Maths Extension 2 - Complex Numbers
Complex Number Rules
! z = x + iy ! A complex number is represented in this
form
! z = x – iy ! The conjugate, z , is x – iy
! z = rcis ! The Modulus-Argument (Mod-Arg) form
_____OR of representing a complex number
! z = r(cosθ + isinθ)
! r= x2 + y 2 ! The Modulus of a complex number
Note: |z| = r
y ! The Argument of a complex number
! θ = tan-1
x Note: arg z = θ
! |z1z2| = |z1||z2| ! (left) Multiplication and Division rules of
the Modulus and the Argument
z1 |z |
! = 1
z2 | z2 |
! arg(z1z2) = argz1 + argz2 ± 2π
! (below) More complex number rules
z
! arg 1 = arg z1 − arg z2 ± 2π
z2
! |z| = | z | = x2 + y 2 ! z z = |z|2 = | z |2 = x2 + y2
! z + z = 2x ! z1 z2 = z1 z2
! z - z = 2yi z z
! 1 = 1
z2 z2
! z1 ± z2 = z1 ± z2
1 z
! arg z = –arg z ! z-1 = = 2
z z
! zn + 1 = (z + 1)(zn-1 – zn-2 + … - z + 1)_______________n is odd
! zn – 1 = (z - 1)(zn-1 + zn-2 + … + z + 1)_______________n is odd
! zn – 1 = (z - 1)(z + 1)(zn-2 + zn-4 + … + z + 1)_________-n is even
! arg (zn) = n arg z
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Maths Extension 2 - Complex Numbers
General Ideas of Complex Numbers
Complex Numbers are written in the form of a real part and an imaginary part
Complex Number = x + iy
Real =x
Imaginary =y
i = −1
i2 = –1
i3 = –i
i4 =1 P(x,y)
Modulus
r
|z| = r = x2 + y 2
Argument
y θ
arg z = θ = tan-1
x
Modulus-Argument form of a Complex Number
z = r(cosθ + isinθ) x y
z = rcisθ cosθ = sinθ =
r r
x = rcosθ y = rsinθ
∴ z = x + iy
= rcisθ + isinθ
= r(cosθ + isinθ)
= rcisθ
Euler’s Formula eiθ = cosθ = isinθ
DeMoivre’s Theorem zn = rncis nθ
(cosθ + i sin θ ) n = cos nθ + i sin nθ
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Maths Extension 2 - Complex Numbers
Proof by Mathematical Induction
(cosθ + i sin θ ) n = cos nθ + i sin nθ
Let n = 1
LHS RHS
_ (cosθ + i sin θ ) 1 = cos(1)θ + i sin(1)θ
= cosθ + i sin θ = cosθ + i sin θ
∴true for n = 1
Assume true for n = k
_ (cosθ + i sin θ ) k = cos kθ + i sin kθ
Let n = k + 1
_ (cosθ + i sin θ ) k +1 = cos(k + 1)θ + i sin( k + 1)θ
= (cosθ + i sin θ )1 (cosθ + i sin ϑ ) k
= (cosθ + i sin θ )(cos kθ + i sin kϑ )
= cosθ cos kθ − sin θ sin kθ + i cosθ sin kθ + i sin θ cosθ
= cos(θ + kθ ) + i sin(θ + kθ )
= cos(k + 1)θ + i sin(k + 1)θ
= RHS
∴true for n = k + 1
True for n = 1
True for n = k
True for n = k + 1
∴True for all positive integer values of n
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Maths Extension 2 - Complex Numbers
Expressing Complex Numbers in Mod-Arg Form
–3 + 3i
Mod
z = x2 + y 2
= 9+9
= 18
=3 2
Arg θ
y
θ = tan-1
x
3 z = rcisθ
= tan-1
−3
3π 3π
= tan-1 –1 ∴ −3 + 3i = 3 2 cos + i sin
= 135° 4 4
3π
=
4
Expressing Complex Numbers in x + iy form
3π
2cis
2
3π 3π
= 2 cos + i sin
2 2
1 1
= 2 − +i
2 2
= –1 + i
Express in x + iy form from a quadratic formula
−1± 1− 4
x = 1 3
2 =− + i
2 2
− 1 ± 3 × −1
