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Digital Image Transforms

The document discusses digital image transforms, focusing on the need for image transforms and the types of transforms, particularly the Fourier Transform and its discrete version (DFT). It highlights the importance of image quality factors such as contrast, brightness, spatial resolution, and noise, along with techniques for image enhancement and smoothing. Additionally, it covers various filtering methods, including Gaussian masks for image smoothing and sharpening.

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14 views205 pages

Digital Image Transforms

The document discusses digital image transforms, focusing on the need for image transforms and the types of transforms, particularly the Fourier Transform and its discrete version (DFT). It highlights the importance of image quality factors such as contrast, brightness, spatial resolution, and noise, along with techniques for image enhancement and smoothing. Additionally, it covers various filtering methods, including Gaussian masks for image smoothing and sharpening.

Uploaded by

PRINCE KATARIA
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Digital Image Transforms

Dr. Pratishtha Verma


Department of Computer Engineering
NIT Kurukshetra
Need for Image Transforms
Spatial Frequency
Images and their intensity profiles

(a) Image that has one sinusoidal signal


cycle

(b) Image that has multiple sinusoidal


signal cycles

(c) Image that has a non-sinusoidal signal


These intensity profiles are very useful in image processing. The intensity profile is a
collection of either sinusoidal signals such as sine, cosine, and harmonic signals, or
non-sinusoidal waves.
Types of Image
Transforms
Basis of Transforms
Introduction to
Fourier
Transform
Discrete Fourier Transform

Images are digitized, it is necessary to


have a discrete formulation of the Fourier
transform. This is achieved by the discrete
Fourier transform (DFT), which takes
regularly spaced data values, and returns
the value of the Fourier transform by
replacing the integral by a summation.
Fast Fourier Transform
The 2D DFT can be calculated by applying the 1D DFT for each column of f(x,y),
and then performing a 1D DFT for each row on the resulting complex data.
However, the DFT algorithm is computationally intensive. Hence, a faster version,
the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), is used.
Image Enhancement
Discussion of image enhancement starts with the concept
of image quality. Many factors are responsible for image
quality:

1. Contrast
2. Brightness
3. Spatial resolution
4. Noise
Here is Fig. 5.5(b), a histogram depicting the frequency distribution of grey levels based on the data from the sample image. Let me
know if you need any further visualizations or modifications
Many variants of contrast stretching are available. Some of these variants, such as
range normalization, clipping, binarizing (also known as thresholding), and posterizing
(also known as multiple thresholding), form a part of the following discussion.
Histogram based techniques
Histogram
Sliding
IMAGE SMOOTHING SPATIAL FILTERS

A smoothing filter is a linear filter that creates an image with a smooth appearance by blurring the image and removing noise (e.g.,
Gaussian noise). Noise is an unnecessary disturbance in images. One such noise is Gaussian noise.
Design of Discrete Gaussian Masks
IMAGE SHARPENING SPATIAL FILTERS
Gradient and Laplacian Filters

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