SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
UNIT - II
Smart Grid – SEEA3006
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II. Introduction to Smart Grid
Components and Architecture of Smart Grid Design –Review of the proposed architectures
for Smart Grid. The fundamental components of Smart Grid designs – Transmission
Automation – Distribution Automation –Renewable Integration
2.1 Components and Architecture of Smart Grid Design
Figure 2.1 Block Diagram for Smart Grid Architecture.
Figure 2.2 Components of Smart Grid Architecture
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2.1.1 Smart Home
Smart home uses emerging smart grid technologies to save energy, seek out the lowest rates,
and contribute to the smooth and efficient functioning of our electric grid
The interactive relations hip between the grid operators, utilities, and consumers helps in
proper functioning of smart grid technologies
Computerized controls in smart homes helps to minimize energy use at times when the power
grid is under stress from high demand ,or even to shift some of their power use to times when
power is available at a lower cost, Le.,from on- peak hours to off-peak hours
Smart home depends on -
• Smart meters a1nd home energy management systems
• Smart a ppl ian Ce$
• Home power generation
Smart Meters
• Provide the Smart Grid interface between consumer and
the energy service provider
• Operate digitally
• Allow for automated and complex transfers of
information between consumer -end and the energy
service provider
• Help to reduce the energy costs of the consumers
• Provides information about usage of electricity in
different service areas to the energy service providers
Home energy management systems
• Allows consumers to track energy usage In detail to better save energy
• Allows consumers to monitor real-time Information and price signals from the
energy service provider
• Allows to create settings to automatically use power when prices are lowest
• Avoids peak demand rates
• Helps to balance the energy load In different area
• Prevents blackouts
• In return, the service provider also may choose to provide financial incentives
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2.1.2 Renewable Energy
According to the International Energy Agency -
"Renewable energy Is derived from natural processes that are replenished constantly.
In Its various forms, It derives directly from the sun, or from heat generated deep within the
earth. Included in the definition is electricity and heat generated from solar, wind, ocean,
hydropower, biomass, geothermal resources, and biofuels and hydrogen derived from
renewable resources."
Reduced environmental pollution
Consumers capable of generating energy from renewable energy resources are less
dependent on the micro-grid or main grid
In addition to that,they can supply surplus amount of energy from the renewable resources
and can make profit out of it
2.1.3 Consumer Engagement
Consumers can -
Save energy w it h proper scheduling of sma rt home appliances
Pay less for consuming energy in off-peak hours
Energy service provider gives incentives based on t he energy consumption of the
consumer and they can save money
Consumers' involveme nt in following ways:
Time-of-Use pricing
Net metering
In Time-of-Use pricing
The consumers are encouraged to consume energy in off-peak hours when the energy load
is less
Throughout the day,the energy load on the grids are dynamic
In on-peak hours, if the requested amount of energy is higher,it leads to -
Less-efficient energy distribution
Home energy management system tries to schedule the smart appliances in off- peak hours
2.1.4 Operation Centres
Drawbacks of traditional operation centers
✓ Tries to make sure the amount of generated energy Is getting used
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✓ The grid is unstable,if the grid voltage drops due to excess energy generation
✓ Limited control capabilities
✓ No means to detect oscillation which leads to blackout
✓ Limited information about the energy flow through the grid
Smart grid
✓ Provides information and control on the transmission system
✓ Makes the energy grid more reliable
✓ Minimize the possibility of widespread blackouts
✓ For monitoring and controlling the transmission System in smart grid, phasor
measurement unit (PMU) is used
✓ PMU samples voltage and current with a fixed sample rate at the installed
location
✓ It provides a snapshot of the active power system at that location
✓ By increasing the sampling rate, PMU provides the dynamic scenario of the
energy distribution system
✓ PMU helps to identify the possibility of blackout in advance
✓ Multiple PMUs form a phasor network
✓ Collected information by the phasor network is analyzed at centralized
system, i.e.,Superviso ry Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA) system
Self-healing of grid
✓ Dampen unwanted power oscillations
✓ Avoid unwanted flows of current through the grid
✓ Reroute power flows in order to avoid overloading in a transmission line
✓ This is part of distribution intelligence
2.1.5 Distribution Intelligence
Distribution intelligence means the energy distribution sys tems equipped with smart loT
devices
✓ Along with smart meters,distribution intelligence can -
✓ Identify the source of a power outage
✓ Ensure power flow automatically by combining automated switching
✓ Optimize the balance between realand reactive power
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Reactive power:
✓ Devices that store and release energy
✓ Cause increased electrical currents without consuming real power
Intelligent distribution System
✓ Maintains the proper level of reactive power in the System
✓ Protect and control the feeder lines
2.1.6 Plug in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV)
Plug-In Hybrid Electric vehicles (PHEVs) are being introduced in the marketas
an option for transportation. The introduction of HEVs into the transportation sector
can be viewed as a good start, but the range (the distance that can be travelled with
one charging cycle) is not adequate. So PHEVs have started penetrating the market,
in which the batteries can be charged at any point where a charging outlet is
available. For HEVs, the impact on the grid is not a matter of concern, since HEVs
are charged from their internal combustion engine by regenerative braking,
whenever the driver applies a brake.
