SMART ENERGY SYSTEMS

OVERVIEW 2

 Energy – That enables work to take place

 Globally cities account for about 75% of the total energy consumption.
 Out of this, 40% energy consumption is accounted for by the buildings used
for housing, commercial or industrial application.
 Production of energy also produces green house gases.
 The smart city projects therefore should focus on reducing energy
consumption
 One of the ways to do this is to make the energy system smart.
 Energy powers the technologies that are the foundation of a smart city.
 To ensure a smart energy future, cities and utilities must work together –
regardless of whether the utility is part of local government or a private
investor-owned utility that supplies the city’s energy.
ENERGY AS A SMART CITIES STARTING PLACE 3
 Success of a smart city relies on creating and supporting a smart energy
system. That is, a system that knows in real time where a transformer has
blown and automatically reroutes power to keep the lights on in homes and
businesses.
 It’s a system that collects and manipulates data from sensors and smart
devices to give operators a complete view of the energy infrastructure – for
instance, how much power solar installations are generating or when they
need to signal a demand response call to help balance the load on the
electric and gas grid.
 Information and communications technologies (ICT) help cities optimize
these energy systems, making them more efficient and more resilient.
 Implementing smart energy systems also helps preserve precious natural
resources and gives residents, businesses and cities themselves a whole host
of ways to monitor and control their energy consumption to save money.
COMPONENTS OF ENERGY ECOSYSTEM 4

 Power generation: Electricity generation is the process of generating electric power

from other sources of primary energy.
 In India, about 70 per cent of electricity consumed is generated by thermal power
plants, 16 per cent from hydro power plants and 13 per cent from renewable energy.
 The centre and the state account for 29 per cent and 38 per cent of power generation
respectively while private players account for 33 per cent of the total electricity
generation.
 A key limitation of electric power is that, with minor exceptions, electrical energy
cannot be stored and therefore must be generated as needed.
 Transmission: Electric power transmission is the bulk transfer of electrical energy, from
generating power plants to electrical substations located near demand centres.
Electricity is transmitted at high voltages (500kV HVDC, 400kV, 220kV, 132kV and 66kV)
to reduce the energy losses in long distance transmission.
 This transmission happens through overhead power lines.
COMPONENTS OF ENERGY ECOSYSTEM 5
 Distribution: India’s distribution network starts at the 33kV substation and
ends at the customer’s doorstep.
 Distribution substations connect to the transmission system and lower the
transmission voltage to medium voltage ranging between 2kV and 33kV
with the use of transformers.
 Primary distribution lines carry this medium voltage power to distribution
transformers located near the customer's premises.
 Distribution transformers again lower the voltage to the utilisation voltage of
household appliances and typically feed several customers through
secondary distribution lines at this voltage.
 Commercial and residential customers are connected to the secondary
distribution lines through service drops.
 Customers demanding a much larger amount of power may be connected
directly to the primary distribution level or the sub-transmission level.
ISSUES – POWER GENERATION 6

 Inadequate installed capacity – Total installed capacity is 202180 MW

and there is still a gap of 10% in capacity and 13% in energy supply
 Fuel shortage – Coal deposits depleting; gas supplies depleted already
 Load shedding leading to increased used of diesel generators leading to
increased costs and pollution
 Aging infrastructure
 Low grade fuel
 Carbon emissions - CO2 emissions from power plants have been of major
social and environmental concerns, at national and international levels.
ISSUES – POWER TRANSMISSION 7

