Thanks to visit codestin.com
Credit goes to www.scribd.com

0% found this document useful (0 votes)
60 views8 pages

H Parameter

Physics (topic) - H-parameter, h-parameter equivalent circuit, h-parameter C E mode.

Uploaded by

xdsbnm5
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
60 views8 pages

H Parameter

Physics (topic) - H-parameter, h-parameter equivalent circuit, h-parameter C E mode.

Uploaded by

xdsbnm5
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 8

UNIT - II

Four Terminal Network:


A transistor has three terminals viz. emitter, base and collector. Whenever a transistor is used, one
of these terminal is common between the input and output circuit. A transistor can therefore be said to have
two input terminals and two output terminals. A transistor is thus also said to be a two port network.
A two port (Four terminal) network is shown
in adjacent fig where the transistor has been
represented by a black box. As a matter of
convention, currents flowing into the box are
taken to be positive whereas those flowing out of it
are considered to be negative. Similarly, the
voltages from upper to lower terminals are taken to
be positive and negative the other way around. This circuit deals with two signal currents  i1 , i2  and two
signal voltages  v1 , v2  i.e. total four variables. Out of these four variables, choosing any two of them as
dependent variables, two functional relations can be written in terms of chosen independent variables. This
leads to various parameters but the following three are generally used:
i. Impedance parameters or Z parameters.
ii. Admittance parameters or Y parameters and
iii. Hybrid parameters or h-parameters.
Linear circuit: A linear circuit is one in which resistances, inductances and capacitances remain fixed when
voltage across them changes.

Hybrid Parameter:
Every linear circuit having input and output terminals can be analyzed by four parameters (one
measured in ohm, one in mho and two dimensionless) called hybrid or h Parameters. There are total four
hybrid parameters viz. h11 , h12 , h21 , h22 . Out of these parameters, two are found by short circuiting the output
terminals and the other two by open circuiting the input terminals.

Let us consider a linear circuit as shown in


adjacent Fig. This circuit has input voltage, input current,
output voltage and output current represented as
v1 , i1 , v2 and i2 respectively. Here both input and
output currents  i1 , i2  are assumed to flow into the box;
input and output voltages  v1 , v2  are assumed positive from the upper to the lower terminals. In order to get
the hybrid model out of these four variables, input current (i1) and output voltage (v2) are assumed to be
independent variables and rest two i.e. input voltage (v1) and output current (i2) are chosen as dependent
variables. Thus, the functional relation between these variables can be expressed as

v1  h11 i1  h12 v2 (1)

i2  h21 i1  h22 v2 (2)

Now the h-parameters h11 , h12 , h21 , h22 can be found from above two equations by applying
appropriate conditions of open circuit and short circuit as follows:

Unit II (4th Sem): 2024-25 -1-


v1
h11  i.e. when output is short circuited.
i1 v 0
2
Thus, h11 has the dimension of impedance and is called input impedance with output short
circuited. h11 is also denoted by hi.
v1
h12  i.e. when input is open circuited.
v2 i 0
1
Thus, h12 has no dimension and is called reverse voltage gain with input open circuited. h12 is
also denoted by hr.
i2
h21  i.e. when output is short circuited.
i1 v 0
2
Thus, h21 has no dimension and is called forward current gain with output short circuited. h21 is
also denoted by hf.
i2
h22  i.e. when input is open circuited.
v2 i 0
1
Thus, h22 has the dimension of admittance and is called output admittance with input open
circuited. h22 is also denoted by h0.

From the above formulas we see that h11 has the dimension of ohm and h12 & h21 is dimensionless
and h22 has the dimension of mho i.e. all the h-parameters are not having same dimension i.e. they are of
mixed dimension. Moreover, both open and short-circuited conditions are required to define them. Hence
these parameters are called hybrid (or mixed) parameters.

The hybrid parameters have the following advantages:


a. At audio frequencies they are real numbers.
b. h-parameters can be readily measured.
c. They offer simple mathematical expressions for the performance quantities like current gain,
voltage gain, power gain etc.

d. The equivalent circuit of h parameters isolates the input and output circuits.
e. The transistor manufacturers usually supply these parameters.

