Module 2

Fire Protection, Prevention, Control and

Suppression Operations

Course: CDI 106 - Fire Protection and Arson Investigation

Instructor: Alex P. Sarmiento

Email: [email protected]

Consultation Schedule: 10:00 AM - 12:00 PM Thursday

Office Location: College of Criminal Justice Education Office

 INTRODUCTION

Welcome to Module 2 of CDI 106 - Fire Protection and Arson Investigation! Building on the
foundation of fire behavior from Module 1, we'll explore fire protection, prevention, and control. This
module covers fire classifications, extinguishment methods, detection and suppression systems,
firefighting techniques, fire brigade organization, and building safety measures. Understanding these
elements is vital for preventing, mitigating, and investigating fires.

Learning Objectives

After completing this module, you should be able to:

• Explain fire classifications based on fuel type and cause.

• Describe fire extinguishment methods and principles.
• Identify and discuss fire detection and alarm systems.
• Enumerate and explain fire suppression equipment operation and types.
• Analyze fire suppression and firefighting strategies.
• Identify requirements for organizing fire brigades.
• Discuss fire safety measures in buildings and during construction.

Required Readings

Books

Brannigan, F. L. (2002). Building Construction for the Fire Service (4th ed.). National Fire Protection
Association.
 Cengel, Y. A. (2015). Heat and Mass Transfer: Fundamentals & Applications (5th ed.). McGraw-Hill
Education.
DeHaan, J. D. (2015). Kirk's Fire Investigation (7th ed.). Pearson Education.
Drysdale, D. (2011). An Introduction to Fire Dynamics (3rd ed.). John Wiley & Sons.
Hurley, M. J. (2016). SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering (5th ed.). Springer.
Quintiere, J. G. (2017). Fundamentals of Fire Phenomena (2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons.
Schottke, D. (2016). Fundamentals of Fire Fighter Skills (4th ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning.
Tuve, R. L. (1976). Principles of Fire Behavior and Combustion. Nelson-Hall.

Organizations
• Fire Code of the Philippines (Republic Act No. 9514)
• Implementing Rules and Regulations of the Fire Code of the Philippines

Lesson 2.1

 Classification of Fires and Methods of Fire

Extinguishment
Fires are classified by fuel type to determine the proper extinguishing agents and methods.

The main classes are:

• Class A Fires: These fires involve ordinary combustible materials such as

wood, paper, cloth, rubber, and many plastics. They are extinguished by
cooling the fuel to below its ignition temperature, typically using water or
water-based solutions.

Class B Fires: These fires involve flammable liquids and gases, such as
gasoline, oil, alcohol, and propane. They are extinguished by removing the
oxygen source, inhibiting the release of combustible vapors, or interrupting
the combustion chain reaction. Common extinguishing agents include foam,
dry chemical, and carbon dioxide.

• Class C Fires: These fires involve energized electrical equipment, such as

appliances, wiring, and electrical panels. They are extinguished using non-
conductive agents to prevent electric shock, such as dry chemical, carbon
dioxide, and clean agents.
Energized electrical equipment.
 • Class D Fires: These fires involve combustible metals, such as
magnesium, titanium, and sodium. Th ey require special extinguishing agents,
such as dry powder, to prevent explosions and reignition.

• Class K Fires: These fires involve combustible cooking media, such as

vegetable or animal oils and fats, typically found in commercial kitchens. They
require wet chemical extinguishing agents to cool the fuel and prevent re-
ignition.

Understanding the classification of fires is crucial for selecting the correct extinguishing agent and
applying the appropriate firefighting techniques. Using the wrong agent can be ineffective or even
worsen the fire.

Classification of Fires According to Cause

1. Natural Fire – is one set intentionally to destroy refuse, weeds or waste products in industrial
processes or to provide warmth. It is easy to determine such fires as natural.
CAUSES:

a) Lightning – lightning leaves characteristics that can be detected in the fire scene like:
1) Smells of sulphur
2) Iron becomes magnetic
3) Plasters or bricks are scattered in the fire scene
b) Solar action – materials like lenses inflammable materials & bubbles on glass window
maybe traced in fire scene
c) Explosion – the presence of unstable explosives, nitrogycerine, leaking gas pipes
and/or gasoline near fire maybe ascertained. E.g. Chromite carbide or “carburo”.
d) Continuous or spontaneous combustion, e.g. use of charcoal in trains

2. Accidental Fire.
CAUSES:

a) Human carelessness like in the following:

1) Smoking on bed before sleeping
2) Indiscriminate throwing of cigarette and cigarette butts
3) Children playing with matches
b) Faulty electrical installation which is caused by the following:
1) Overloading
2) Faulty contacts
3) Inadequate fuses, flat iron near combustible materials. Arsonists usually try to make their
fires appear accidental.
 3. Criminal Fire/Arson or Incendiary Fire – is ignited intentionally and maliciously to destroy
property or buildings. Proof must be obtained that the fire was not natural or accidental.

a) Tell-tale signs of Arson (probability of an arson case)

1) Burned building
2) Separate fires
3) Color of flames
4) Smoke marks
5) Size of fire
6) Direction of fire
7) Intensity of fire
8) Odor
9) Condition of contents
10) Closed doors/windows
11) Other suspicious circumstances
b) Above enumerations constitute symptoms would be fire as a sickness. They would tell
every investigator to look deeper into the case.

4. Suspicious Fire – is one suspected to have been arson, even though proof is lacking.

5. Fire of Unknown Origin – is one which there is no evidence to indicate whether the fire was natural,
accidental or criminal. The cause is simply not known

Fire Extinguishing Methods include:

• Cooling: Lowering the fuel's temperature below ignition using water.

This is the most common method of fire extinguishment. It involves cooling the burning material
below its ignition temperature, which is the minimum temperature at which the fuel will ignite
and continue to burn. Water is the most commonly used cooling agent due to its availability, low
cost, and high heat-absorbing capacity.

• Smothering: Separating fuel from oxygen using agents like carbon dioxide, foam, or dry powder.
This involves separating the fuel from the oxygen in the air, thus stopping the combustion
process. Smothering can be achieved by using various extinguishing agents such as carbon
dioxide, foam, or dry chemical.

• Starving or Separation: Removing or reducing fuel supply, like in gas leaks or wildland fires.
This involves removing or reducing the fuel supply to the fire, thus preventing it from spreading.
This method can be used in situations where the fuel source can be isolated, such as in a gas leak
or a wildland fire where firebreaks are created.

• Inhibition or Interrupting the Chain Reaction: Chemical agents disrupt the combustion process,
often combined with cooling or smothering.
 This involves using chemical agents to interfere with the chemical chain reaction that sustains
the fire. This method is often used in conjunction with other methods, such as cooling or
smothering, to enhance the effectiveness of fire suppression.

The selection of the most effective method depends on the type of fire, the available resources,
and the surrounding environment.

 LEARNING ACTIVITIES

Lesson 2.1: Classification of Fires and Methods of Extinguishment

Activity 5: Fire Class Challenge

1. Get scenario card.
2. Name the fire class (A, B, C, D, or K).
3. Explain why.
4. (Optional) Suggest an extinguisher.
5. Share with the group.

Activity 6: Extinguisher Match-Up

1. Look at extinguisher pictures/descriptions and scenario cards.
2. Match each scenario with the right extinguisher.
3. Discuss why.

Quiz 5: Fire Safety Quiz

Part 1: Multiple Choice (Choose the best answer)
1. Which class of fire involves ordinary combustibles like wood and paper?
a) Class B b) Class C c) Class A d) Class D
2. What is the most common method of fire extinguishment?
a) Smothering b) Cooling c) Starving d) Inhibition
3. Which extinguishing agent is typically used for Class K fires?
a) Dry chemical b) Water c) Wet chemical d) Carbon dioxide
4. Why is it important to classify fires?
a) To determine the cause of the fire.
b) To select the correct extinguishing agent and method.
c) To estimate the damage caused by the fire.
d) To alert the fire department.
5. What does "smothering" a fire mean?
a) Removing the heat source.
b) Separating the fuel from oxygen.
c) Interrupting the chemical chain reaction.
d) Reducing the fuel supply.
 6. You see a fire involving a live electrical panel. Which extinguisher should you NOT use?
a) Dry chemical b) Carbon dioxide
c) Water d) Clean agent
7. A grease fire starts in a kitchen. What is the FIRST thing you should do?
a) Throw water on it. b) Cover the pan with a lid.
c) Use a Class A extinguisher. d) Try to blow it out.
8. You are camping and your campfire gets out of control, spreading to dry grass. What is the best
way to try to contain it?
a) Pour gasoline on the burning grass.
b) Create a firebreak by clearing the surrounding area of dry grass.
c) Throw more wood on the fire to make it burn faster.
d) Run away and call for help.
9. Why is water generally ineffective on Class B fires (flammable liquids)?
a) Water is too cold.
b) Water is heavier than most flammable liquids and can spread the fire.
c) Water reacts violently with flammable liquids.
d) Water evaporates too quickly.
10. Which class of fire involves combustible metals?
a) Class A b) Class B c) Class C d) Class D
Part 2: Identification (Write the answer on what is asked in the questions)
1. The four elements of the fire tetrahedron are: ______, ______, ______, and ________.
2. Fires caused by lightning are classified as ________ fires.
3. A fire involving burning magnesium shavings is a Class ______ fire.
4. Explain the difference between "cooling" and "smothering" a fire.
5. Why is it dangerous to use water on a Class C fire?
6. You are in a restaurant kitchen and a deep fryer catches fire. What type of extinguisher should
be used?
7. A fire starts in a pile of cardboard boxes. What class of fire is this and what type of extinguisher
would be appropriate?
8. You smell gas in your home. What is the FIRST thing you should do?
9. Why is it important to know the cause of a fire?
10. Explain how the fire tetrahedron relates to fire extinguishment.
Lesson 2.2