 Inadequate evacuation capacity due to lower transmission capacity

 Long gestation period -Typical transmission projects have a long (4-5 years)
gestation period (versus three year for large gas fired power plant) which
would mean that additional power capacity faces the risk of power not
being evacuated.
 Ageing infrastructure
 Technical losses - Voltage loss / Transformer losses
 Commercial losses – Theft / pilferage
 Grid overload & failure - Increasing demand from urban areas leads to strain
on the grid resulting in the local grid failure.
 Difficulty in integrating renewable sources
ISSUES – POWER DISTRIBUTION 8
 Lack of appropriate design measures - Lack of daylighting in buildings,
overheating in buildings due to inappropriate orientation and excessive
glazing, oversized systems, etc. lead to increased demand on the energy
system.
 Inefficient equipment
 Operational conditions - Operational conditions of systems (industrial
systems, HVACs, etc.) are not closely monitored. Deviations from design
parameters result in the equipment drawing excessive energy
 Peak demand - Demand for electricity peaks during afternoons when
office occupancy is the highest and industries are working in full swing
 Unreliable energy metering
ICT’S ROLE IN SMART ENERGY 9

 Information and communications technologies (ICT) help cities optimize

these energy systems, making them more efficient and more resilient.
 Implementing smart energy systems also helps preserve precious natural
resources and gives residents, businesses and cities themselves a whole
host of ways to monitor and control their energy consumption to save
money.
 There are a number of components of a smart energy system.
SOLUTIONS 10
 Inadequate installed capacity – Decentralized energy generation: Use of
renewable decentralized energy systems to supplement grid power.
 Load shedding
 Fuel shortage – More reliance on renewable energy sources (solar / wind)
 Grid energy storage - Grid storage devices can store the excess energy and
supply it when required.
 Decentralized energy generation - Renewable decentralized energy
systems provide power when available and are complemented by
conventional power plant supply when required.
 Aging infrastructure – Replacement costs are heavy – M&R
 Low grade fuel
 Carbon reporting and management: Appropriate carbon reporting and
management software can inform owners and policymakers in decision-
making
SOLUTIONS – TRANSMISSION & DISTRIBUTION 11
 Inadequate evacuation capacity due to lower transmission capacity - HVDC
 Long gestation period : High conducting lines - Use of HVDC and other
technologies can increase the capacity of the existing grid without the need for
green-field transmission projects.
 Ageing infrastructure – Replacement costs
 Voltage loss / Transformer losses : Self healing grid - Grid is technology enabled
to regulate the load and capacity factors to maintain stability
 Theft / pilferage : Smart metering - Smart meters provide real-time monitoring of
energy consumption and help identify theft and pilferage
 Grid overload & failure :
 Grid equipment overloading solution -This solution can identify and isolate the
overloading conditions.
 Power quality device - Monitors and maintains the power quality in the grid.
 Difficulty in integrating renewable sources : Analytics - Use of predictive analytics
can enable the controller or automated system to integrate unpredictable
energy production
ICT ENABLERS 12
 Analytics: Advanced capabilities of predictive analytics can predict future
energy demand, optimise rates and pricing programmes, help plan for power
purchases, and foresee the availability of excess energy and gauge the
likelihood and location of power outages. It can also provide insights into
changing demands, preferences and behaviours of energy consumers
 Demand response program: Demand response programs are implemented
through the use of dedicated control systems to shed loads in response to a
request by the energy supplier or market price conditions
 Electric SCADA: Manages polling data, exception reports and field devices
while generating alarms, replicating values to other systems, etc.
 Substation automation: Scalable and customisable solution for energy
automation which includes protection devices, measurement centres, bay
controllers, communication devices, analysis tools, etc.
ICT ENABLERS 13
 Feeder automation: Feeder automation solution helps decrease the
number and duration of outages, reduce the size of zones affected by the
faults and thus optimises the network’s reliability of supply
 Energy simulation for renewables: Energy simulation software use historical
weather data to provide accurate projections of renewable energy
generation
 Grid energy storage: Grid-based storage refers to the methods used to
store electricity on a large scale within an electrical power grid. Electrical
energy is stored during times when production exceeds consumption and
when additional discretionary load is turned on but consumption is still
insufficient to absorb it
 Self-healing grid: Self-healing grid keeps itself stable during normal
conditions and is also able to recover in the event of disturbance, hence,
reducing frequency of blackouts and cost of electricity
ICT ENABLERS 14

