Proofs and logic

CONDITIONALS AND EULER DIAGRAMS

1. Write the if-then statement that corresponds to the Euler diagram.

2. True or false? The if-then statement is true based on the Euler

diagram.

“If a student passed the geometry final, then they got an A.”

3. True or false? The statement is true based on the Euler diagram.

“If a student took the Geometry final exam, then they passed the
test.”

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 4. Draw an Euler diagram for the statement “All quadrilaterals are
polygons.”

5. If Mike drinks beer, write the if-then statement that corresponds to the
Euler diagram.

6. Make a conclusion about the fish named Albert.

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CONVERSES, INVERSES, AND CONTRAPOSITIVES

1. Write the converse for the if-then statement.

“If M is a midpoint of AB, then AM = MB.”

2. Write the converse for the if-then statement.

“If a polygon is a triangle, the sum of its angles is 180∘.

3. Write the converse of the if-then statement. Then determine if the

converse is always, sometimes, or never true.

“If ∠1 and ∠2 are vertical angles, then they are congruent.”

4. Write the converse of the if-then statement. Determine if the converse

is true or false. If it’s false, provide a counterexample.

“If an animal is a cow, then it has four legs.”

5. Write the converse, inverse, and contrapositives of the if-then

statement. Determine whether each of them is true or false.

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 “If a quadrilateral is a rectangle, then it has two pairs of parallel
sides.”

6. Write the converse, inverse, and contrapositives of the given if-then

statement. Determine whether each of them is true or false.

“If two angles are congruent, then they have the same measure.”

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ARRANGING CONDITIONALS IN A LOGICAL CHAIN

1. Fill in the blank with a logical conclusion.

All parallelograms have four sides.

All four-sided figures are quadrilaterals.

All parallelograms __________.

2. If Jane’s alarm does not go off, she will be late to school. If Jane is late
to school, she will get in trouble. Jane got in trouble. Can a valid conclusion
be drawn? Explain.

3. What is the conclusion of the logic chain?

1. If a driver is going 60 mph, he is speeding.

2. If he is speeding, he will receive a speeding ticket.

4. Given that all squares are rectangles, rewrite this statement “JKLM is a
rectangle” in if-then form. Can a valid conclusion be drawn?

5. Arrange the conditional statements into a logical chain.

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 A) If Joanna’s house is warm, then she feels comfortable.

B) If it’s cold outside, Joanna turns on her fireplace.

C) If Joanna turns on her fireplace, then her house is warm.

6. Write the missing statement that makes the conclusion true.

1. If Cliff works more hours this month, he will earn more money.

2. __________

3. If he is able to buy more books, then his library will get bigger.

Conclusion: If Cliff works more hours this month, his library will get
bigger.

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ISOSCELES TRIANGLE THEOREM

1. Find the values of x and y.

2. △ JKL is isosceles with vertex angle K. JK = 4x − 5, LK = 3x + 8, and

m∠J = (2x + 4)∘. Find m∠L.

3. Find m∠ABC.

4. Find x.

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5. Calculate the values of x and y.

6. Find the measure of ∠CBA and ∠DAC.

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CPCTC

1. Fill in the blank. Given △ LMO ≅ △ SQR, LO ≅ __________.

2. Determine whether ∠M ≅ ∠N.

3. △ DOG ≅ △ TCA by SSS. What three conclusions can be drawn by

CPCTC?

4. Given ∠1 ≅ ∠3 and ∠2 ≅ ∠4, prove AB ≅ CD.

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 5. Given that L is the midpoint of JN and KM, prove JK ≅ NM.

6. Given that △ CAB is an isosceles triangle, that D is the midpoint of CE,

and that E is the midpoint of BD, prove that △ DAE is isosceles.

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DIRECT PROOFS

1. In trapezoid ABCD, AB ∥ CD and diagonals AC and BD intersect each

other at O. Using properties of similar triangles, show that

AO BO
=
OC OD

2. Prove the Perpendicular Transversal Theorem, which states that, if a

line is perpendicular to one of two parallel lines, then it is perpendicular to
the other as well.

3. The measure of an exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of

the measures of the two remote interior angles. Given that ∠PRS is an
exterior angle of △ PQR, prove that m∠PRS = m∠PQR + m∠QPR.