As a resultbatteries in HEVs maintain a certain amount charge (70–80%). In the
case of PHEVs the car batteries are used steadily while driving in order to maximize
fuel efficiency and the battery charge decreases over time. The vehicle thus needs
to be connected to the power grid to charge its batteries when the vehicle is not in
use. During its charging time, the plug-in vehicle more than doubles the average
household load [1]. Hence, for PHEVs, a major concern is the impact on the grid,
since they can be plugged in for charging at any point in thedistribution network
regardless of time. PHEVs will be posed as a new load on the primary and secondary
distribution network, where many of these circuits are already being operated at
their maximum capacity.
With the increase in the number of PHEVs, the additional load has the potential to
disrupt the grid stability and significantly affect the power system dynamics as a
whole. The following sections will discuss the various approaches that have been
proposed in order to face the problem of overloading the grid. There has been
movement in the recent years to modernize the aging US power grid and the
concept of smart grid has been introduced as the power grid of the future which will
be reliable, providing dependable power at competitive prices and offer means for
swift correction.
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2.2 Smart Grid Communication
Figure 2.3 Block Diagram for Smart Grid Communication
PAN (Personal Area Network): The network that connects devices in an an
individual workspace. Think of your PC talking to your smart phone and your
blueray player.This is rarely used when we're talking about smart grid.
HAN (Home Area Network):The network that allov-.rs devices located within a
home to communicate with each other. In the smart grid context,t hese devices
could include smart meters, smart appliances,and home energy management
devices.
NAN (Neighborhood Area Network) and LAN (Local Area Network).The
network that allm.vs devices in a small area,such as a neighborhood, to
communicate with each other_ For example, all the smart meters in a neighborhood
may communicate with each other and with with a router to form an
interconnected mesh of smart devices.
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2.3 Smart Grid Technologies
Transmission Automation
1. Dynamic Line rating
2. High Temperature Low sag conductors
3. HVDC and FACTS
4. Wide Area Monitoring Systems (WAMS)
5. Renewable Energy Management System
Distribution Automation
1. Smart metering and Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI)
2. Demand Response Programs/ Demand side management
3. Peak load management
4. Power Quality Management
2.4 Advanced Automation Capabilities
Beside SCADA data, advanced Logical applications can be grouped and classified based on
voltage level example:
• Generation, Transmission and Feeder Bay automation.
• Distribution Automation Applications.
• Alternating Current Monitoring
• Communication Monitoring
• Data logging, I Storage or Historian applications
• Data Reduction and Summarizing
• Data Conversion
Other non-common logic can be achieved using programmable logic applications or PLC's
in the substation.
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2.5 Transmission Automation
FACTS – Flexible AC Transmission System
HVDC – High Voltage DC Machine
2.5.1 Flexible AC Transmission System
FACTS is a new integrated concept based on power electronic-Switching converters and
dynamic controllers to enhance the system utilization controllability and increase power
transfer capability as well as the stability, security, reliability and power quality of AC
system interconnections.
2.5.2 Classification of FACTS controller
In general FACTS controllers can be classified into four categories.
❖ Series controllers - TCSC , SSSC
❖ Shunt controllers – SVC ,STATCOM
❖ Combined series-series controllers - IPFC
❖ Combined series-shunt controllers - UPFC
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References
[1] Stuart Borlase “Smart Grid: Infrastructure, Technology and Solutions”,CRC Press2012.
[2] Janaka Ekanayake, Nick Jenkins, Kithsiri Liyanage, JianzhongWu, Akihiko Yokoyama,
“Smart Grid: Technology and Applications”,Wiley, 2012.
[3] Vehbi C. Güngör,DilanSahin, TaskinKocak, SalihErgüt, Concettina Buccella, Carlo
Cecati, and GerhardP. Hancke, “Smart Grid Technologies: Communication Technologies
and Standards”, IEEE Transactions On Industrial Informatics, Vol. 7, No. 4, November
2011.
[4] Xi Fang, Satyajayant Misra, Guoliang Xue, and Dejun Yang “Smart Grid – The New and
Improved Power Grid: A Survey”, IEEE Transaction on Smart Grids,Vol.14,No.4,pp.944-
980,2012.
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