STATION BATTERY

 PROTECTION & CONTROL

1. SWITCHING OPERATIONS OF C.B.s.
2. INDICATIONS:-
LAMPS/SEMAPHORE/ANNUNCIATORS
3. ENERGIZING & HOLDING OPERATING COILS IN
PROTECTION RELAYS,INTERLOCK SYSTEMS.
 POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION
 EMERGENCY LIGHTING
 U.P.S. TO SCADA.

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 DETAILS LEAD ACID BATTERY

1. CONTAINER – HARD RUBBER

2. +VE PLATE – LEAD DIOXIDE (PbO2)

3. -VE PLATE – SPONGY LEAD (Pb)

4. ELECTROLYTE – DILUTE SULPHURIC ACID (H2SO4)

5. NO. OF CELLS – 55 CELLS FOR 110V AND 110 CELLS FOR 220V DC

6. EFFICIENCY – 95 – 100%

7. INITIAL SPECIFIC GRAVITY – 1180 – 1190

8. INITIAL CHARGING – 5 TO 6 TIMES OF AH

9. SELF DISCHARGE – 30% PER MONTH

10. MAX. VOLT. OUTPUT OF CELL – 2.2V

 BATTERY CAPACITY
IT IS THE 10 HOUR RATED DISCHARGE
CAPACITY OF THE BATTERY WHEN IT IS
DISCHARGED AT CONSTANT CURRENT (
10%OF AH) FROM FULLY CHARGED CONDITIO
N i.e. 2.2V. TILL THE FINAL VOLTAGE OF 1.8
5V IS REACHED

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 BATTERY CAPACITY
Eg. 200Ah : 10 Hrs @20 Amps till 1.85 VPC
1000 Ah :10 Hrs @100 Amps till 1.85 VPC
CURRENT EQUIVALENT OF 10% OF AH
CAPACITY IS TERMED AS “C10” CURRENT
SIMILARLY,6% CURRENT AS “C6” AND SO
ON---

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 % EFF. = C10 X TIME REQ. TO REACH 1.85V X 100
ACTUAL CAPACITY

Eg: IF A 200AH BATTERY IS DISCHARGED @20AMPS,

AND TIME REQD. TO REACH 1.85V IS 8HRS 30MIN,

THEN

% EFF.={20X8.5} X100 = 85%

200

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CRITICAL BATTERY VOLTAGE :

AS PER I.E.E.E 450:1975, 80% EFFICIENCY OR 80%

VOLTAGE IS THE LAST SAFE WORKABLE
VOLTAGE OF A BATTERY SET.

IF THE VOLTAGE OF A BATTERY SET DROPS DO

WN BELOW THIS VALUE, THE PROTECTIONS, CLOSING
COILS,ALARMS etc WILL NOT OPERATE AND THE EQUIP
MENT WILL FAIL IN THE EVENT OF OCCURANCE OF A
FAULT

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  CHEMICAL RECTION
+ve -ve
AT +VE PLATE
2PbO2 +4H +2e+↔ 2Pb+2H2O+2O
H++ H2SO4+O ↔ H2O+SO4
SO4--

Pb+SO4 ↔ PbSO4
AT -VE PLATE
PbO2 Pb
Pb+SO4 +2e-↔ PbSO4
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1+VE CHARGE ON ELECTRON =1.602X10-19COULOMB & 60X60 COULOMB=1Amp.Hr.
 +VE -VE
AT +VE PLATE
PbSO4 + O- ↔ PbO+SO4 --

SO4 -- +2H+ ↔ H2 SO4

o2 H2
PbO +O- ↔ PbO2

PbO2 +2O ↔ PbO2 +O2

PbSO4 PbSO4 AT -VE PLATE
PbSO4+2H+ ↔ Pb+H2SO4
H2O ↔2H ++O-

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Pb+2H+ ↔ Pb+H2
FACTORS DECIDING THE AH CAPACITY OF A
BATTERY SET

1. D.C LOAD IN THE S/S

a) MOMENTARY LOADS e.g. SWITCHING

“ON”/”OFF”
b) STEADY OR CONTINUOUS LOADS
e.g. INDICATING LAMPS,HOLDING COILS
OF RELAYS,INTERLOCK
Sys.,ANNUNCIATORS,SEMAPHORE IND etc.
c)EMERGENCY LIGHTS

THE LOADS TO BE CONVERTED INTO AMPS. &

MULTIPLIED BY DURATION IN HRS.
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 TO ACCOUNT FOR AGEING, MULTIPLY THE
LOAD BY 1.25.

FOR FUTURE EXPANSION, CAPACITY DETERMINED

AS ABOVE IS TO BE INCREASED BY 125%
THUS,
FOR A SMALLER 33 K.V. S/S, 100AH CAPACITY MAY BE
SUFFICIENT.

