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Mass Diagram
 Mass Diagram is a graphical representation of the cumulative amount of earthwork moved
along the centerline and distances over which the earth and materials are to be transported.

 Designers try to optimally

balance cut-and- fill volumes for
economical reasons
Mass diagram is an excellent
EARTHWORKS method of determining waste or
borrow volumes and can be
Earthwork Distribution Analysis adapted to show haul consideration
Learning Outcome: Analyze earthwork distribution

Lesson 3.4. Earthwork Distribution Analysis

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Definition of Terms Definition of Terms

Haul – is the product of the volume of earth

excavated and the distance it is transported to
Borrow - the excavated materials obtained from
form an embankment or to be disposed as
borrow pits located beyond the limits of the road waste. Hence, its m3 x m. It is usually
when the excavation for the roadway is not expressed as station meter, which means 1 m 3
sufficient to form the embankments. of earthwork moving through 1 station.

Free haul distance – a fixed distance within

which the hauling of materials is not paid but is
Waste – those materials excavated and thrown assumed to be already included in the cost of
away which is no longer necessary to for excavation.
embankments.

Lesson 3.4. Earthwork Distribution Analysis Lesson 3.4. Earthwork Distribution Analysis

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Definition of Terms Definition of Terms

Length of overhaul – the distance between the Limit of economic haul (LEH) –
center of gravity of the mass of excavation - It is the maximum limit of haul distance
beyond the free haul mass and the center of beyond.
gravity of the resulting embankment minus the
- Beyond the LEH, it is not economical to use
free haul distance.
the material obtained from cuts. It is more
economical to waste the material or to take the
Overhaul – the product of the volume in excess materials from the borrow pits than to haul it.
of the free haul mass and the length of
overhaul, in which payment is already required.

Overhaul = V(D – F.H.)

(D – F.H.) = length of overhaul

Lesson 3.4. Earthwork Distribution Analysis Lesson 3.4. Earthwork Distribution Analysis

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Definition of Terms Sample Problem

The grading works of a proposed National Road shows the following data of an earthworks:
Free haul distance = 50 m
Cost of borrow = P5 per cu. m. Cost of haul = P0.25 per meter station
Shrinkage and Swelling Stationing of one limit of free haul = 2+763.12 Stationing of one limit of economical haul = 2+948.03
Assume the ground surface has a uniform slope from cut to fill.
- Shrinkage or swell factor- It is well know
Area
that 1 cu. m. of excavation on amount will not Station
occupies exactly 1 cu. m. of space in the fill, so Cut (sq m) Fill (sq m)
adjusting is required. This can be done by using 2+440 51
the shrinkage or swell factor. 2+740 0 Balancing point
3+040 69

a. Compute the length of economic haul

b. Compute the overhaul volume
c. Compute the volume of borrow
d. Compute the volume of waste

Lesson 3.4. Earthwork Distribution Analysis Lesson 3.4. Earthwork Distribution Analysis

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Sample Problem Sample Problem Waste Overhaul volume Borrow

Area 300 Free haul distance = 50 m 300

Station Cost of borrow = P5 per cu. m.
Cut (sq m) Fill (sq m) 208.03 208.03
51 Cost of haul = P0.25 per meter station 51
2+440 51 h3 h4 23.12 184.91 91.97 h3 h4 23.12 184.91 91.97
Stationing of one limit of free haul = 2+763.12
2+740 0 Balancing point Stationing of one limit of economical haul = 2+948.03
h2 h2
300-x z y h1 300-x z y h1
3+040 69
2+763.12 69 a. Compute the limit of economical haul 2+763.12 69
x x
2+948.03 2+948.03
Free haul distance = 50 m 300 300
2 + 440 2 + 740 2 + 440 2 + 740
Cost of borrow = P5 per cu. m. 3 + 040 3 + 040
Cost of haul = P0.25 per meter station
Stationing of one limit of free haul = 2+763.12
Stationing of one limit of economical haul = Cb ( 20)
LEH FHD
2+948.03 Ch
5( 20)
LEH 50
0.25
LEH 450 m

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Sample Problem
Free haul distance = 50 m Waste Overhaul volume Borrow
Sample Problem Waste Overhaul volume Borrow
Cost of borrow = P5 per cu. m.
Free haul distance = 50 m
Cost of haul = P0.25 per meter station 300 300
Stationing of one limit of free haul = 2+763.12 208.03 Cost of borrow = P5 per cu. m. 208.03
Stationing of one limit of economical haul = 2+948.03 51 Cost of haul = P0.25 per meter station 51
h3 h4 23.12 184.91 91.97 h3 h4 23.12 184.91 91.97
Stationing of one limit of free haul = 2+763.12
b. Compute the overhaul volume h2 Stationing of one limit of economical haul = 2+948.03 h2
58.03 z=215.09 y=26.88 h1 58.03 215.09 26.88 h1
x  450  208.03 y  50  23.12 z  241.97  26.88 69 69
x=241.97 2+763.12 c. Compute the volume of borrow 241.97 2+763.12
x  241.97m y  26.88 m z  215.09 m
2+948.03 2+948.03
300 (h 69) 300
2 + 440 2 + 740 Volume of borrow 1 (91.97) 2 + 440 2 + 740
h1 69 h3 51 3 + 040 2 3 + 040
 
208.03 300 241.97 300
( h h ) ( 47.8569)
Overhaul Volume 3 4 ( 215.09) Volume of borrow  ( 91.97)
h1 47.85 m 2 h3  41.13 m 2 2 2

h2 69 h4 51 ( 41.134.57)
  Overhaul Volume (215.09) Volume of borrow  5373.35 m 3
23.12 300 26.88 300 2

h2  5.32 m 2 h4  4.57 m 2
Overhaul Volume 4915 m 3

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Sample Problem Waste

Overhaul volume
Borrow
Free haul distance = 50 m 300
Cost of borrow = P5 per cu. m. 208.03
Cost of haul = P0.25 per meter station 51 h3 h4 23.12 184.91 91.97
Stationing of one limit of free haul = 2+763.12
Stationing of one limit of economical haul = 2+948.03 h2
58.03 215.09 26.88 h1
d. Compute the volume of waste 2+763.12 69
241.97
2+948.03
( h3 51) 300
Volume of waste (58.03) 2 + 440 2 + 740
2 3 + 040

(5141.13)
Volume of waste  (58.03)
2

Volume of waste 2673.15 m 3

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