA
3. After transcribing, mRNA leave the nucleus
& enters the cytoplasm
**AUG is the start codon
Translation The process of decoding a mRNA message
into a polypeptide
Steps:
1. A tRNA brings a complementary amino acid
& pairs with a mRNA codon
2. rRNA forms a peptide bond between the
amino acids
3. Ribosomes continue moving mRNA until
the stop codon has been reached
**UAG, UGA, UAA are stop codons
Codons Three consecutive bases that tell which amino
acid should be added to the polypeptide
Video Link chain.
Anticodons The three unpaired bases in tRNA that will
eventually be the complement to a codon on
mRNA.
Mutations Changes in genetic information that can be
inherited
Video Link
Can be changes in the order of nucleotides or
changes in the number of chromosomes
Point Mutations that change a single base pair
Mutations
Substitution
● One base is changed to a different base
Frameshift Mutations that shift the “reading frame” of the
Mutations genetic message which changes the amino
acids
Insertion
● One or many bases are inserted into the
DNA
● Every codon grouping is changed
following this mutation
Deletion
● One or many bases are deleted from the
DNA
● Every codon grouping is changed
following this mutation
DNA An example of biotechnology used to identify
Fingerprinting people and help solve crimes
It analyzes sections of DNA that have little or
no function but that vary greatly from one
individual to another
Codon Chart
