NANOTECHNOLOGY Syllabus: ‘* Introduction to Nanotechnology, Properties (optical, Electrical, Structural, Mechanical,) Importance of surface to Volume ratio, bonding in solids (Vander walls interactions), Application: Lithography, Single Electron Transfer (SET) and Spin Valves. Objectives: . B give exposure to the upcoming field of Nano technology in the field of solid state physics. Outcome: * Learner will be able to Apply the knowledge of Nano Technology to certain emerging areas of technology. List of Contents: 6.1 Introduction to Nanotechnology 6.1.1 Nano Material 6.1.2. Classification of Nanomaterials 6.1.3. Synthesis of Nanomaterials 62 Properties (Optical, Electrical, Structural, Mechanical) of Nanomaterials 62.1 Optical Properties of Nanoparticles 6.2.2 Magnetic Properties of Nanoparticles 6.2.3 Electrical Properties of Nanoparticles 6.2.4 Electronic and Structural Properties of Nanoparticles 6.2.5 Mechanical Properties of Nanoparticles 6.3 Importance of Surface to Volume Ratio 64 Bonding in Solids (Vander Walls Interactions) Van der Waals Forces Properties of Van der Waals Forces Types of Van der Waals Forces Factors Affecting Van der Waal Forces Van der Waals Forces in Real Life Importance of Van der Waals Forces (6.2)SEMICONDUCTOR PHYSICS 62) NANOTECHNOLOGY 65 Applications of Nanotechnology 6.5.1 Lithography and its Types 6.5.2 Single Electron Transter (SET) 6.5.3 Spin Valves + Questions r poet ey Nanotechnology is the manipulation of matter on an atomic or molecular scale, typically between 1 and 100 nanometers. At this scale, materials exhibit unique physical and chemical Properties due to quantum mechanical effects and a high surface area to volume ratio, This field encompasses various scientific disciplines, including physics, chemistry, biology and engineering and aims to create new materials and devices with enhanced capabilities. Nanotechnology is the science and engineering of functional systems at the molecular scale. In its original sense, nanotechnology refers to the projected ability to construct items from the bottom up making complete, high-performance products. The history of nanotechnology traces back to ancient times when artisans unknowingly used nanoparticles in pottery and glass. Richard Feynman 1959 lecture, there is Plenty of Room at the Bottom and is often credited with inspiring the field by discussing the potential of manipulating atoms and molecules. Norio Taniguchi first coined the term nanotechnology in 1974 and describing processes that operate on a nanometer scale. The field gained significant momentum in 1980s with the invention of the scanning tunneling microscope and the discovery of fullerenes. K. Eric Drexler further popularized nanotechnology in the 1980s through his book and Engines of Creation and which envisioned molecular machines capable of self-replication, Industrial revolution has made life easy and pleasant. Today's high speed personal computers and mobile communications would not have certainly been possible without the use of nano science and nano technology. 6.1.1 Nano Material Nanoscale materials are defined as a set of substances where at least one dimension is less than approximately 100 nanometers. A nanometer is one millionth (10m) of a millimeter that is approximately 100,000 times smaller than the diameter of a human hair. Nanomaterials are of interest because at this scale unique optical, magnetic, electrical and other properties emerge. These emergent properties have the potential for great impacts in electronics, medicine and other fields. They contain a very large number of grain boundaries, which increases their properties. They exhibit different properties such as tremendous strength, hardness, formability and toughness. Nanomaterials have an extremely small size which having at least one dimension 100 nm or less. Nanomaterials can be nanoscale in one dimension (Ex. surface films), two dimensions (Ex. strands or fibres) or three dimensions (Ex. Particles). They can exist in single, fused, aggregated or agglomerated forms with spherical, tubular and irregular shapes. Common types of nanomaterials include nanotubes, dendrimers, quantum dots and fullerenes. Nanomaterials have applications in the field of nano technology and displays different physical chemical characteristics from normal chemicals (ie, silver nano, carbon nanotube, fullerene, photo catalyst, carbon nano and silica)NANOTECHNOLOGY SEMICONDUCTOR PHYSICS (6.3) Different Forms of Nanomaterials: 1. Nano particles 2, Nano dots 3. Nano rods 4, Nano tubes 5. Nanowires 6. Fullerenes 7. Nanocomposites 8. Cluster 9. Colloids 6.1.2 Classification of Nanomaterials Natural and artificial nanoparticles are the two groups into based on origin (a) Natural Nanomaterials: Natural nanomaterials can be found in a variety of forms in natural colloids like milk which nanomaterials are dividec nature, including viruses, protein molecules, minerals like clay, and blood (liquid colloids), fog (aerosol type), gelatin (gel type), mineralized natural materials like shells, corals and bones, insect wings and opals, spider silk, lotus leaves, gecko feet, volcanic ash and ocean spray. (b) Artificial Nanomaterials: Carbon nanotubes and semiconductor nanoparticles like quantum dots are the examples of artificial nanomaterials that are made consciously using precise mechanical and manufacturing procedures. Nanomaterials are categorized as metal based materials, dendrimers or composites depending on their structural makeup. Ferritin Metal-based Micelles Metaloxide Liposomes