 System monitoring and control: System monitoring and automation

ensure that the system is running at most optimum operational conditions.
It reduces the need for human intervention and hence, reduces chances
of human errors
 Smart meters: Leverage the smart meters for piped gas to ensure
accurate billing and remote management
 Network mapping and consumer indexing: Digital mapping and geo
referencing of substations, feeders and Indexing of all the consumers in all
categories so that the consumers can be segregated feeder-wise and
DT-wise using GIS. The consumers are mapped using GIS technology and
identified based on their unique electrical address, called Consumer
Index Number (CIN).
 Feed-in mechanism: Use of ICT can enable demand-supply predictions
and enable smooth integration of decentralised energy systems with the
grid
ICT ENABLERS 15

 Smart systems: Individual energy efficient and smart systems such as smart
buildings, smart street lighting and smart industrial processes can reduce the
energy demand
 Decentralised energy generation: Decentralised energy is produced close to
where it will be used, rather than at a large plant elsewhere and sent through
the national grid. Local generation reduces transmission losses and lowers
carbon emissions. It increases security of supply nationally as customers don’t
have to share a supply or rely on relatively few, large and remote power
stations. Long-term decentralised energy also offers more competitive pricing
than traditional energy and options to leverage renewable energy sources like
solar/wind, etc. Integration of decentralised sources with grid allows the
sources to feed into the main power grid reducing the need for individual
storage capacity
 Electric Infrastructure Management (EIM) supports records management for
the principal assets of a utility - the transmission and distribution facilities. EIM
reduces the cost of maintaining these records, which are stored in a database
and easily available for a variety of applications
ICT ENABLERS 16
 Grid equipment overloading solution: A grid overloading solution helps to
identify loading conditions based on Advanced Metering Infrastructure
(AMI) data to find out real causes of overloading and find solutions to
relieve the overload
 Smart streetlights: Smart streetlights are isolated systems which use
renewable energy and have inbuilt daylight sensors to automate the
lighting system
 Power quality device: Usage of smart grid features like sensors which are
distributed throughout the network to monitor power quality and in some
cases also respond automatically to them, promises to bring higher quality
power and less downtime while simultaneously supporting power from
intermittent power sources and distributed generation
SMART ENERGY SYSTEMS 17
 Smart energy systems intend to add smartness by means of ICT measures
and non ICT measures
 These are achieved in two ways :
 Energy saving / conservation
 Use of renewable energy sources
 Energy saving measures mostly use ICT enablers at all three levels of energy
eco system ie., generation, transmission & distribution
 Power generation plant uses SCADA in which all subsystems are integrated
 Any disturbance in any of the subsystem is observed on real time basis by
the SCADA
 Power plant operators take appropriate measures upon receipt of alerts
POWER TRANSMISSION 18

 Conventional power generation stations are connected to ‘Grid’

 A grid is a network of transmission lines
 All transmission lines in the country are connected to each other
 Function of transmission line – to evacuate power from power generation
station and deliver it to the distribution systems
 Transmission lines transmit power at very high voltage (220 kV, 400 kv)
 Problems –
 If any of the power generation station trips due to some fault, it affects the
entire grid which may cause blackout
 If a distribution system draws more power, the other connected systems
starve and the grid trips
 Other problems like physical breakages, theft, etc. affect the performance
POWER TRANSMISSION 19
 Transmission system is monitored through SCADA
 It gives continuous information to the central control called load dispatch
centre
 Data is transferred through power conductor. This is Power Line
Communication (PLC)
 Information includes power being fed into the grid by each connected
power station, power being drawn by distribution systems, frequency of
grid, etc.
 Feeding by generation stations, and drawal by distribution systems is
preplanned / scheduled
 Any deviation from the schedule is immediately noticed and if it is beyond
tolerance limits, appropriate action is taken by disconnecting that
particular system which is at fault
 Breakages, pilferages are immediately noticed and alerts sent
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM 20