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 4. Given that △ ABC is equilateral, prove that its angle bisector is also a
median.

5. Prove that △ ABE ≅ △ ACE.

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 6. Prove that △ MAR ≅ △ RKM, if MR is a diameter of circle O and
AR ≅ MK.

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INDIRECT PROOFS

1. If BA is not perpendicular to BD, use an indirect proof to show that

angles ∠1 and ∠2 are not complementary.

2. Use an indirect proof to show that an angle bisector is unique.

3. Prove indirectly that, in an isosceles triangle, neither of the base

angles can be a right angle.

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 4. Given that two angles are supplementary, use an indirect proof to
show that they can’t both be obtuse.

5. If △ ABC is a right triangle and ∠C is a right angle, use an indirect

proof to show that AB > BC and AB > AC.

6. Use an indirect proof to prove that ∠F and ∠M are not congruent,

given that ∠G and ∠N are congruent, segments GF and NM are congruent,
and segments GE and NL are not congruent.

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PARAGRAPH PROOFS

1. The point C is between A and B so that AC ≅ CB. Write a paragraph

proof showing that C is the midpoint of AB.

2. Given that AC intersects CD, use a paragraph proof to show that

points A, C, and D define a plane.

3. Use a paragraph proof to prove that AB ≅ AD given that AC bisects

∠BAD and ∠BCD.

4. Prove that the measures of the interior angles of a triangle sum to 180∘
given that the measure of an exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the
sum of the measures of the two remote interior angles,
m∠BCD = m∠A + m∠B.

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 5. Prove that alternate interior angles are congruent ∠2 ≅ ∠3 given that
alternate exterior angles ∠1 ≅ ∠4 are congruent.

6. If ∠1 and ∠2 are complementary, ∠2 and ∠3 are complementary, and

BD as a bisector of ∠ABC, show that m∠1 = 45∘.

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TWO-COLUMN PROOFS

1. Write a two-column proof to prove that ∠1 ≅ ∠2, given that ∠1 is

supplementary to ∠3 and ∠2 is supplementary to ∠3.

2. Given that B is the midpoint of AC, AB = 5x, and BC = 3x + 16, prove that
x = 8.

3. If AB and CD bisect each other at M and AM ≅ DM, prove that

CD = AM + DM.

4. If ∠AEB is a complement of ∠BEC, prove that m∠AED = 90∘.

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 5. Prove ∠1 ≅ ∠3 given that lines k and m intersect.

6. Angles ∠B and ∠C are supplementary, angles ∠A and ∠D are

supplementary, and ∠B ≅ ∠D. Prove that ∠A ≅ ∠C.

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FLOWCHART PROOFS

1. Use a flowchart proof to show that the measure of an exterior angle of

a triangle at C is equal to the sum of the measures of the two remote
interior angles at A and B.

2. Use a flowchart proof to show that the perpendicular from the center
of a circle to a chord is the bisector of the chord.

3. Given m∠1 = m∠3, use a flowchart proof to show that m∠CAE = m∠BAD.

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 4. Use a flowchart proof to show that two angles which are
supplementary to the same angle are also congruent.

5. Given CE ≅ DE and ∠C ≅ ∠D, use a flowchart proof to show that

AE ≅ BE.

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 6. Use a flowchart proof to show that, if two chords of a circle are
congruent, they have congruent central angles.

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COORDINATE PROOFS

1. Write a coordinate proof to show that △ EBA ≅ △ EDC.

2. Use a coordinate proof to show that the three segments joining the
midpoints of the sides of an isosceles triangle form another isosceles
triangle.

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 3. Write a coordinate proof for the statement “The midpoint of the
hypotenuse of a right triangle is the same distance from the three vertices
of the triangle.”

4. Write a coordinate proof to show that △ ABC is isosceles if A(−2, − 1),

B(1,4), and C(4, − 1).

5. The vertices of a quadrilateral are A(−2,2), B(0,8), C(8,14), and D(6,2).

Write a coordinate proof to show that the quadrilateral formed by joining
the midpoints of its sides is a parallelogram.

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 6. Using a coordinate proof, show that adding m units to each x
-coordinate and k units to each y-coordinate of the vertices of a triangle
will result in a figure that’s congruent to the original triangle.

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Related Glossary Terms
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