PREPARED BY SUBMITTED TO

Priyanka Gupta Mr. Jameel Ahamad

Shreya Bhatnagar Seminar In-Charge
Shampa Srivastava EE Deptt.
III EE
A smart grid delivers electricity from suppliers
to consumers using two-way digital technology
to control appliances at consumers' homes to
save energy, reduce cost and increase reliability
and transparency.
Self healing
Empower and incorporate the consumer
Tolerant of attack
Provides power quality needed by 21st century
consumers
Accommodates a wide variety of generation
options (like green energy)
Fully enables maturing electricity markets
Optimizes assets
 VARIABLE TARIFF-BASED LOAD
 variable price profile given to the customer day ahead
 different price profile for each day
 automatic home management device coupled to an
energy meter

 ENERGY USAGE MONITORING AND FEEDBACK

 display of energy consumption
 comparisons to average consumption pattern
 suggestions on how to further lower consumption
 REAL-TIME PORTFOLIO IMBALANCE
REDUCTION
 Balance Responsible Party (BRP) which plan or
forecast the energy production and consumption
 Imbalance cost for the BRPs on deviation from the
energy plan

 OFFERING RESERVE CAPACITY TO THE TSO

 Energy generated by consumers sold back to the
grid
 DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM CONGESTION
MANAGEMENT
 loads shifted away from periods at which congestion
occurs
 usage data provided by the consumers proves to be very
helpful

 DISTRIBUTION GRID CELL ISLANDING IN CASE

OF HIGHER- SYSTEM INSTABILITY
 instable system operated separately
 transition to island mode automatic
 BLACK START SUPPORT FROM SMART HOUSES
 after black-out local grid is out of operation
 start-up quickly in island mode
 then reconnect with up-stream network

 INTEGRATION OF FORECASTING TECHNIQUES

 forecasting a necessary tool due to volatility of
production level of distributed generators
 lowest forecasting error means most efficient operation
Independent processors in each component at each
sub-station and power plant
Sensors are connected to all other components in the
system
Own state and of all other components are known
and communicated
On addition of new devices to the system device
parameters are automatically updated

The new component also has a built-in processor

TYPICAL BLACK-OUT SEQUENCE
a sudden outage of major lines occurs
further outage due to overload leaves the system
imbalanced
frequency declines with large generation load
imbalance
generation is taken off-line
island blacks out
long time taken to restore power
• emergency imposed on the system
• frequency & load/generation imbalance is determined
and total outage is prevented
Distribution system needs many changes to come in
sync with requirements for the implementation of
smart grid

DESIRED OPTIMISATIONS
DEMAND OPTIMISATION
DELIVERY OPTIMIZATION
ASSET OPTIMIZATION
RENEWABLES OPTIMIZATION
Refers to monitoring, control & communication
functions
Important aspects of DA are in areas of protection
and switching
Helps in quickly reconfigure interconnected network
of feeders
Can detect fault current and voltages

Can help in self-healing of the grid

Can communicate with one another

 DISTRIBUTED ASSET OPTIMIZATION MODEL

Developed to provide an engineering basis for

predicting hourly loading at any point between the
sub-station & customer
Calculates power flowing through each transformer
Provides insights required to make better planning
and operating decisions
 DATA COLLECTION

DATA INCLUDES

 Customer information & billing data

 Customer hourly consumption data
 Distribution transformer characteristics
 Feeder characteristics
 Connectivity data for the distribution system
 DATA VALIDATION
Total annual customer energy validated with annual
energy measured at the sub-station

ESTABLISH WEATHER SENSITIVITY

Data obtained is weather-sensitive
Tuned with the weather parameters to obtain the
actual data
Data obtained from users matched with Load-Shape
library
Customers assigned best matching hourly or daily
load-shape

CALIBRATION
To compensate for unaccounted energy calibration
process applied
Residential, Small Office & commercial building
sector responsible for over 50% of total electricity
consumption
Homes, offices and commercial buildings treated
as an interconnected network instead of single
units
Able to communicate, interact & negotiate with
both customers & energy devices in local grid
Grid operated more efficiently as consumption is
better predicted
SMART HOME NETWORK
 MICROGENERATION
 Small homes can generate wind and solar power which
if in surplus amount can be sold back to the distributor