Lipid-based Ceramic Semiconductor Dendrimer ‘Microporous Mesoporous Macroporous Biopersistent granular Fiber-like 3 - Dimensions Fig. 6.1: General classification of nanomaterialsess (6.4) NANOTECHNOLOGY &.L.3 Synthesis of Nanomaterials Nanomaterials are broadly synthesized by Top down and bottom up approaches. Top Down Approach A top-down approach where very small structures are produced from larger (Bulk) pieces of material, It includes slicing or successive cutting of a bulk material to get nanosized particles, Synthesis of nanomaterials on a large scale production can be easily done. Chemical purification is not required. It is an expensive method where deposition parameters cannot be controlled. The particles of different sizes are obtained and impurities can be introduced during synthesis For example, Ball milling (Mechanical alloying) method, electrochemical etching and Photo-Lithography. ~ ~ & even at room temperature, thus avoiding complications stemming from the energy quantization effects. 6.5.3 Spin Valves A spin valve is a key component in Spintronic and Data Storage application. Spin valve is a device that exploits the spin-dependent electron transport properties of ferromagnetic materials to control the flow of electrons. It consists of two ferromagnetic layers separated by a thin non- magnetic spacer layer. A spin valve is a device, consisting of two or more conducting magnetic materials, whose electrical resistance can change between two values depending on the relative alignment of the magnetization in the layers. The resistance change is a result of the giant magnetoresistive effect. The magnetic layers of the device align “up” or "down" depending on an external magnetic field In the simplest case, a spin valve consists of a non-magnetic material sandwiched between two ferromagnets, one of which is fixed (pinned) by an antiferromagnet which acts to raise its‘SEMICONDUCTOR PHYSICS (617) NANOTECHNOLOGY ® Optics and Photonics: NIL is used to fabricate subwavelength resonant grating filters, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) sensors, polarizers, wave plates, anti- reflective structures, integrated photonics circuits, and plasmonic devices. * Opto Electronics: NIL is used to fabricate LEDs and solar cells. * Biomedical: NIL is used to fabricate miero- and nano-fluidics for biomedical applications, including DNA stretching experiments. It is used to shrink the size of biomolecular sorting device an order of magnitude smaller and more efficient. * Materials Science: NIL is used to process semi-crystalline polymers, improving performance in solar cells, field effect transistors, and ferroelectric memory devices. ‘© 3D-patterning: NIL can pattern 3D structures such as damascene interconnects and T- gates in fewer steps than required for conventional lithography. ‘* High Aspect Ratio: NIL can fabricate high-aspect-ratio and hierarchically nanostructured surfaces with limited collapse and defectivity. 6.5.2 Single Electron Transfer (SET) The manipulation of single electrons was demonstrated in the seminal experiments by Millikan at the very beginning of the 20th century, but in solid state circuits it was not implemented until the late 1980s. The main reason for this delay is that the manipulation requires the reproducible fabrication of very small conducting particles and their accurate positioning against external electrodes, The necessary nanofabrication techniques have become available during the past three decades and have made possible a new field of solid state physics and electronics. Let a small conductor (traditionally called an island) be initially electro neutral, i.e. have exactly as many (m) electrons as it has protons in its crystal lattice, In this state the island does not generate any appreciable electric field beyond its borders and a weak external force F may bring in an additional electron from outside. (In most single-electron devices, this injection is carried out by tunneling through an energy barrier created by a thin insulating layer). Now the net charge Q of the island is (-e) and the resulting electric field E repulses the following electrons which might be added. Though the fundamental charge e = 16 x 10-9 Coulomb is very small on the human scale of things, the field E is inversely proportional to the square of the island size and may become rather strong for nanoscale structures. For example, the field is as large as ~140 kV/cm on the surface of a 10-nm sphere in vacuum, The theory of single-electron phenomena shows that a more adequate measure of the strength of these effects is not the electric field, but the charging energy, 2 Bee ol) Where, C is the capacitance of the island.SEMICONDUCTOR PHYSICS 6.21) NANOTECHNOLOGY 14. 15. 16. 17. 18, 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24, 25. 26. 27. 28. 29, 30, 31 32, 33. 34, 35. 36. 37. 38, 39, 40. 41, 42. 43. 