BUT FOR AN E.H.V. S/S OF 132 K.V. VOLTAGE RAT

ING, 200AH OR 300 AH CAPACITY IS GENERALLY PREFERR
ED.
FOR A 400 K.V. S/S GENERALLY 400 AH CAPACITY OF
THE BATTERY SET WITH ONE SET OF THE SAME
CAPACITY AS STAND BY IS PREFERRED.

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 FACTORS DECIDING THE VOLTAGE RATIN
G
OF A BATTERY SET

1. VOLTAGE RATING OF THE APPLIANCES.

2. NO. OF EQUIPTT. IN SWITCH YARD WHERE D.C I
S REQD.
3. YARD SIZE( I.e. THE FARTHEST DIST. FROM BAT
TERY ROOM WHERE THE LAST EQUIPTT REQ. D.
C.)CABLE DROP CONSIDERATION

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 STANDARD BATTERYSET VOLTAGE RATINGS
FOR
VARIOUS VOLTAGES OF SUB STATIONS

1. 132 K.V. : 110VOLTS

2. 220 K.V. : 110 OR 220VOLTS

3. 400 K.V. : 220 VOLTS WITH

ONE STAND BY SE
T
4. ALL P.L.C.C. EQUIPTTS : 48 VOLTS

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 D.C.D.B.ARRANGEMENT

+ve

-ve

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 CELL ARRRANGEMENT ON STAND
-VE
+ - + - + - + - + - +

1 2 3 4 5 6

+VE
- + - + - + - + - + -

55 54 53 52 51 50

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 BATTERY ELECTROLYTE
Electrolyte of adequate specific gravity is
supplied by the battery supplier.
Initial sp.Gr. may vary as per manuf
acturer’s requirements
i.e. Some mfr. May specify initial
sp.Gr. as 1185,
while the other may specify the initial s
p.Gr. as 1190.

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PREPARATION OF ELECTROLYTE SUITABLE
FOR LEAD ACID BATTERY
FOR 50 LITRES OF ACID
INITIAL FINAL SP.GR. QUANTITY OF QUANTITY
SP.GR. DIST.WATER IN OF ACID IN
LITRES LITRES

1840 1190 43 8.6

1840 1180 43.3 8.0
1400 1190 28.4 22.5
1400 1180 29.6 21.3

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 MAINTENANCE OF BATTERY

METHODS OF CHARGING:

Two different methods are adopted while charging the

battery in service.

1.Float charging./Trickle charging/slow charging.

2.Boost charging/quick charging

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 MAINTENANCE OF BATTERY

METHODS OF CHARGING:

Float charging :in this method,constant voltage

source is employed for charging.
In this arrangement, the voltage of the charger,the
battery & the load is the same.
The battery neither delivers the load current nor
does it take charging current.
It only takes small amount of current just to meet
the internal losses.

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The load current is catered by the charger.
In this arrangement the battery is charged @ 2.15V
.P.C. to 2.20 V.P.C.

If the battery is maintained on float for a longer time

, it starts becoming inactive.

When the a.c. Supply of the charger fails,battery del

ivers load current thereby discharging itself.If the sit
uation continues for a long period, it requires boost
charging on resumption of a.c. supply.
Because if it is continued with float charging only, it
will not reach its initial charged condition.

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 Here the requirement of boost charging is felt nec
essary.
In the boost charging,the cells are charged at a co
nstant current of c8 & 2.65v.P.C.But if such a high
voltage is applied to the battery, it will also appear
across the load & it would not be advisable.
To avoid this, the tap on 42nd cell in the 55cell/ 11
0v set is drawn.While boost is switched “on” it sim
ultaneously operates a contactor which in turn shifts
-

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Load from+ve terminal of 55th cell to

+Ve terminal OF 42ND CELL & THE VOLTAGE

APPEARING Across the load reduces to

2.65 x 42 =111.3v.

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 Combined Float & Boost Arrangement

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 MAINTENANCE OF A BATTERY SET

1.Weekly Maintenance: SWITCH OFF THE CHARGER

a) MEASURE SP.GR. OF ELECTROLYTE
OF ALL THE CELLS USING HYDROMETER.
SP.GR. SHOULD RANGE BETWEEN 1200 TO
1215.
b)TOP UP THE LEVEL OF ELECTROLYTE
WHEVER NECESSARY BY ADDING ONLY
DISTILLED WATER
c) CLEAN THE INTER CELL CONNECTOR
STRIPS & NUT BOLTS FREE FROM
SULPHATION. APPLY SLIGHT COAT OF
WHITE PETROLEUM JELLY TO THE N&B.
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 Temp. Correction Factor For Sp.Gr.