 SMART METERS
 With their help user consumption can be measured,
monitored and controlled
 Smarter decisions made by consumers can be
communicated back to grid
 LOCAL STORAGE UNITS
 Enables smart homes to store energy for future use
Introduces a holistic concept & technology for
smart homes
Smart homes & buildings treated as proactive
consumers also known as prosumers
Prosumers negotiate & collaborate as an intelligent
network
A communication technique to automatically
collect the meter readings & other relevant data
from meters
AMR has benefits beyond meter reading
It provides crucial data on an insight into other
areas of operation
For small commercial customers monthly
consumption read is sufficient
For large commercial and industrial customers
daily consumption read is required
Remote monitoring devices attached to meters
store hourly consumption profile
Accurate bills provided to customers are more
satisfying than estimated bills
 RF COMMUNICATION
 Most widely accepted method of communication
between meter and data collection
 A wake-up signal is sent by data collection system to
the RF devices
 Devices send back the latest meter read & other
information
 RADIO-EQUIPPED HAND-HELD COMPUTER

 DRIVE-BY OR MOBILE DATA COLLECTION

 FIXED NETWORK DATA COLLECTION

Meter reader carrying a hand-held computer
equipped with radio receiver walks-by homes,
without actually entering the premises

Manual error reduced

Radio transreciever installed in a utility vehicle
Root information downloaded from the utility billing
system
Loaded into radio transreciever
Vehicle drives along the route and collects the
readings through RF communication
Fixed network installed over saturated areas where
advanced metering data, variable reads, unscheduled
reads required

Used where daily reading or reading several times a

day is required
 INBOUND SYSTEMS
Modules call a central master data collection
computer at pre-scheduled time
Provides hourly consumption data

 OUTBOUND SYSTEMS
Master station calls the remote meter module to
collect data
Usage reporting device at each customer
site is called a SMART METER
Computerised replacement of electrical
meters
Contains a processor, non-volatile storage &
communication facilities
Can track usage as a function of time-of-day,
disconnect a customer via a software or send out
alarms in case of problems
Interface directly with smart appliances to control
them
Necessary to support major applications & systems
such as demand response, wide area measurement
& control, electricity storage & transportation.

TRUST

Necessary to know whether appropriate user is

accessing accurate data created by right device at
proper time
And the data hasn’t been modified
Data transfer now taking place through digital
medium like internet
Chances of data theft and modification very high
Hackers can immediately manipulate their energy
costs or fabricate false readings

PRIVACY
Electricity use pattern could lead to disclosure of
when people are at home or work or travelling
This could support criminal targeting of homes
Most effective solution for securing smart grid
based on PKI technologies

PKI TECHNICAL ELEMENTS

PKI standards
Smart Grid PKI tools
Device Attestation
 PKI STANDARDS
Provide a mechanism for defining naming
convention and certificate policy
They don’t specify how these standards should be
used
They only provide a high-level framework for
digital certificate usage and for implementing a PKI

PKI TOOLS
They tell how to work on the PKI standards
Ease the management of PKI components in the
Smart Grid application
 DEVICE ATTESTATION

Device attestation certificates are used only to

assert the device manufacturer, model, serial no.
and that the device has not been tampered with
Renewable resources affect the reliability of grid due
to their volatility
Demand response and electric storage provide
economics of grid
Grid reliability can be improved by mitigating peak
demand and load variability
Reliability problem arises due to faults occurring in
the system

FUNCTIONS THAT RESOLVE THESE PROBLEMS

Fault diagnosis and alarm processing function
Fault location function
Service restoration function
 FAULT DIAGNOSIS AND ALARM PROCESSING
FUNCTION
Automatically triggered after occurrence of a fault
Also detect missing remote control signal
Analysis of the fault presented to the operator

FAULT LOCATION FUNCTION

To find the location of faults
Quickly determine the faulty section of feeder

SERVICE RESTORATION FUNCTION

Restores the power to the non-faulted section of the
feeder