 Fire Detection, Alarm Systems and Suppression

Equipment
Early fire detection is critical. Systems include:
• Smoke Detectors: Detect smoke, usually on ceilings. Types: ionization (radioactive source) and
photoelectric (light source/sensor).
These devices detect the presence of smoke particles in the air, triggering an alarm. They are
typically installed on ceilings or high on walls, as smoke tends to rise. There are two main types
of smoke detectors: ionization detectors, which use a radioactive source to detect smoke, and
photoelectric detectors, which use a light source and a light sensor to detect smoke.

• Heat Detectors: Detect temperature changes, used where smoke detectors aren't suitable.
These devices detect changes in temperature, triggering an alarm when a predetermined
threshold is reached. They are typically used in areas where smoke detectors are not suitable,
such as kitchens or garages, where cooking fumes or vehicle exhaust could trigger false alarms.

• Flame Detectors: Detect flames, used in high-risk areas.

These devices detect the presence of flames, triggering an alarm. They are typically used in areas
where there is a high risk of fire, such as industrial facilities or flammable liquid storage areas.

• Manual Call Points: Allow manual alarm activation, located near exits.
These devices allow individuals to manually activate the fire alarm system. They are typically
located near exits and in areas where a fire is likely to be discovered quickly, such as corridors
and stairwells.

• Alarm Control Panels: Receive signals from detectors and activate alarms.
These panels receive signals from detectors and activate alarms, notifying occupants and
alerting the fire department. They are typically located in a secure area, such as a fire control
room, where they can be monitored and controlled.
Fire Suppression Equipment

Fire suppression equipment is used to extinguish or control fires. The main types of fire
suppression equipment include:

• Portable Fire Extinguishers: These devices are designed for use on incipient fires, providing a
first line of defense. They are classified according to the type of fire they can extinguish (A, B, C,
D, K). Portable fire extinguishers should be readily accessible and located in areas where fires are
most likely to occur.
• Water Extinguishers: For Class A fires.
• Foam Extinguishers: For Class A and B fires.
• Dry Chemical Extinguishers: For Class A, B, and C fires.
• Dry Powder Extinguishers: For Class D fires.
• Wet Chemical Extinguishers: For Class K fires.
• Carbon Dioxide Extinguishers: For Class B and C fires.
• Clean Agent Extinguishers: For Class B and C fires, environmentally friendly.
• Halotron I Extinguishers: For Class B and C fires, ozone-friendly Halon replacement.
• FE-36 Extinguishers: For Class B and C fires, less toxic than Halotron and Halon.
• Water Mist Extinguishers: For Class A fires with potential Class C hazards.
Water and Foam

Water and Foam fire extinguishers extinguish the fire by

taking away the heat element of the fire triangle. Foam
agents also separate the oxygen element from the
other elements.
Water extinguishers are for Class A fires only - they
should not be used on Class B or C fires. The discharge
stream could spread the flammable liquid in a Class B
fire or could create a shock hazard on a Class C fire.

Carbon Dioxide

Carbon Dioxide fire extinguishers extinguish fire by

taking away the oxygen element of the fire triangle and
also be removing the heat with a very cold discharge.
Carbon dioxide can be used on Class B & C fires. They
are usually ineffective on Class A fires.