Nomenclature for Transistor h Parameters:


The numerical subscript notation for h parameters (viz. h11, h21, h12 and h22) is used in general circuit
analysis. However, this nomenclature has been modified for a transistor to indicate the nature of parameter
and the transistor configuration used.

The h parameters of a transistor are represented by the following notation:


i. The numerical subscripts are replaced by letter subscripts.
ii. The first letter indicates whether the particular parameter is input, output, forward transfer or
reverse transfer and the second describes the transistor configuration.

Unit II (4th Sem): 2024-25 -2-


Table below shows the h parameter nomenclature of a transistor:

Sl. No. h parameter Notation in CB Notation in CE Notation in CC


1 h11  hi hib hie hic
2 h12  hr hrb hre hrc
3 h21  h f h fb h fe h fc
4 h22  h0 h0b h0e h0c

h-parameter equivalent circuit:


Fig. i shows a linear circuit. It is required to
draw the h parameter equivalent circuit of Fig. i. We
know that voltages and currents of the circuit in Fig. i.
can be expressed in terms of h parameters as under:
v1  h11i1  h12 v2 (1)

i2  h21i1  h22v2 (2)

The pair of Eq.s (1) & (2) suggests the h-parameter equivalent circuit as shown in fig. ii below.

OR

In the h-parameter equivalent circuit, the input circuit consists of a resistance hi in series with a
voltage generator hr v2 . The output circuit involves two components; a current generator h f i1 and shunt
resistance 1/h0 . Application of KVL and KCL to the input and output ports yields Eq.s (1) & (2).

Unit II (4th Sem): 2024-25 -3-


Transistor amplifier parameters using h-parameter:
Consider a linear circuit with a load resistance RL across its terminals as shown in Fig. below.

Now in terms of the h-parameter the above circuit can be described by the two equations

v1  h11i1  h12 v2 (1)

i2  h21i1  h22 v2 (2)

Also from the above fig. we find that v2  i2 RL (3)

where RL is the load resistance across which output voltage v2 is measured. The negative sign is
due to the reason that actual load current is opposite to the assigned direction of i2 .

Current gain (Ai):


i2
The current gain (Ai) is defined as the ratio of output current to the input current i.e. Ai 
i1
Using Eq. (3) in (2), we can write
i2  h21i1  h22  i2 RL 
i2 i 
  h21  h22 RL  2   h21  h22 RL Ai
i1  i1 
h21 hf
 Ai   (4)
1  h22 RL 1  h0 RL

Input impedance (Zi):


The Input impedance (Zi) is defined as the ratio of input voltage to the input current i.e.
v1
Zi  (5)
i1
Substituting the value of v1 from Eq.(1), we get

v1 h11i1  h12 v2 v i 
Zi    h11  h12 2  h11  h12  2  RL , Using Eq. (3),
i1 i1 i1  i1 
i2
Putting the value of from Eq. (4) in above Eq., we get
i1

Unit II (4th Sem): 2024-25 -4-


h21 h h hr h f
Z i  h11  h12 RL  h11  12 21  hi  (6)
1  h22 RL 1  1 
h22   h0  
RL  RL 
The above Eq. can also be simplified as

hr h f RL hi  h0 RL  1  hr h f RL hi   hi h0  hr h f  RL hi  hRL
Z i  hi    
 h0 RL  1  h0 RL  1  h0 RL  1  h0 RL  1
where h  hi h0  hr h f .

Voltage gain (Av):


v2
The voltage gain (Av) is defined as the ratio of output voltage to the input voltage i.e. Av 
v1
Now from Eq. (5), we have v1  i1Zi
v2  i2 RL  i R
 Av    2 L
v1 i1 Z i i1 Z i
Using Eq. (4), we get
i2 RL h21 RL h f RL 1
Av    
i1 Zi 1  h22 RL Z i 1  h0 RL Zi

Output impedance (Z0):


The output impedance is obtained by setting v1 to zero, RL to infinity and driving the output by a
generator of voltage v2 .The output impedance (Z0) is defined as the ratio of output voltage to the output
current i.e.
v2
Z0  (8)
i2 v 0, R 
1 L

i2 i
We have from Eq. (2)  h21 1  h22 (9)
v2 v2
and from Eq. (1) 0  h11i1  h12 v2
i1 h
   12
v2 h11
i1
Substituting this value of in Eq. (9), we get
v2
i2 h h h h h h
  12 21  h22  11 22 12 21
v2 h11 h11

