Welcome to the Maths Gym Workshops
Integration
Starting at 2pm UK
Dr. Emma Coutts
02-10-2020
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Outline
Quick recap of integration applied to simple functions.
Partial fractions and applying them to integration problems.
Integration by Parts.
Integration by substitution.
More examples.
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Integration Table
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Simple functions
Z
(x 3 + 2x 2 − 2)dx
x4
1
4 + x3 + c
x2
2
2 + 2x + c
x4 2x 3
3
4 + 3 − 2x + c
4 3x 2 + 4x
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Simple functions
Z
sin(x)dx
1 cos(x) + c
2 − cos(x)
3
sin2 (x)
2
4 − cos(x) + c
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Simple functions
Z
e 3x dx
1 e 3x + c
2 3e 3x
1 3x
3e +c
3
4 4x
e +c
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What about non-standard functions?
What happens if the integrand does not appear in the table of standard
integrals?
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What about non-standard functions?
What happens if the integrand does not appear in the table of standard
integrals?
Force it into the form of a standard integrand!
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What about non-standard functions?
What happens if the integrand does not appear in the table of standard
integrals?
Force it into the form of a standard integrand!
1
R R 1 1 1 1
Partial Fractions e.g. x 2 +x−2 dx = 3 x−1 − 3 x+2
0
R R
By Parts e.g. x sin(x)dx = u(x)v (x)
Substitution e.g. cos(x)
R
sin(x) dx, let u = sin(x)
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Partial Fractions
p(x)
Use this technique when you have an algebraic fraction i.e. q(x) , where
p(x) and q(x) are polynomials.
When deg p(x) > deg q(x), then first perform a polynomial long
division.
When deg p(x) < deg q(x), factorise q(x), then use technique of
partial fractions to split into component parts.
ax+b A B
(cx+d)(ex+f ) = cx+d + ex+f
ax+b A B C
(cx+d)2 (ex+f ) = cx+d + (cx+d)2 + ex+f
ax+b Ax+b C
(cx 2 +dx+e)(fx+g ) = (cx 2 +dx+e) + fx+g
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Partial Fractions
Z
x +5
dx
2x 2 − x − 1
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Integration by Parts
Use this technique when you have the integral of a product of two functions
(especially if they are on the table), u(x) and v 0 (x).
Z Z
uv dx = uv − u 0 vdx
0
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Integration by Parts
Use this technique when you have the integral of a product of two functions
(especially if they are on the table), u(x) and v 0 (x).
Z Z
uv dx = uv − u 0 vdx
0
How to choose u and v 0 ? A rule of thumb (not set in stone!)
Log function
Inverse trig function
Powers of x
Trig functions
Exponential functions
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Integration by Parts
Z
x cos(2x)dx
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Substitution
Use this technique if the others don’t work! This technique can be used in
a few different situations:
If the integrand has the general form of a function in the table but bit
more complicated e.g (x + 3)4
If the integrand has a product of two function, where √ one looks like
0 2
the derivative of the other, f (g (x))g (x), e.g. 3x x 3 − 4
Trig substitutions
√ can be used when the integrand has a square root
similar to a2 ± b 2 x 2 - beyond today’s session.
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Substitution
Z
1
dx
5x − 2
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Substitution
Z
cos x
dx
(3 − sin x)
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