Dry Chemical

Dry Chemical fire extinguishers extinguish the fire

primarily by interrupting the chemical reaction of the
fire triangle.
Today's most widely used type of fire extinguisher is the
multipurpose dry chemical that is effective on Class A,
B, and C fires. This agent also works by creating a barrier
between the oxygen element and the fuel element on
Class A fires.
Ordinary dry chemical is for Class B & C fires only. It is
important to use the correct extinguisher for the type of
fuel! Using the incorrect agent can allow the fire to re-
ignite after apparently being extinguished successfully.
Wet Chemical

Wet Chemical is a new agent that extinguishes the fire

by removing the heat of the fire triangle and prevents
re-ignition by creating a barrier between
the oxygen and fuel elements.
Wet chemical of Class K extinguishers were developed
for modern, high efficiency deep fat fryers in
commercial cooking operations. Some may also be used
on Class A fires in commercial kitchens.

Clean Agent

Halogenated or Clean Agent extinguishers include the

halon agents as well as the newer and less ozone
depleting halocarbon agents. They extinguish the fire by
interrupting the chemical reaction and/or removing
heat from the fire triangle.
Clean agent extinguishers are effective on Class A, B and
C fires. Smaller sized handheld extinguishers are not
large enough to obtain a 1A rating and may carry only a
Class B and C rating.

Dry Powder

Dry Powder extinguishers are similar to dry chemical

except that they extinguish the fire by separating
the fuel from the oxygen element or by removing
the heat element of the fire triangle.
However, dry powder extinguishers are for Class D or
combustible metal fires, only. They are ineffective on all
other classes of fires.
 Water Mist

Water Mist extinguishers are a recent development that

extinguish the fire by taking away the heat element of
the fire triangle. They are an alternative to the clean
agent extinguishers where contamination is a concern.
Water mist extinguishers are primarily for Class A fires,
although they are safe for use on Class C fires as well.

Cartridge Operated Dry Chemical

Cartridge Operated Dry Chemical fire extinguishers
extinguish the fire primarily by interrupting
the chemical reaction of the fire triangle.
Like the stored pressure dry chemical extinguishers, the
multipurpose dry chemical is effective on Class A, B, and
C fires. This agent also works by creating a barrier
between the oxygen element and the fuel element on
Class A fires.
Ordinary dry chemical is for Class B & C fires only. It is
important to use the correct extinguisher for the type of
fuel! Using the incorrect agent can allow the fire to re-
ignite after apparently being extinguished successfully.

• Sprinkler Systems: These systems automatically discharge water or other extinguishing agents
onto a fire when activated by heat or smoke. They are commonly used in commercial and
residential buildings. Sprinkler systems are designed to control or extinguish fires, allowing
occupants time to evacuate and preventing the fire from spreading.
 • Standpipe Systems: These systems provide a network of pipes with outlets for connecting fire
hoses, allowing firefighters to access water throughout a building. They are typically found in
high-rise buildings and industrial facilities. Standpipe systems are designed to provide a reliable
water supply for firefighting operations, especially in buildings where it would be difficult or
time-consuming to run hoses from the ground level.

• Fire Hoses and Nozzles: These devices deliver water or other extinguishing agents to the fire.
Different types of nozzles produce different spray patterns, allowing for various firefighting
techniques. Fire hoses and nozzles should be properly sized and maintained to ensure effective
fire suppression.

The selection and placement of fire suppression equipment depend on the fire hazards and the
characteristics of the building.

 LEARNING ACTIVITIES

Lesson 2.2: Fire Detection, Alarm Systems and Suppression Equipment

Activity 7: Fire Safety Scavenger Hunt

1. Get a list: Your teacher will give you a list of fire safety items to find (like a fire extinguisher,
smoke detector, etc.).
2. Team up: Work with a small group.
 3. Look around: Search the area for the items on your list. Don't touch anything!
4. Check and note: When you find an item:
o Check it off your list.
o Write down where you found it (e.g., "by the kitchen door").
o (Optional) Take a picture.
5. Share and discuss: After the hunt, your group will share what you found. Talk about:
o What was easy or hard to find?
o Did you see any missing items?
o What did you learn about fire safety?

