MATRICES AND MATRIX OPERATIONS
DEFINITION
A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers. The numbers in the array are called the entries in the matrix.
The size of a matrix is described in terms of the number of rows (horizontal lines) and columns (vertical
lines) it contains.
A matrix with only one row is called a row vector (or a row matrix), and a matrix with only one column is
called a column vector (or a column matrix).
DEFINITION
A general m × n matrix is given by
DEFINITION
A matrix A with n rows and n columns is called a square matrix of order n, and the
shaded entries a11, a22, . . . , ann are said to be on the main diagonal of A.
EQUALITY OF MATRICES
Two matrices are defined to be equal if they
have the same size and their corresponding
entries are equal.
ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION
ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION
The expressions A + C, B + C, A − C, and B − C are undefined.
SCALAR MULTIPLES
SCALAR MULTIPLES
MULTIPLYING MATRICES
The definition of matrix multiplication requires that the
number of columns of the first factor A be the same as
the number of rows of the second factor B in order to
form the product AB.
MULTIPLYING MATRICES
MULTIPLYING MATRICES
The computations for the remaining entries are
MULTIPLYING MATRICES
Matrix multiplication has an important application to systems of linear equations.
Consider a system of m linear equations in n unknowns:
Since two matrices are equal if and only if
their corresponding entries are equal, we can
replace the m equations in this system by the
single matrix equation:
MULTIPLYING MATRICES
The m × 1 matrix on the left side of this equation can be written as a product to give
If we designate these matrices by A, x, and b, respectively, then we can replace the original system of m
equations in n unknowns by the single matrix equation:
Coefficient matrix
Non-homogeneous term
Unknown matrix
TRANSPOSE OF A MATRIX
Examples:
PROPERTIES OF A TRANSPOSE
TRACE OF A MATRIX
Example:
PROPERTIES OF MATRIX ADDITION AND SCALAR
MULTIPLICATION
Assuming that the sizes
of the matrices are such
that the indicated
operations can be
performed, the
following rules of
matrix arithmetic are
valid.
ZERO MATRIX
A matrix whose entries are all zero is called a zero matrix.
Example: Properties of Zero Matrices
If c is a scalar, and if the sizes of the matrices are such
that the operations can be performed, then:
IDENTITY MATRIX
A square matrix with 1’s on the main diagonal and zeros elsewhere is called
an identity matrix.
Example:
INVERSE OF A MATRIX
The relationship AB = BA = I is not changed by interchanging A and B, so if A is
invertible and B is an inverse of A, then it is also true that B is invertible, and A is an
inverse of B. Thus, when
AB = BA = I
we say that A and B are inverses of one another.
INVERSE OF A MATRIX
Example:
Thus, A and B are invertible and each is an inverse of the other.
INVERSE OF A MATRIX
If A is invertible, then its inverse will be denoted by the symbol A-1 .Thus,
If A and B are invertible matrices with the same size, then AB is invertible and
A product of any number of invertible matrices is invertible, and the inverse of the
product is the product of the inverses in the reverse order.
EXAMPLE
PROPERTIES OF MATRIX EXPONENTS
If A is a square matrix and m and n are integers then,
AmAn=Am+n and (Am)n = Amn
SQUARE OF A MATRIX SUM
In matrix arithmetic, where we have no commutative law for multiplication, the best we
can do is to write
It is only in the special case where A and B commute (i.e., AB = BA) that we can go a
step further and write
MATRIX POLYNOMIAL
If A is a square matrix, say n × n, and if
is any polynomial, then we define the n × n matrix p(A) to be
where I is the n × n identity matrix; that is, p(A) is obtained by substituting A for x and replacing the
constant term a0 by the matrix a0 I. This is called a matrix polynomial in A.
MATRIX POLYNOMIAL
Example: Find p(A) for
p(A) = 0
A, B, C, D, and E are matrices with the following sizes:
Give the size of the resulting matrix.
1. ABT
2. E(5B + A)
Use the following matrices to compute the indicated expression if it is
defined.
1. (CTB)AT
2. tr(4ET − D)
1. (CTB)AT
2. tr(4ET − D)
