‫ﺑﺴﻢ ﺍ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺮﲪﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻴﻢ‬

Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research

Foundation of Technical Education
Technical College / Al-Najaf

Training package in
Amplitude Modulation
For students of second class

Lecturer
Ahmed H. Hadi
 1// Over view
1

1 / A –Target population :-
For students of second class in
Communications Techniques Engineering Department

1 / B –Rationale :-
Having studied amplitude modulation (AM) theory,
students will be able to appreciate that an amplitude-
modulated wave is made up of a number of sinusoidal
components having a specific relation to one another.
They will be able to visualize the AM wave and
calculate the frequency present in it , as well as their
power or current relations to each other.
1 / C –Central Idea :-
1) DSBLC(AM), DSBSC, and SSB signals
2) Generation and detection DSBLC(AM), DSBSC, and SSB
signals

1 / D –Objectives:-

• Describe the AM process

• Compute the modulation index.
• Solve problems
• Draw a representation of an AM sine wave.
• Analyze and determine through computation the carrier power
and sidebands power in AM
 2/ Pre test :-

Multiple Choice Questions With Answer

١ The maximum efficiency transmission in AM with large

carrier is
(a) 100% (b) 50% (c) 66% (d) 33%

٢ Over modulation causes

(a) distorted output at the AM receiver

(b) excessive transmission bandwidth.

(c) interference with other transmission.

(d) higher carrier power requirement.

 Pilot carrier in SSB is provided for having
٣
(a) Low power consumption (b) Better noise immunity

(c) frequency stability purpose (d) None of these

٤ Mark the wrong statement. The advantage of SSB over

DSB/AM is That
(a)more channel space is available

(b) transmitter must be stable giving better reception

(c) the signal noise resistant.

(d) Much less power is required for the same signal

strength
 3/ Performance Objectives :-

Modulation is defined as the process by which some

characteristics of a signal called carrier is varied in
accordance with instantaneous value of another signal
called modulating signal.

The two type of analog modulation are

a) Amplitude modulation
b) Angle modulation
AMPLITUDE MODULATED
Amplitude modulation is the process in which
instantaneous amplitude of the carrier signal is varied
according to the amplitude of the modulating signal
keeping the frequency and phase of the carrier signal
constant.

Let the instantaneous carrier current be

The modulating signal

The modulation index is

The AM signal
Figure: Amplitude modulated wave: the carrier
frequency remains sinusoidal at wc while the envelope
varies at frequency ws
Figure : Frequency spectrum of the AM wave of Figure in time
domain. Note that there are three distinct frequencies present.
Figure : Frequency spectrum of the AM wave when the single
frequency modulating signal is replaced by a band of audio
frequencies. Note that the information in the signal resides only in
the sidebands.
Generation of Normal AM Signals :
Square-law Modulator
 THE AMPLITUDE MODULATED
RADIO RECEIVER
• The two basic functions of the radio receiver
are:
1) to separate the signal induced in the antenna
by the transmission which we wish to
receive from all the other signals present,
2) to recover the ‘‘message’’ signal which was
used to modulate the transmitter carrier.
 The envelope detector circuit. The diode ‘‘half-wave’’
rectifies the AM wave and the RC time-constant ‘‘follows’’
the envelope with a slight ripple.
The input signal to the envelope detector.
 The output signal of the envelope detector. Note that (1) when the voltage
is rising the ripple is larger than when the voltage is falling. A longer time
constant will help reduce the ripple; however, it will also increase the
likelihood that the output voltage will not follow the envelope when the
voltage is falling causing ‘diagonal clipping’. (2) In practice, the carrier
frequency is much higher than the modulating frequency, hence the ripple is
much smaller than shown.
 Amplitude Modulation :Suppressed Carrier
by Cosine Function

• y(t) = f(t) cos(2π fc t)

fc is the carrier frequency (frequency of radio
station)

f(t) y(t)

cos(2πfct)
 Amplitude Modulation :Suppressed Carrier
by Cosine Function
• Multiplication in time is convolution in Fourier
domain
yt   f t  cos 0t 

Y   F         0       0 
1
2

• Sifting property of the Dirac delta functional


xt    t      xt   d  xt 


xt    t  t0       t0 xt   d  xt  t0 


• Fourier transform property for modulation by a

cosine
Y   F    0   F    0 
1 1
2 2
 Amplitude Modulation :Suppressed Carrier
by Cosine Function
• Example: φ(t) = f(t) cos(w0 t) F(w)
– f(t) is an ideal lowpass signal 1
– Assume ω1 << ω0
– φ(ω) is real-valued if F(ω) is real-valued
w
-ω1 0 ω1
Y   F    0   F    0 
1 1
2 2
½F(w +0) w Y(w) ½F(w-w0)
½

-ω0 - ω1 -ω0 + ω1 ω0 - ω1 ω0 + ω1 w
0
−ω0 ω0

• Demodulation is modulation then lowpass filtering

• Similar derivation for modulation with sin(w0t)
 Amplitude Modulation :Suppressed Carrier
by Sine Function

• Multiplication in time is convolution in Fourier domain

yt   f t sin  0t 

Y   F    j     0       0 
1
2
• Sifting property of the Dirac delta functional

xt    t      xt   d  xt 


xt    t  t0       t0 xt   d  xt  t0 

• Fourier transform property for modulation by a sine

Y   F    0   F    0 
j j
2 2
 Amplitude Modulation :Suppressed Carrier
by Sine Function
F(w)
• Example: y(t) = f(t) sin(ω0 t) 1
– f(t) is an ideal lowpass signal
– Assume ω1 << ω0 w
-ω1 0 ω1
– Y(ω) is imaginary-valued if
F(ω) is real-valued
Y   F    0   F    0 
j j
2 2
j ½F(w +0) w Y(w) -j ½F(w-w0)
j½
w0
ω0 - ω1 ω0 + ω1
w
-ω0 - ω1 -ω0 + ω1
-w0 -j ½

• Demodulation is modulation then lowpass filtering

The single-balanced modulator
The single-balanced shunt-bridge diode modulator.
The double-balanced ring modulator
Demodulation of DSB Signals :

Synchronous detector
Generation of SSB Signals :

1- Filter Method :
Demodulation of SSB Signals :

Synchronous detector
Anther Circuit to Generate
Amplitude Modulation
Amplitude Modulation Reception
 Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
w1

f1 (t ) x Antenna

w2

f2 (t ) x
+ Transmitter

w3

f3 (t ) x
 Quiz /

١ Give the mathematical expression for the modulation index of an

amplitude modulated wave.
E max  E min
ma 
E max  E min

٢ Name any three-generation modulates of DSBSC

signals.

(i) Chopper type modulator.

(ii) Balanced modulator.
(iii) Ring modulator.
 5/ Post test :-

1. The highest modulation frequency typically used in AM

broadcast is

(a) 5 kHz (b) 10 kHz (c) 15 kHz (d) 25 kHz

2. The TV broadcast Uses

(a) amplitude modulation for both picture and sound.
(b) frequency modulation for picture and amplitude
modulation for sound.
(c) amplitude modulation for picture and frequency
modulation for sound
3. The household receiver are

(a) Synchronous detectors b) radio receivers

(c) envelope detectors

4.The purpose of balance modulator is to

eliminate

(a) the carrier (b) Upper sideband

(c) lower sideband (d) base band

signal
 References:

1 T. R. Ganesh Babu, and G. Srinivasan:

“ Communication Theory and systems”, 2006.

2 Sanjay Sharma:
(Analog and Digital) ”
“Communication Systems
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