Quiz 6: Detection & Suppression

Part 1: Multiple Choice (Choose the best answer)
1. Which type of detector senses changes in temperature?
a) Smoke detector b) Flame detector
c) Heat detector d) Carbon monoxide detector
2. What do manual call points allow people to do?
a) Automatically extinguish a fire
b) Manually activate the fire alarm
c) Detect different types of fires
d) Communicate with the fire department
3. Which fire extinguisher is designed for Class A, B, and C fires?
a) Water b) Foam c) Dry chemical d) Carbon dioxide
4. Why are smoke detectors typically placed on ceilings?
a) They are easier to reach for maintenance.
b) Smoke rises.
c) It is more aesthetically pleasing.
d) Ceilings are less cluttered.
5. What is the main purpose of a sprinkler system?
a) To alert occupants of a fire
b) To extinguish or control a fire
c) To provide water for firefighters
d) To prevent fires from starting
6. You see a small fire in a wastebasket (Class A). Which extinguisher would be MOST appropriate
to use?
a) Carbon dioxide b) Dry powder c) Water d) Halotron I
7. A fire alarm is activated in your building. What is the FIRST thing you should do?
a) Try to locate the fire.
b) Evacuate the building immediately.
c) Call the fire department.
d) Investigate the cause of the alarm.
8. You are in a kitchen and a pan of oil catches fire. Which action is the SAFEST?
a) Throw water on the fire.
b) Cover the pan with a lid.
c) Use a Class A extinguisher.
 d) Move the pan to the sink.
9. Why is it important to have different types of fire detectors?
a) Different detectors are cheaper.
b) Different detectors respond to different fire characteristics.
c) It is a legal requirement.
d) It makes the system more complex.
10. Which of the following is NOT a type of fire suppression equipment?
a) Sprinkler system b) Smoke detector
c) Fire hose d) Portable fire extinguisher

Part 2: Identification (Write the answer)

1. Two main types of smoke detectors are ________ and ________.
2. A common location for a manual call point is near a(n) ________.
3. Standpipe systems are typically found in ________ buildings.
4. Explain the difference between a heat detector and a flame detector.
5. Why is it important to regularly inspect and maintain fire extinguishers?
6. You are in a computer room and a fire starts in a server. What type of extinguisher should be
used?
7. A fire starts in a storage area containing flammable liquids. What class of fire is this, and what
type of extinguisher would be appropriate?
8. You hear the fire alarm and see smoke in the hallway. What are the FIRST two things you should
do?
9. Why are both fire detection and fire suppression systems important?
10. Explain how a fire alarm control panel works in conjunction with fire detectors.
Lesson 2.3

 Fire Suppression and Firefighting

Fire suppression and firefighting involve a combination of strategies and techniques to extinguish or
control fires. These include:

Offensive Attack

This involves directly attacking the fire with water or other extinguishing agents to
extinguish it. This strategy is typically used in the early stages of a fire, when it is still small and
contained.

Techniques:

• Interior Attack: Firefighters enter the structure to directly apply water to the fire. This
requires careful assessment of fire conditions, ventilation, and potential hazards.

• Direct Application: Water streams are directed at the base of the fire to cool it and disrupt
the chemical reaction.

• Flanking: Attacking the fire from the sides to cut off its spread.

• Ventilation: Coordinating ventilation to remove smoke and heat, improving visibility and
creating a safer environment for firefighters.

Defensive Attack

This involves containing the fire and protecting exposures, preventing its spread. This
strategy is typically used when the fire is too large or intense to extinguish directly, or when
there is a risk of the fire spreading to other areas.

Techniques:

• Exterior Streams: Applying large volumes of water from the outside using hose lines, master
streams (large nozzles), or aerial apparatus.

• Exposure Protection: Cooling and protecting nearby structures or flammable materials to

prevent secondary fires.

• Containment: Establishing firebreaks or barriers to limit the fire's spread.

• Monitoring: Continuously assessing fire conditions and potential for spread.

Water attack techniques:
1. Direct Attack
Applying water directly onto the burning fuel to cool it and extinguish the fire. Effective
on solid materials like wood, paper, and textiles.
Techniques:
• Straight stream: A concentrated jet of water for reach and penetration.
• Fog stream: A wide cone of water droplets for cooling and suppression.

2. Indirect Attack
Using the steam generated by water to extinguish the fire. Effective in confined spaces
with limited ventilation.
Techniques:
• Applying water to hot surfaces: Creating steam that displaces oxygen and cools the
fire.
• "Painting" the ceiling: Using a fog stream to create a layer of steam in a room.

3. Blitz Attack
Rapidly applying large volumes of water to overwhelm the fire. Effective for large,
intense fires.
Techniques:
• Master streams: Using large nozzles to deliver high flow rates.
• Multiple hose lines: Coordinating several hose streams to attack the fire
simultaneously.

4. Transitional Attack
Initially attacking the fire from the exterior before transitioning to an interior attack.
Used when fire conditions are too dangerous for immediate entry.
Techniques:
• Applying water through windows or doors- Cooling the fire compartment before
entering.
• Using a combination of exterior and interior streams- Suppressing the fire while
preparing for entry.