 Distribution system comprises power receiving substations, step down

transformers, distribution transformers and feeder cables connecting with
the end user facility
 Electricity is supplied at a lower voltage to the consumers
 The system is again monitored through SCADA
 SCADA controls every individual distribution transformer
 Distribution system is generally stable and can develop faults related to
physical infrastructure such as broken joints, transformer tripping etc.
 These are immediately reported to the control station for necessary action
 SMART GRID 21
Vision for India
 Transform the Indian power sector in to a secure, adaptive, sustainable and digitally enabled ecosystem that
provides reliable and quality energy for all with active participation of stakeholders.
Definition
 Smart Grid is an Electrical Grid with Automation, Communication and IT systems that can monitor power
flows from points of generation to points of consumption (even down to appliances level) and control the
power flow or curtail the load to match generation in real time or near real time. Smart Grids can be
achieved by implementing efficient transmission & distribution systems, system operations, consumer
integration and renewable integration. Smart grid solutions helps to monitor, measure and control power
flows in real time that can contribute to identification of losses and thereby appropriate technical and
managerial actions can be taken to arrest the losses.
 Power line communication or PLC can carry data on a conductor which when used in a network
form – Power Line Networking (PLN)
 This network can be used for multiple purposes
- Home automation
- Internet access
- Home entertainment devices
- Voice communication
 Benefits – Lower cost compared to separate power and control wiring, flexible modification
and ease of installation
SMART GRID 22

 In case of a fault developed in a smart grid -

 Control station receives alert
 Control software automatically disconnects / isolates that particular section where fault
has developed
 Response team receives geo-tagged instructions to reach the affected location and
the fault is rectified
 This system saves the entire grid from getting affected as in the conventional system
 This system is applicable at all levels of system viz., generation, transmission and
distribution
 https://www.nsgm.gov.in/en/content/awareness
 https://www.teriin.org/sites/default/files/2019-04/Making-Indian-Cities-Energy-
Smart_UNSW-TERI.pdf
 https://www.nsgm.gov.in/en/sg-projects
 https://www.nsgm.gov.in/en/content/awareness
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c-k6c3_Yifk
SMART METERS 23
 Smart meters installed at the facility of end user facilitate two way
communication – from Customer premises to the utility
 In earlier days meters had to be read manually; smart meters transmit energy
usage details directly to the utility on continuous basis
 Customer can check his consumption on real time basis at any instant by
accessing utility website
 This system helps in accurate billing and also helps reduce manpower required
towards meter reading
 It also helps the user to optimize his energy consumption
 In some countries where the energy charges vary depending on the time of
the day, smart meters help in scheduling various activities requiring electricity
 Where there are more than one service providers, smart meters can record the
consumption for energy received separately for each service provider
 Some times smart meters are also provided with a pre paid card facility. The
charges towards consumption of electricity are paid and recorded on the
card. The charge is required to be renewed whenever the full consumption
level is reached.
SMART METERS 24

 When smart meters are combined with smart thermostats, smart appliances
and/or energy management devices, consumers can participate in energy
saving demand response programs where they voluntarily allow the utility
to send a signal to the smart meter or other device to temporarily make a
modest adjustment in energy usage.
 The above requires smart appliances to be installed at the customers
premises.
 In residential premises, these may include washing machines, ovens,
electric cookers etc. which do not operate on continuous basis
SMART STREET LIGHTING 25

 Street lights is a major source of consumption of energy in cities

 This consumption could be as high as 30% of the total city consumption
 Optimized usage of street lights can bring about lot of saving in the energy
consumption
 Modern lights are provided with photo sensors. They assess the natural light
levels and accordingly switch on and off.
 Sometimes, they also have an arrangement to increase or decrease
illumination levels. This is achieved by providing multiple LED lamps in one
assembly
 City of Oslo has cut down its energy usage by about 62% just by controlling
the street lighting consumption
RENEWABLE ENERGY 26