= Conjugate pairs
2 1 3
=− − i
− 1 ± 3i 2 2
=
2
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Maths Extension 2 - Complex Numbers
Theory Example
Addition
(a + ib) + (c + id) = a + ib + c + id (3 + 4i) + (2 + 5i) = 3 + 4i + 2 + 5i
= (a + c) + i(b + d) = 5 + 9i
Subtraction
(a + ib) – (c + id) = a + ib – c – id (3 + 4i) - (2 + 5i) = 3 + 4i – 2 – 5i
= (a – c) + i(b – d) =1–i
Multiplication
(a + ib)(c + id) = ac + iad + ibc – bd (3 + 4i)(2 + 5i) = 6 + 15i + 8i – 20
= (ac – bd) + i(ad + bc) = –14 + 23i
Division
a + ib a + ib c − id 3 + 4i 3 + 4i 2 − 5i
= × = ×
c + id c + id c − id 2 + 5i 2 + 5i 2 − 5i
ac − iad + ibc + bd 6 − 15i + 8i + 20
= =
c2 + d 2 4 + 25
(ac + bd ) (bc − ad ) 26 7
= +i 2 = −i
c2 + d 2 c − d2 29 29
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Maths Extension 2 - Complex Numbers
Finding Square Roots of Complex Numbers
x + iy = a + ib
x + iy = (a + ib)2
= a2 – b2 + 2aib
∴ x = a2 – b2
y = 2aib
Eg. Find the Square Root of 5 + 12i
5 + 12i = a + ib
5 + 12i = a2 – b2 + 2aib
5 = a2 – b2 12 = 2ab
6 = ab
6
a=
b
36
5= 2
– b2 ! Simultaneous Equations
b
! Find b
5b2 = 36 – b4
0 = b4 + 5b2 – 36
0 = (b2 – 4)(b2 + 9)
∴ b = ±2
6 6
a= a=
2 −2
=3 = –3
Because square roots of ! 3 + 2i
complex numbers come in ____OR
conjugate pairs, 5 + 12i = ! –3 –2i
To test these, we just square them
(3 + 2i)2 = (3 + 2i)(3 + 2i) (–3 –2i)2 = (–3 –2i)(–3 –2i)
= 9 + 12i – 4 = 9 + 12i – 4
= 5 + 12i = 5 + 12i
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Maths Extension 2 - Complex Numbers
Complex Numbers on the Argand Diagram
Z2
Z1
Addition of Vectors Subtraction of Vectors
Add tip to tail Flip the tail, and do a normal addition
|z1 + z2| ≤ |z1| + |z2| |z1 – zz| ≥ |z1| – |z2|
z1 – zz
z2 – z1
Multiplication of vectors
Z3 arg z3 = arg z1 + arg z2
|z3| = |z1||z2|
z4 = iz2
Z4
Multiplication of i, is a rotation through an
π
angle of in the anti-clockwise direction.
Z2
2
Division of i, is a rotation through an angle of
Z1
π
in the clockwise direction.
2
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Maths Extension 2 - Complex Numbers
LOCUS
|z – (a + ib)| = |z – (x + iy)|
|z – (–4 + 3i)| = |z – (–2 – 5i)|
by first principles:
|x + iy + 4 – 3i| = |x + iy + 2 + 5i|
-4+3i |(4 + x) + i(–3 + y)| = |(2 + x) + i(5 + y)|
(4 + x )2 + (− 3 + y )2 = (2 + x )2 + (5 + y )2
x 2 + y 2 + 8 x − 6 y + 25 = x 2 + y 2 + 4 x + 10 y + 29
8x 6y + 25 = 4 x + 10 y + 4
16 y = 4x − 4
x 1
∴y = −
-2-5i 4 4
|z – (a + ib)| = k k is the distance
|z – 2| =3
by first principles:
|x + iy – 2| =3
3
(x − 2) 2
+ y2 =3
2
( x − 2) + y
2 2
__= 9
arg( z − a)
=θ
arg( z − b)
π
arg(z – 1) – arg(z + 1) = ________OR
4
arg( z − 1) π
=
arg( z + 1) 4
A B Can either be 2 circles
Check the angle ± ?
Work out the locus by drawing a line and
estimating the angle
A = arg(z + 1)
B = arg(z – 1)
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