5. Coordinated Attack
Combining different attack methods to achieve fire control. Effective for complex fire
situations.
Techniques:
• Using direct attack to cool the fire: While using indirect attack to suppress flames in
other areas.
• Coordinating hose streams with ventilation: To remove smoke and heat.

Important Considerations:
• Fire conditions: The size, intensity, and location of the fire will determine the most
effective attack method.
 • Water supply: The availability of water will influence the choice of attack.
• Safety: Firefighter safety is paramount, and all attacks should be conducted with caution
and proper protective equipment.

Ventilation

This involves removing smoke and heat from the building, improving visibility and
reducing fire intensity. Ventilation can be achieved by opening windows, doors, or other
openings, or by using mechanical ventilation systems such as fans or smoke ejectors.

Importance of Ventilation

• Improved visibility: Smoke can quickly obscure vision, making it difficult for firefighters to
navigate and locate the fire or trapped individuals. Ventilation helps to clear the smoke,
improving visibility.

• Reduced temperatures: Heat buildup can be extreme in a fire, leading to heat exhaustion
and even flashover (a sudden ignition of all combustible materials in a room). Ventilation
helps to release this heat, lowering temperatures.

• Removal of toxic gases: Fires produce a variety of dangerous gases, such as carbon
monoxide, which can be deadly. Ventilation helps to remove these gases, creating a safer
environment.

• Aiding in fire suppression: By removing smoke and heat, ventilation can help firefighters
locate and extinguish the fire more effectively.

Types of Ventilation:

• Natural ventilation: This involves opening windows, doors, and other existing openings to
allow for the natural flow of air.

• Mechanical ventilation: This uses fans or other mechanical devices to force air into or out of
the building.

• Vertical ventilation: This involves creating openings in the roof to allow heat and smoke to
escape upwards.

• Horizontal ventilation: This involves creating openings in walls or windows to allow heat and
smoke to escape horizontally.

Cover Exposure

Exposures are any buildings, structures, or areas that are vulnerable to being ignited by a
nearby fire. This can include:
• Adjacent buildings: Structures next door to the fire building.
• Nearby vegetation: Trees, bushes, or fields that could easily catch fire.
• Combustible materials: Anything flammable stored close to the fire.
 Importance of covering exposures:
• Preventing fire spread: The primary goal is to stop the fire from extending to other
properties, minimizing overall damage.
• Protecting lives: Ensuring the safety of occupants in nearby buildings.
• Conserving resources: Limiting the fire's spread reduces the need for additional firefighting
efforts and resources.

Methods of cover exposures:

• Applying water: Using hose streams to cool down exposed surfaces and prevent them from
reaching ignition temperature. This often involves creating a "water curtain" to deflect heat
and embers.
• Removing fuel: Clearing away any flammable materials from the vicinity of the exposure.
• Creating barriers: Utilizing fire-resistant materials or natural features to block the path of the
fire.
• Monitoring: Continuously observing the fire and surrounding areas to identify any potential
threats to exposures.

Search and Rescue

This involves locating and rescuing individuals trapped in the fire. This is a critical aspect of
firefighting operations, as the safety of human life is the top priority.

Salvage Operations
In firefighting refer to the actions taken to minimize damage to a building and its
contents beyond that caused directly by the fire itself. This primarily focuses on protecting
property from smoke, water, and other byproducts of the fire and firefighting efforts.

Goals of Salvage:
• Protecting property: This includes furniture, electronics, documents, and other valuables.
• Minimizing water damage: Controlling water runoff and removing water from the building.
• Reducing smoke damage: Ventilating the structure to remove smoke and soot.
• Securing the building: Covering broken windows and doors to prevent further damage from
the elements or theft.

Common Salvage Techniques:

• Covering contents: Using tarps or plastic sheeting to protect furniture and other items from
water and debris.
• Moving contents: Relocating valuables to a safe, unaffected area.
• Controlling water runoff: Creating pathways for water to drain out of the building,
preventing it from pooling and causing damage.
• Ventilation: Opening windows and using fans to remove smoke and heat.
• Debris removal: Clearing debris and damaged materials to prevent further contamination.
 Overhaul

This involves searching for and extinguishing hidden fires, preventing re-ignition.
Overhaul is typically conducted after the main fire has been extinguished, to ensure that all
embers and hot spots have been extinguished and that the fire will not re-ignite.