Primarily include solar and wind energy

 Other sources may be hydro electric power, fuel cell, bio mass, bagasse,
bio fuel etc.
 Solar power is getting prime importance these days
 Government has announced a target of adding 20 GW installed capacity
in solar power by 2020. Out of this 10GW has already been added.
 Solar power can be generated using two technologies – Photo Voltaic (PV)
and Thermal.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c-k6c3_Yifk
https://www.bbc.com/news/business-56506529
SOLAR PV 27
 This technology uses the light energy from the sun to generate energy which
may be in form of heat (water heaters) or electricity.
 The equipment comprise PV panels consisting of number of PV cells, tracking
system, inverters and evacuation system
 A single PV cell is a thin semiconductor sandwich with two layers of highly
purified silicon.
 The layers are slightly doped – one layer with boron, and one layer with
phosphorous. Doping produces either a surplus or deficit of electrons
depending on the side of the cell.
 When sunlight hits this sandwich, a voltage difference between each side of
the wafer develops.
 In silicon, this voltage difference is half a volt. Metallic contacts are made up
to each side of the wafer; an external circuit is added, and current flows.
 Since the output of one cell is not substantially useful, we assemble a number
of these PV cells in series to create a PV module.
SOLAR PV MODULE 28

 A PV module is encapsulated in tempered glass (or some other transparent

material) on the front surface and with a protective weatherproofing
material on the back.
 The edges are sealed, and there is often an aluminum frame holding
everything together to form one mountable unit.
 A junction box and/or wire leads are found on the back of the unit to allow
multiple modules to be wired together.
 The positive DC and negative DC lead can then be tied in series to
increase the voltage, or in parallel to increase the current, to match the
particular need.
SOLAR PV TECHNOLOGIES 29

 There are currently four major commercial production technologies for PV

cells:
 Single Crystalline Cell Type: Typically dark blue in color, these are the oldest
and typically most expensive to produce. This type of PV cell material is
usually the most efficient at converting sunlight to DC electricity. Current
modules’ sunlight-to-wire output efficiency averages 10% to 12%, with a
few achieving efficiencies as high as 19%. Degradation rates are typically
slow with this module, averaging 0.25% to 0.5% per year.
 Polycrystalline Cell Type: These cells are also blue in color but appear
fractured or crystalline. Due to the different manufacturing process, these
modules tend to be less expensive than the single crystalline cell and are
slightly less efficient averaging 9% to 11%.
SOLAR PV TECHNOLOGIES 30
 String Ribbon: This is a refinement of the polycrystalline production, with the
process being less costly with less waste. Sunlight-to-wire output efficiency
averages 10% to 11%
 Amorphous or Thin Film type: Typically black in color, these cells are produced
by a technique in which the silicon material is vaporized and deposited onto
glass or stainless steel. This is by far the least costly production technology, but
as a tradeoff it is also the least efficient at turning sunlight into electricity,
averaging 6% to 9% in conversion efficiency. Unlike in other modules, the glass
used for these modules is not tempered. Due to the high temperature silicon
deposition process, site breakage is a problem.
 Efficiency: On average, the sun delivers 1,000 watts (1 kW) per square meter
at noon on a clear day at sea level. This is defined as “Full Sun” or irradiance,
and is the benchmark by which modules are rated and compared. This is not
a value that can be achieved in practice as dust, water vapor, air pollution
and seasonal variations, altitude and temperature all combine to reduce how
much sunlight the modules receive.
 PV modules do not convert 100% of the energy into electricity. Current
technology averages 10% to 12% conversion efficiency.
PV MOUNTING AND TRACKING 31
 PV mounting systems vary – some are fixed, and some track the sun in a single
axis or dual axis configuration.
 Fixed at Latitude:
 The most basic tried-and-true system for ground mounting PV is the fixed at
latitude system. This system typically has the lowest materials, construction and
maintenance cost per panel installed.
 Fixed PV systems are most productive if the PV modules are mounted close to
perpendicular to the sun at solar noon.
 The best year-round angle for your modules is approximately equal to the
latitude of the site. Because the angle of the sun changes seasonally, to
increase output in the winter the angle should increase by 15 degrees and in
the summer the angle should decrease by 15 degrees.
 Some ground mount systems allow for the change of angle during the year.
 Typically, the systems are designed to withstand wind speeds up to 120 mph.
 They can be any length needed; height can be added with proper structural
engineering. Row spacing to avoid shadowing is dependent on row height.
PV MOUNTING AND TRACKING 32

