3.
Animal Nutrition and
Management
3.1. State the functions of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, minerals, vitamins
and water;
Content: Sources of nutrients: Use of bagasse, molasses, fish meal, rice bran,
broken rice, wheat middling, citrus meal, coconut meal, brewers grain (hops),
cocoa pod meal, urea. Macro and micro minerals (copper, zinc, selenium,
calcium, phosphorus, cobalt) and B vitamins
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Nutrients in Animal
Nutrition
• Animal Nutrition deals with the
feeding of suitable food materials
that would provide all the
nutrients required by animals
• Nutrients are the substances in
food that animals need in order to
stay healthy. They are essential for
the growth, energy, body
maintenance and reproduction of
farm animals.
.
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What nutrients do animals need?
There are six major classes of nutrients:
1. water
2. Protein
3. Carbohydrates
4. Fats
5. Minerals
6. vitamins.
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Proteins
✓Made up of amino acids (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen,
sulphur, phosphorus)
✓Essential for the formation of all living cells (muscle development and
growth and repair of tissue)
✓Essential for producing milk, eggs, wool, hair and feathers
✓For enzymes and hormones
Sources of proteins – pasture legumes, cowpea and soyabean, animal
products such as fish meal, bone meal, blood meal
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Carbohydrates – provides energy
✓Energy producing foods
✓Contains carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O)
✓There are 3 types:
1. Monosaccharides -(simple)reducing sugars – e.g. glucose, fructose
2. Disaccharides – non-reducing sugars (complex), made up of 2
monosaccharides – e.g. sucrose
3. Polysaccharides – made up of many monosaccharide units , e.g.
starch, cellulose, pectin.
Sources of CHOs – pasture grasses, root crops, fruits, seeds, grains,
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Fats (lipids)-provides energy
✓Made up of fatty acids and glycerol
✓Also carries fat soluble vitamins – A, D, E, K.
✓Contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
✓Energy-producing foods
✓Fats from plants are called oils.
Sources of fats – coconut meal and linseed meal after the oil has been
extracted.
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Minerals
✓Promotes healthy growth and development
✓There are 16 essential minerals, these are divided into:
1. Major or macro-elements – needed in large amounts = calcium,
phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, sulphur, chlorine, sodium
2. Micro or trace elements needed in small amounts = iron, zinc,
iodine, copper, manganese, cobalt, selenium, fluorine, molybdenum
Sources of minerals – green pasture grasses and forages, legumes,
cereal grains (corn, rice), mineral licks (salt-licks / blocks), blood meal,
fish meal, bone meal.
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Vitamins
✓Required in the diet in small / trace amounts
✓For healthy growth and development
✓Lack of vitamins results in diseases and abnormalities such as
retarded growth, skin ailments, diarrhoea, blindness etc
Sources of vitamins – green pasture grasses, cereal grains, sunshine
(vitamin D)
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Water
• Makes up approximately 70% of the body
• Helps in transportation, excretion, chemical reactions, etc
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Common sources of nutrients
for agricultural animals
1. Plants/crops: grasses, forage crops,
legumes
2. Plant By-products: corn, soyabean, oat
bran, rice husks
3. Animal by-products: bone meal, milk,
fish meal
4. Synthesis from non-biological material
e.g. Urea
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Plants: grasses
Para grass
Pangola grass
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Plants: legumes
kudzu Leucaena
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Legume - Gliricidia
Legumes are
rich in
nitrogen
which makes
up proteins
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Local materials for livestock feeds
Several crop plants are grown specifically for
animal feed. Crops that do not reach
marketable quality (sweet potato, yam,
carrot, cassava) and the trimmings from leafy
crops such as cabbages are also used to feed
livestock.
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By-products from the processing of food are
good sources of animal feedstuffs. These
include:
Prepared by B. Rajkumar. Chaguanas South Seocndary School. 15
Local Sources of Food Nutrients –by-products from industries:
Material Original Source Feed Value (Nutrient)
Bagasse Fibrous material from sugarcane Complex carbohydrate called cellulose
Molasses By-product from sugarcane Sugar provides energy
Urea Organic compound manufactured in factory Mixed with bagasse, molasses and fed to ruminants
Fish Meal Dry fish and its waste grounded High in protein
Rice Bran By-product from milling the rice paddy Contains oil, fiber, B vitamin
Broken Rice Rice grains broken from milling Rich in carbohydrates to supply energy
Wheat Br-product from milling wheat Contains proteins and fiber
middling
Citrus meal By-product after squeezing out juice High in fiber, supplies energy
Coconut meal By-product of coconut after oil is extracted High in protein and oils
Brewer’s gram Grains after fermentation in the beer industry High in proteins and vitamin
(hops)
Cocoa pod Pod after beans removed Fiber for poultry feed
meal
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Plant products: corn
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Plant products: soyabean
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Plant products: oat bran
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Plant products: rice husks
Rice husks made into pellets / rations
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1. Bagasse and molasses from the processing of
sugar cane: used for cattle feed
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2. Fish meal from fish: a high
protein supplement used in
aquaculture
Prepared by B. Rajkumar. Chaguanas South Seocndary School. 22
Prepared by B. Rajkumar. Chaguanas South Seocndary School. 23
3. Rice bran, rice husk and rice
middling: used for rabbits and horses
in the form of a bran mash
Prepared by B. Rajkumar. Chaguanas South Seocndary School. 24
4. Wheat-middling, wheat bran, oat bran, soya
bean meal is used as a protein supplement for
dairy cows
Wheat bran
Soya bean meal
Oat bran
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5. Citrus pulp and citrus meal: provide a concentrated source of
nutrients for dairy and beef cattle and sheep: rich in calcium
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6. Coconut meal: high in fats and oils, protein
supplement for livestock
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7. Cocoa pod meal from the processing of cocoa
beans: used in livestock and poultry feed
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8. Brewer’s grain and hops from the brewing
(barley) industry: good source of proteins and
water-soluble vitamins: useful for ruminants
and non-ruminants
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HOPS
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9. Urea from fertiliser manufacture: urea/bagasse mix
is used to feed beef cattle
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Prepared by B. Rajkumar. Chaguanas South Seocndary School. 32
Urea: bagasse mix fed to ruminants
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10. Waste food (swill) from restaurants and hotels:
used to feed pigs
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Food Tests – SBA SKILL
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Food tests
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References and Sources of Images
• Agricultural Science for CSEC Examinations by Ronald Ramharacksingh
• Agricultural Science for CSEC Examinations by Marion Perrett-Pearson & Ronald
Ramharacksingh.
• https://www.google.tt/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiamart.com%2Fproddetai
l%2Ffish-meal-powder-granules-
8721828573.html&psig=AOvVaw2C5kfamV0JRtsN9XaQCIlS&ust=1603043783205000&so
urce=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAkQjhxqFwoTCOiv7NaZvOwCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAJ
• https://www.google.tt/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.powergrowsystems.com%2F
products%2Ffish-meal-organic-fish-
fertilizer&psig=AOvVaw2C5kfamV0JRtsN9XaQCIlS&ust=1603043783205000&source=ima
ges&cd=vfe&ved=0CAkQjhxqFwoTCOiv7NaZvOwCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAU
• https://www.google.tt/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.healthline.com%2Fnutrition
%2Fgrass-fed-vs-grain-fed-beef&psig=AOvVaw3NwOztHBENLkki-
6yi4an5&ust=1603046403829000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAkQjhxqFwoTCLjI7Le
jvOwCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAD
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THE END
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