In the context of firefighting, "overhaul" refers to the thorough process of searching for and
extinguishing any remaining hidden fires after the main body of the fire has been knocked down. It's a
critical step in ensuring that the fire is completely extinguished and preventing rekindling.

Here's a breakdown of what overhaul entails:

Purpose of Overhaul:

• Preventing rekindling: The primary goal is to identify and extinguish any lingering embers or hot
spots that could reignite the fire.

• Ensuring complete extinguishment: Overhaul confirms that the fire is completely out,
minimizing the risk of further damage.

• Making the scene safe: By identifying and eliminating hidden hazards, overhaul helps to create a
safer environment for firefighters and investigators.

Key Overhaul Activities:

• Searching for hidden fires: Firefighters use various tools and techniques, including thermal
imaging cameras, to detect hot spots in walls, ceilings, and other concealed spaces.

• Opening up concealed spaces: Walls, ceilings, and floors may need to be opened to access and
extinguish hidden fires.

• Removing and inspecting debris: Burned materials are removed and inspected for any
remaining embers or hot spots.

• Cooling down hot spots: Water or other extinguishing agents are used to cool down any
remaining hot spots.

• Monitoring for rekindling: After the fire is extinguished, the scene is monitored for any signs of
rekindling.

Firefighting Equipment

Fire Engines: Vehicles equipped with pumps, water tanks, hoses, and other equipment for fire
suppression.

Fire Apparatus: A broader term that includes fire engines, ladder trucks, and other specialized
vehicles used in firefighting operations.
Common Types of Firefighting Apparatus:
• Fire Engines (Pumpers):
o These are the workhorses of the fire service.
o They carry water, pumps, hoses, and other essential equipment.
o Their primary function is to deliver water to extinguish fires.
• Aerial Apparatus (Ladder Trucks):
o These vehicles are equipped with extendable ladders or platforms.
o They provide access to elevated areas for firefighting, rescue, and ventilation.
o Types include:
▪ Turntable ladders.
▪ Tiller trucks.
▪ Platform trucks.
• Water Tenders (Tankers):
o These vehicles carry large quantities of water to supply fire engines in areas without
adequate water hydrants.
• Wildland Fire Engines:
o These are designed for off-road firefighting in wildland areas.
o They are built to navigate rough terrain and carry specialized equipment for brush and
forest fires.
• Rescue Vehicles:
o These vehicles carry specialized equipment for technical rescues, such as vehicle
extrication ("Jaws of Life"), confined space rescue, and high-angle rescue.
• Hazardous Materials (HazMat) Apparatus:
o These vehicles are equipped to handle incidents involving hazardous materials.
• Quint Fire Apparatus: Combines engine and ladder truck functions.
• Initial Attack Apparatus: Designed for rapid response to incipient fires.

• Airport Crash Tenders:

o These are designed for aircraft fires and rescue operations at airports.
 Firefighting Appliance
A "firefighting appliance" encompasses any tool or device used by firefighters to combat
fires and perform related tasks. This can range from small hand tools to large, complex
machinery.

Equipment Variety:
This includes items like:
▪ Fire extinguishers
▪ Fire hoses and nozzles
▪ Ladders
▪ Breathing apparatus (SCBA)
▪ Rescue tools
▪ Pumps

Ladders: Used for access, rescue, and ventilation.

• Ground Ladders: Portable ladders for various firefighting operations.

• Aerial Ladders: Mounted on fire trucks for reaching upper floors.
• Roof Ladders: For accessing roofs.
• Extension Ladders: With one or more fly sections that can be extended.
• Folding Ladders: Compact ladders for confined spaces.
• Pompier Ladders: Hook ladders for climbing from window to window.
 Parts of a Fly Ladder

• Bed Section: The base or lowest section

of the ladder.
• Fly Section: The extendable section(s)
of the ladder.
• Butt: The bottom end of the ladder that
rests on the ground.
• Heel: The two rear legs of the ladder.
• Halyard: The rope or cable used to raise
the fly section.
• Rungs: The cross members used for
climbing.
• Top or Tip: The top part of the ladder.
• Pawl or Dog: The locking mechanism
that secures the fly section to the bed section.
• Stops: Metal or wood blocks that
prevent the fly section from extending too far.
• Guides: Metal strips that guide the fly
section during raising and lowering.