 Trackers
 Trackers are used to improve the amount of time that a PV module is closer
to perpendicular to the sun, thus improving the conversion to electricity by
as much as 20%.
 Trackers are also a more efficient use of land as they move the PV to avoid
shading (backtracking) so their row spacing can be significantly more
compact.
 Maintenance costs will be greater than fixed systems because of the
inclusion of moving parts into the system.
 Single Axis Tracking: There are two main types of single axis trackers. In the
first type the PV is horizontal to the ground and rotates east to west
following the sun during the day.
 The other type of single axis tracker tilts the PV about 20 degrees to the
south to improve the winter performance.
INVERTERS 33
 A Solar Inverter is an electrical device that converts Direct Current (DC) to
Alternating Current (AC).
 The AC output from the inverter can be at any required voltage and frequency.
 Grid-tied inverters automatically match the phase with the grid-supplied sine wave
and are designed to shut down automatically with the loss of the grid supply.
 PV inverters use a technique called Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) in order
to provide the most power from a PV array.
 This internal circuit defines the amount of current that the inverter should draw from
the PV in order to get the most power.
 The major disadvantage of solar PV is that it generates power only till sunlight is
available
 If the power plant is connected to grid, then it creates a problem in the grid
adjusting for loads during nights
 However this is the best suited for captive operation
SOLAR THERMAL 34

 Solar thermal power is a relatively new technology which has already shown
enormous promise.
 With few environmental impacts and a massive resource, it offers an
opportunity to the sunniest countries of the world comparable to the
breakthrough offshore wind farms are currently offering European nations with
the windiest shorelines.
 Solar thermal power uses direct sunlight, so it must be sited in regions with
high direct solar radiation.
 In many regions of the world, one square kilometre of land is enough to
generate as much as 100-200 Gigawatt hours (GWh) of electricity per year
using solar thermal technology.
 This is equivalent to the annual production of a 50 MW conventional coal or
gas-fired power plant.
 Worldwide, the exploitation of less than 1% of the total solar thermal potential
would be enough to stabilise the world climate through massive CO2
reductions.
SOLAR THERMAL 35

 Producing electricity from the energy in the sun’s rays is a relatively

straightforward process. Direct solar radiation can be concentrated and
collected by a range of Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) technologies to
provide medium to high temperature heat.
 This heat is then used to operate a conventional power cycle, for example
through a steam turbine or a Stirling engine.
 Solar heat collected during the day can also be stored in liquid, solid or phase
changing media like molten salts, ceramics, concrete, or in the future, phase
changing salt mixtures.
 At night, it can be extracted from the storage medium to run the steam turbine.
 Solar thermal power plants can be designed for solar-only generation, ideally
to satisfy demand during daylight hours, but with future storage systems their
operation can be extended to almost base load requirements.
 Electricity from solar thermal power is also becoming cheaper to produce.
SOLAR THERMAL 36
 Four main elements are required to produce electricity from solar thermal
power: a concentrator, a receiver, some form of a heat transport, storage
and power conversion equipment much the same as for a fossil fuel-based
plant.
 The three most promising solar thermal technologies are the parabolic
trough, the central receiver or solar tower, and the parabolic dish.
 Parabolic trough systems use trough-shaped mirror reflectors to
concentrate sunlight on to receiver tubes through which a thermal transfer
fluid is heated to roughly 400°C and then used to produce superheated
steam.
 They represent the most mature solar thermal power technology, with 354
MWe of plants connected to the Southern California grid since the 1980s
and more than two square km of parabolic trough collectors. These plants
supply an annual 800 million kWh – enough for more than 200,000
households
SOLAR THERMAL – PARABOLIC TROUGH 37
SOLAR THERMAL 38
 Central receiver (solar tower) systems use a circular array of large
individually-tracking mirrors (heliostats) to concentrate sunlight on to a
central receiver mounted on top of a tower, with heat transferred for
power generation through a choice of transfer media.
 After an intermediate scaling up to 30 MW capacity, solar tower
developers now feel confident that grid-connected tower power plants
can be built up to a capacity of 200 MWe solar-only units.
 Parabolic dish systems are comparatively small units which use a dish-
shaped reflector to concentrate sunlight, and heated gas or air to
generate power in a small engine at the focal point of the reflector. Their
potential lies primarily in decentralised power supply and remote, stand-
alone power systems.
 Solar thermal power plants are better than Solar PV in that they can
generate power even during nights and thus have lesser impact on grid
operation
SOLAR THERMAL – CENTRAL RECEIVER 39
SOLAR THERMAL – CENTRAL RECEIVER 40