44, Write the reasons for change in properties of materials at nanoscale. Write short notes on surface to Volume ratio. Define Specific surface area and surface area to volume ratio? Compare specific surface area of cubic nanoparticles of side 100 nm and 5 nm. Compare specific surface area of spherical nanoparticles of size 80 nm and 4 nm. Define Van der Waal forces. Write short note on Van der Waal forces. State importance of Van der Waal forces. Mention the importance of quantum confinement at nanoscale. How are Van der Waals forces and ionic bonds similar? ‘What is meant by Quantum confinement? Explain OD, 1D, 2D and 3D nanomaterials. Explain the term lithography. State principle of lithography Give its types. ‘What is lithography? Explain the basic steps involved in a typical lithography process. State principle of electron beam lithography and explain its working. Give the applications of Lithography. Explain the term “single electron transfer", Explain the term quantum dots. Explain the term “Single valve". Give the applications of single valves. Explain the structure and operation of single valves. State the applications of Nanomaterials in Engineering or any other fields. Define top-down and bottom-up nanofabrication. Explain briefly the advantages and applications of sol-gel process, Discuss the main properties of nanomaterials. Explain the mechanical properties of nanomaterials. Explain the structural properties of nanomaterials, Explain the optical properties of nanomaterials. Explain the electrical properties of nanomaterials.NANOTECHNOLOGY SEMICONDUCTOR PHYSICS 619) magnetic coercivity and behaves as a “hard” layer. while the other is free (unpinned) and behaves 2s a “soft” layer. Due to the difference in coercivity. the soft layer changes polarity at lower applied magnetic field strength than the hard one. High resistance state Low resistance state B-B Fig. 6.8: Structure of spin valve Upon application of a magnetic field of appropriate strength, the soft layer switches polarity, producing two distinct states: a parallel, low-resistance state and an antiparallel, high-resistance state. The resistance of the device depends on the relative orientation of the magnetization in the two ferromagnetic layers, which can be controlled by an external magnetic field. This change in resistance, known as giant magnetoresistance (GMR), forms the basis for various applications in spintronics and data storage. ‘The Operation of a Spin Valve Relies on Several Key Concepts in Spintronics ‘* Spin-Dependent Transport: In ferromagnetic materials, the electrical conductivity depends on the spin orientation of the electrons. Electrons with spins aligned parallel to the magnetization of the material experience less scattering and have a higher conductivity compared to electrons with antiparallel spins. ‘* Giant Magnetoresistance (GMR): GMR is the large change in resistance observed in spin valve when the relative orientation of the magnetization in the ferromagnetic layers is switched between parallel and antiparallel states. The resistance is low when the magnetizations are parallel and high when they are antiparallel. * Magnetic Anisotropy: Magnetic anisotropy refers to the preference for the magnetization to align along a particular direction, known as the easy axis. In spin valves, ‘one ferromagnetic layer (the pinned layer) has its magnetization fixed by coupling to an antiferromagnetic layer, while the other ferromagnetic layer (the free layer) can switch its magnetization in response to an external magnetic field. Structure and Operation of Spin Valves: A typical spin valve consists of the following layers * Pinned Layer: A ferromagnetic layer with 2 fixed magnetization direction, usually achieved by coupling to an adjacent antiferromagnetic layer. © Spacer Layer: A thin non-magnetic layer, typically made of copper that separates the pinned and free layers. The thickness of the spacer layer is critical for achievi the desired GMR effect. ngSEMICONDUCTOR PHYSICS (6.20) NANOTECHNOLOGY © Free Layer: A ferromagnetic layer whose magnetization can be switched by an external magnetic field, The orientation of the free layer’s magnetization relative to the pinned layer determines the resistance of the spin valve ‘The Operation of a Spin Valve can be Understood as Follow * When the magnetizations of the pinned and free layers are parallel, electrons with spins aligned to the magnetization can pass through both layers easily, resulting in a low resistance state. + When the magnetizations of the pinned and free layers are antiparallel, electrons with spins aligned to the magnetization of one layer will be scattered in the other layer, leading to a high resistance state. * By applying an external magnetic field, the magnetization of the free layer can be switched between parallel and antiparallel states, thereby changing the resistance of the spin valve. Applications of Spin Valves ‘* Magnetic Field Sensors. * Magnetic Random Access Memory (MRAM). * Hard Disk Drive (HDD) Read Heads, 13. BEB om Naw eon ep What is the size range of nanomaterials? Define nanotechnology? Discuss the applications of nanotechnology. What are nanomaterials? Give their classifications? Explain classification of nanomaterials in brief. How are nanomaterials synthesized? Describe any one method. Describe any one method of nanomaterials synthesis. What are the approaches used in synthesis of nanomaterials? Explain any two synthesis methods of nanomaterials preparation. Describe Ball milling method of nanomaterials synthesis. Discuss Sol-gel Method. Give its advantages. What are nanomaterials? What is difference between top-down and bottom-up approach of synthesis? How do the properties of nanomaterials differ from bulk materials?SEMICONDUCTOR PHYSICS 4. 46. 47. 48. (6.22) Write the names of synthesis techniques of nanomaterial. State principle of Nano Imprint Lithography and explain its working. Give any four applications of Nano Imprint lithography. Explain the term: Reactive Ion Etching (RIE) in lithography. 49, What is 30 lithography? 50. SL. Define the term: Sub Wavelength (SW) in lithography. Justify, how Nano Imprint Lithography (NIL) works. ©O®