THE SP.GR. OF ELECTROLYTE VARIES WITH TEMP

. ANY READING OBSERVED ON HYDROMETER SH
OULD BE CORRECTED TO READ AT 27°C.
CORRECTION SHOULD BE MADE AS FOLLO
WS:
FOR EVERY 1°C.ABOVE 27°C. ADD 0.7 TO THE SP.
GR. AS READ ON HYDROMETER
FOR EX : If reading at 28°C. is 1200, then corrected readi
ng is
1200 + 0.7 = 1200.7 (OR 1.200+0.0007 =1.2007)

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FOR EVERY 1°C.BELOW 27°C. SUBTRACT 0.7 FRO
M THE SP. GR. AS READ ON HYDROMETER

FOR EX : If reading at 26°C. is 1200, then corrected readin

g is

1200 - 0.7 = 1199.3 (OR 1.200 - 0.0007 =1.1993)

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 Rubber Baloon

HYDROMETER
1100

Glass Tube

1220

1300

Rubber Tube

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E) Record voltage of every cell preferably by using digital Multi
meter. Voltage should range between 2.15v to 2.20v.
Also record the total set voltage

E) CLEAN THE CELL EXTERNALLY USING A CLEAN

DRY CLOTH. Avoid shortening of the terminals by any met
al objects such as spanners.

Do not leave any spanner on the top of the cell.

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F) Record temp. Of some of the cells randomly. Use only
alcohol type thermometer.

G) Clean the charger panel internally as well as externally.

Adjust the float voltage @2.15v.P.C.

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 QUARTERLY MAINTENANCE

1.Carry out the maintenance as per weekly maintenance.

2.Check & clean charger from inside.

3. Give boost charging treatment to the battery @ c8 con

stant current for 8 hours. During the boost charging,
vent plugs of all the cell should be kept removed to allo
w the gases to liberate freely in atmosphere.

4. Carry out maintenance of the exhaust fans

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 ANNUAL MAINTENANCE
1.Carry out all the maintenance as per quarterly maintena
nce procedure.
2.Give boost charge to battery @ C8 current.
3Carry out curative discharge test /%efficiency test as fol
lows.
4 Switch “off” the charger
5 Connect water load to charger through a spare feeder s
witch on D.C.D.B.
6.Check the total set voltage.
7.Through the water load start discharging the battery @
c10 constant current

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8. Note the time of starting the discharge.
9. Record half hourly readings of voltage & sp.Gr. Of every cell.

10. Note that discharging is to be continued till the voltage 1.85

V.P.C. Or 1.85v x no.Of cells(101.75 V in case of 110 v set) is r
eached ( whichever is earlier.)
11. After reaching the lowest voltage as mentioned above, stop di
scharging . Note the time while switching “off” the load.
12. The diff. Of the time readings is required
for calculation of the %efficiency of the
battery set.

%Eff. ={C10 x time in hrs to reach 1.85v }x100

{ Actual ah capacity }
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13. Put the battery on Boost Charge @C8 current
till 2.65 V P.C. is reached.

Note:
During the % Eff. Test, Weak cells can be notified.

The cells which reach the discharge earlier as compare

d to the other cells are known as
“Weak Cells”.

Replacing those weak cells, we can enhance the

efficiency of the set
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 Trouble Shooting in Battery Set
s.no. Symptom Trouble Remedy

1. Excessive Gassing Float voltage Reduce Float

& progressive rise in is set high voltage to
Sp.Gr. During 2.15 vpc
floating

Progressive lower Float voltage Increase

2. values in Sp.Gr. is set low. Float voltage
During floating to 2.15 vpc

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 Trouble Shooting in Battery Set
s.no. Symptom Trouble Remedy

3. Battery voltage Corroded Clean

falling too rapidly on terminals/exc terminals/
discharge essive Apply
sulphation petroleum
jelly/ give
boost charge.
Sulphation Give the cell
4. Continuous low separate
Sp.Gr. Of any cell in charge/
spite of normal discharge
voltage treatment
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- + - + -+ +- - + - +

7 8 9 10 11

Reversal Of Polarity of Cell

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 Trouble Shooting in Battery Set
s.no. Symptom Trouble Remedy

5. Reversed Polarity of Age old cell Immediately

any Cell It has remove the
dropped in cell from the
voltage below set.
1.6V &
Adjacent cells
are
overpowering
the weak cell.

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Earth Leakage : Its Reasons & Leakage Prone
Points

Various Points of Battery wiring may have got

earthed.

It is indicated in E.L.R.

E.L.Current above 20 mA is hazardous for battery

health.

It drains the battery fast & reduces its efficiency

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 EARTH LEAKAGE RELAY CONNECTIONS

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 E.L.Prone Points
1.Marshalling Boxes in Switch Yard (During rainy
Season).

2. Auxiliary Contact Wiring Insulation Damaged.

3.Alarm Bell Kept on Control panel with damaged

insulation of wiring.

4.Shorted Bulb Holder.

5.Direct leakage from Battery due leakage of electr

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olyte.
 NEGATIVE PLATE CONSTRUCTION
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 POSITIVE PLATE CONSTRUCTION
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43
 EXPLODED VIEW OF A BATTERY CELL IN GLASS
CONTAINER
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45
 CELLS MOUNTED ON WOODEN ST
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AND
 THANK U !

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