SOLAR THERMAL – CENTRAL

RECEIVER
SOLAR THERMAL – PARABOLIC DISH 41
OTHER RESOURCES 42
 Fuel Cell Technology : Fuel cell is a device that converts chemical energy from a fuel into
electrical energy through a chemical reaction of positively charged hydrogen ions with
oxygen or another oxidizing agent. Fuel cells are different from batteries in requiring a
continuous source of fuel and oxygen or air to sustain the chemical reaction, whereas in a
battery the chemicals present in the battery react with each other to generate an
electromotive force(emf). Fuel cells can produce electricity continuously for as long as
these inputs are supplied.

 Bio Mass : Dry leaves, bark of trees, wastage from saw mills, useless parts of trunk etc. are
used as fuel to generate steam on which power plants are operated. Rice husk is another
option.

 Bagasse : Bagasse is waste sugar cane stalks after extraction of juice. It is converted in to
fuel blocks and used in boiler to generate steam

 Bio fuel : Ethanol, a byproduct from sugar industry can be used to fire in a gas or diesel
engine to generate power. This is however better used for vehicles. Gives reduced CO2
emissions. Biofuel development in India centres mainly around the cultivation and
processing of jatropha seeds. Jatropha oil has been used in India for long as biodiesel
which can be used without refining
 Each hectare of Jatropha plantation offsets 20 tonnes of CO2 per year
DISTRIBUTED GENERATION 43

 Conventional power plants require large land parcels, transmission

corridors and sophisticated control system.
 They also produce CO2 and SO2 emissions
 Distributed generation is a concept under which small power generation
units are set up for small communities / clusters as captive units. They may
or may not have grid connectivity.
 In smart cities, such units can be set up with the help of solar PV
technology
 The disadvantage of solar PV technology is large space requirement
 This problem can be sorted out by utilizing the concept of Roof Top Solar
systems
 Roof top solar system can be used as a community generation system or
as stand alone for a particular building
ROOF TOP SOLAR SYSTEM 44

 As the name suggests these power generation systems are installed on roof of
buildings
 They comprise the usual components of Solar PV system such as solar panels,
mountings, inverter, distribution cables , grid meter and net meter
 Interconnection with the distribution system of the utility is also provided which
acts both ways
 During nights, the consumers can draw power from the grid / distribution
system, while during daytime the consumers utilize power generated by solar
system
 Excess generation can be fed to the distribution system which is set off against
the utilization of power drawn which is monitored through net meters
 Roof top solar systems installed in a cluster of buildings can serve as excellent
community energy project and reduce dependence on the grid to a large
extent
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 On national level, reduces requirement of land for addition of solar

capacities.
 For consumers, it
– Reduces the dependency on grid power.
– Mitigates diesel generator dependency.
– Long term reliable power source.
 For Discoms, it reduces
 – Demand
 – T&D and conversion losses as power is consumed at the point of
generation.
 Most suitable for commercial establishments – Max generation during peak
usage time. – Solar power cost is close to the commercial power