Unit II (4th Sem): 2024-25 -5-


v2 h11 hi
 Z0    (10)
i2 h11h22  h12 h21 hi h0  hr h f

Power gain (Ap):

i  R  h0 RL  1 RL
2 2 2
2 R  hf  RL  hf 
Ap  2 2 L   Ai  L   h  hR   
 i1  Zi Zi  1  h0 RL  i L  1  h0 RL  hi  hRL
 h0 RL  1
h f 2 RL

1  h0 RL  hi  hRL 

h parameter equivalence of a transistor in C-E mode:


A CE transistor
amplifier is shown in fig.i.
below.
Here v1 is the
applied input voltage, iL is
the load current, v2 is the
output voltage, ib is the base
current and iC is the collector
current.
The h parameter
equivalent circuit of the
above mentioned CE
transistor amplifier in is
shown in fig. ii. Below.

From the above equivalent circuit we can write two following relations connecting all the h-parameters.
v1  hie ib  hre v2 (1)
ic  h feib  hoev2 (2)
Also from the above fig. we find that v2  ic RL (3)
and v2   iL RL (4)

Unit II (4th Sem): 2024-25 -6-


where RL is the load resistance across which output voltage v2 is measured. The negative sign is
due to the reason that actual load current is opposite to the assigned direction of ic .

Current gain (Ai):


The current gain (Ai) is defined as the ratio of output current to the input current i.e.

iL i
Ai   c (5)
ib ib
Now using Eq. (3) in (2), we can write ic  h feib  iC hoe RL

ic h feib  iC hoe RL i 
   h fe  hoe RL  c 
ib ib i 
 b
ic h fe
 
ib 1  hoe RL
i h fe
 Ai   c   (6)
ib 1  hoe RL
This is the expression of current gain of a transistor amplifier in CE mode.

Input impedance (Zi):


The Input impedance (Zi) is defined as the ratio of input voltage to the input current i.e.
v1
Zi  (7)
ib
Now from Eq.(1), we have

v1  hieib  hre v2  hieib  hre  ic RL   hieib  hre  Ai ib RL   ib  hre Ai RL  hie 


v1
 Zi   hre Ai RL  hie (8)
ib
Substituting the value of Ai from Eq. (6) in Eq. (8), we get

 h fe  h fe hre RL
Zi  hre    RL  hie  hie  (9)
 1 h R 1  hoe RL
 oe L 
This is the expression of input impedance of a transistor amplifier in CE mode.

Voltage gain (AV):


The voltage gain (AV) is defined as the ratio of output voltage to the input voltage i.e.
v2
Av  (10)
v1

Unit II (4th Sem): 2024-25 -7-


Now v2  ic RL  Ai ib RL
ib Ai RL
 Av  Ai RL 
v1 Zi
Substituting the value of Ai from Eq. (6) and Z i from Eq. (9) in Eq. (10), we get

h fe h fe
 
Ai RL 1  hoe RL 1  hoe RL h fe RL
Av   RL  RL  
Zi h h R
hie  fe re L
hie  hie hoe RL  h fe hre RL 
hie  hie hoe  h fe hre RL 
1  hoe RL 1  hoe RL
h fe RL
 Av  (11)
hie  h RL
where h  hie hoe  h fe hre . This is the expression of voltage gain of a CE transistor amplifier.

Output impedance (Z0):


The output impedance is obtained by setting v1 to zero, RL to infinity and driving the output by a
generator of voltage v2 .The output impedance (Zi) is defined as the ratio of output voltage to the output
current i.e.

v2
Z0  (10)
ic v 0, R 
1 L

ic i
We have from Eq. (2)  h fe b  hoe (11)
v2 v2

and from Eq. (1) 0  hieib  hre v2


ib h
   re (12)
v2 hie
ib
Substituting the value of from Eq. (12) and in Eq. (11), we get
v2

ic  h  hoe hie  h fe hre


 h fe   re 
 oeh 
v2  hie  hie

v2 hie
 Z0   (13)
ic hoe hie  h fe hre

Power gain (Ap):

i  R
2
2 R
Ap  c 2 L   Ai  L (14)
 ib  Zi Zi

Unit II (4th Sem): 2024-25 -8-

You might also like