M.A.
(DLB) 0688, JSIA
GOVERNANCE OF
MIGRATION
SPRING 2025 SANJAY BHATTACHARYYA JINDAL GLOBAL UNIV
MIGRATION CONCEPTS
Issues & challenges for policy
Scale & nature of migration
Drivers, types and phases of migration
Migration & other transnational issues
Approach to cooperation
Theories of Migration
MIGRATION
KEY ISSUES & CHALLENGES
Linking issues to policy objectives
• Understand scale and forms of
International migration in 21st century
• Discuss drivers of & barriers to migration
• Examine phases of migration process
• Link to transnational issues
• Importance of cooperation in managing
migration
• Domestic policy and migration
governance
MIGRATION
SCALE & NATURE
Migrant ow - people who move
from the country during a given time
period from other country
Migrant stock - all people who
reside in the country at a given point
of time who are either born in other
country or do not hold national
citizenship, Including stateless
persons
UN DESA, UNHCR
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MIGRATION
GROWTH & FLOWS
Origin/Source
country
Destination
country
MIGRATION
FORMS
Main categories for admission (OECD,
pre-Covid)
• Family reunion purposes 36% (1.8 m)
• Free movement agreements 28%
• Humanitarian purposes 10% (decrease
since 2016)
• Work 14% (permanent under 0.75 m,
temporary over 5 m)
• Accompanying family 6%
• Other Reasons, including students 7%
MIGRATION TAKEAWAYS
SCALE & NATURE
The number of people living outside of their country of origin has grown
signi cantly
Migrants remain relatively small and stable proportion of the worlds total
population, though few communities may have seen major change, migrants spend
time in transit countries often heading to rich countries
International migration is a large and growing phenomenon (281 m in 2020) but
represent only 3.6% of world population
International migrants are about equally divided by gender, but a large majority are
of working age
Family reuni cation is the major category of admission. FTAs contribute large share
compared to work visa for others. Humanitarian admissions are slowing down
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MIGRATION
MAIN DRIVERS
Macrolevel drivers - economics,
democracy, social, political,
environmental
Meso level factors - age, gender,
income level
Microlevel considerations - personal,
household
Intervening factors - human nature,
nancial, bene ts, cost of moving,
policy structure
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MIGRATION
ECONOMIC DRIVERS
Classical macroeconomic theory -
di erence in income
New economic theory - reduce risk,
diversify income source, remittances
Global economy - skill/education based
Economic di erences - opportunity
based
Demographic - Youth employment
Future of work - new trends, AI, digital
nomads
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MIGRATION
DEMOGRAPHIC / SOCIAL DRIVERS
Fertility rates and replacement
migration
Social customs and rules
Family formation and reunion
Education
Role of social networks
MIGRATION
POLITICAL DRIVERS
Emergence of new states - nationality,
citizenship, sleeplessness
Disturbance due to con ict - political
instability, con ict, human rights
Policy towards migrants - economic
migrants (domestic law), refugees (HR
convention, refugee convention)
Domestic policy - discrimination, HR,
gender
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MIGRATION
ENVIRONMENTAL DRIVERS
Droughts - deserti cation, land degradation,
habitat loss, ecosystem damage
Rising sea level and coastal erosion
Natural disasters - earthquake, ood, re,
tornado, tsunami
Con ict over natural resources - political
instability, communal, ethnic, religious
divisions, displacement of people
Judge business school case study -
extraction of critical mineral in Amazon
rainforest, Target setting and outcomes
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MIGRATION TAKEAWAYS
DRIVERS OF MIGRATION
International migration is multi-causal, involving macro level, micro level
and intervening factors
Drivers include economic, political, demographic, environmental and
socio-cultural forces
Facilitators and barriers to migration are important in determining
whether individuals and households are able to move to another country
Governance models built on consultations with stakeholder interest
provide sustainable solutions
BREAK
MIGRATION
TYPES OF MIGRATION
SAFE, ORDERLY AND REGULAR
MIGRATION
Movement of persons in keeping both
with the laws and regulations governing IRREGULAR MIGRATION IRREGULAR STAY
exit from, entry and return to and stay in Movement of persons that
States and with States’ international law The presence on the
takes place outside the laws, territory of a State, of a
obligations, in a manner in which the regulations, or international
human dignity and well-being of non-national who does not
agreements governing the fulfil, or no longer fulfils
migrants are upheld, their rights are entry into or exit from the
respected, protected and fulfilled and the conditions of entry,
State of origin, transit or stay or residence in the
the risks associated with the movement destination.
of people are acknowledged and State
mitigated
MIGRATION
REGULAR & FORCED
REGULAR MIGRATION FORCED MIGRATION
Labour migration - seasonal, temporary A migratory movement which, although
Family formation & reunion - spouse, the drivers can be diverse, involves
minor children, adult members force, compulsion, or coercion.
Education - university/higher education,
schools, language centres, skills A continuum prevails in most instances
MIGRATION TAKEAWAYS
TYPES OF MIGRATION
No legal de nition of safe, orderly, regular or irregular migration. States
use these terms to distinguish between movements that are in accord
with international and international law and take place in a banner that
protects the rights of migrants from those that occur outside these
frameworks
Most migration is neither totally voluntary nor totally forced; rather there
is a continuum from what is mostly voluntary to what is mostly forced
Categories used by states tend to characterise migrants by where they t
along this continuum - Labour migrants and those moving Family or study
purposes are considered to be voluntary migrants and those migrating
because of con ict and disasters considered to be forced migrants
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MIGRATION
PHASES AND CYCLES
Di erent phases of Migration process
• Pre-departure
• Transit
• Arrival
• Stay and work
• Integration
• Return and reintegration
• Review
Speci c policy approach for di erent phases
bene ts governance
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MIGRATION
PRE-DEPARTURE/TRANSIT
Documents - passport, visa, job o er,
nancial records, health assessment, etc
Immigration and immigration
requirements
Training, orientation
Travel, transit arrangements
Cost - regular or irregular migration
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MIGRATION
ARRIVAL & STAY
Visa border control - entry permit
Immigration, residence permit
Repatriation for illegals
Stay permit - work, study, illegal or
asylum
Permanent residency, non-refoulment
MIGRATION
CIRCULAR & INTEGRATION
Circular migration
Third country mobility
Integration and re-integration
Expulsion or repatriation
Social Security
MIGRATION TAKEAWAYS
CYCLE & PHASES
Di erent issues arise and must be addressed at di erent phases of
migration. The same policy framework do not necessarily work in each
phase
States de ne speci c policies for di erent phases in line with Labour
market requirements, domestic law and adherence to International
conventions
Policies tend to focus on speci c priorities and are dynamic in nature
to achieve long-term sustainability
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CASE STUDY
DEPORTATIONS FROM USA
Facts of the case - bilateral cooperation
Legal issues - illegal, irregular
Humanitarian issues - restraint, military
aircraft, information
Issues for consultation and negotiation -
domestic and external measures
Implications for policy review -
immigration law, manpower agents, safe
and legal channels, SOP for return
Other issues - governance
DISCUSSION