 LEARNING ACTIVITIES

Lesson 2.3: Fire Detection, Alarm Systems and Suppression Equipment

Activity 8: Firefighting Strategy Game

1. Get a card: Your teacher will give you a card describing a fire.
2. Team talk: With your group, talk about the fire on your card. Think about:
o What kind of fire is it?
o How big is it?
o Are people in danger?
3. Make a plan: Decide what firefighters should do. Should they:
o Attack the fire directly?
o Try to stop it from spreading?
o Help people escape?
o Check for hidden fires afterward?
 4. Tell the class: Explain your plan to the class. Why did you choose that plan?
5. Talk about it: Listen to other groups' plans. What are the good and bad things about each plan?
Is there a better way?
6. Try again: Get a new card and make a new plan!

Quiz 7: Firefighting Strategies & Equipment

Part 1: Multiple Choice (Choose the best answer)

1. Which firefighting strategy involves directly attacking the fire?

a) Defensive Attack b) Ventilation c) Offensive Attack d) Overhaul
2. What is the purpose of overhaul in firefighting?
a) To contain the fire
b) To extinguish hidden fires and prevent re-ignition
c) To rescue trapped individuals
d) To remove smoke and heat
3. Which fire apparatus combines engine and ladder truck functions?
a) Pumper b) Quint c) Tanker d) Rescue truck
4. When is a defensive attack strategy typically used?
a) In the early stages of a small fire
b) When the fire is too large or intense to attack directly
c) When there are no lives at risk
d) When the fire is easily accessible
5. Why is ventilation an important part of firefighting?
a) It helps to spread the fire.
b) It improves visibility and reduces fire intensity.
c) It makes the fire burn hotter.
d) It traps smoke and heat inside the building.
6. Firefighters arrive at a building where heavy smoke is coming from the windows and flames are
visible. People are reportedly trapped inside. What is the FIRST priority?
a) Begin overhaul b) Start ventilation
c) Search and rescue d) Initiate a defensive attack
7. A small fire is contained in a single room of a house. Which strategy is MOST likely to be used?
a) Defensive attack b) Offensive attack c) Overhaul d) Ventilation
8. After a fire is extinguished, firefighters search for hidden fires in walls and ceilings. This is an
example of:
a) Ventilation b) Search and rescue c) Overhaul d) Offensive attack
9. Why is it important to have different types of fire apparatus?
a) To make firefighting more complicated
b) Each type of apparatus is designed for specific tasks and situations
c) To increase the cost of firefighting
d) To confuse firefighters
10. Which part of a ladder rests on the ground?
a) Butt b) Tip c) Rung d) Pawl
Part 2: Identification (Write the answer)
1. Three common firefighting strategies are ________, ________, and ________.
2. A fire engine equipped with a pump, water tank, and hoses is called a ________.
3. The extendable section of a ladder is called the ________.
4. Explain the difference between offensive and defensive firefighting strategies.
5. Why is search and rescue a critical part of firefighting operations?
6. Firefighters use a ladder to reach the roof of a burning building. What type of ladder is most
likely being used?
7. A tanker truck arrives at a wildfire. What is its primary purpose?
8. After extinguishing a fire in a house, firefighters use fans to remove smoke. This is an example of
what firefighting strategy?
9. Why is it important for firefighters to coordinate their strategies and actions?
10. Explain how the different parts of a ladder work together.

Lesson 2.4

 Fire Prevention and Protection

Effective fire safety relies on a combination of trained personnel, like fire brigades, and robust
building features, all working together to prevent, detect, and suppress fires.

Fire Brigades

Fire brigades are organized groups of employees trained and equipped to respond to fire
emergencies in the workplace. They play a crucial role in fire protection and prevention, as they can
provide immediate response to incipient fires, assist in evacuation procedures, and support firefighting
operations.

The Fire Code of the Philippines mandates the organization of fire brigades in all business
establishments employing at least 50 persons. The size and composition of the fire brigade depend on
the fire hazards and the potential magnitude of a fire emergency within the workplace.

Fire brigade members should be knowledgeable, trained, and skilled in fire prevention, fire
suppression, and evacuation procedures. They should also be equipped with appropriate personal
protective equipment, such as fire-resistant clothing, helmets, gloves, and respiratory protection
devices.
Fire Safety Measures in Buildings

Fire safety measures in buildings are essential for preventing and mitigating fire incidents. These
measures include:

• Means of Egress: Providing adequate and unobstructed exits for safe and rapid
evacuation in case of fire. This includes doors, stairways, corridors, and other
passageways that lead to a safe exit from the building.

• Fire Protection Systems: Installing fire protection systems such as sprinkler systems,
standpipe systems, and fire extinguishers to control or extinguish fires. These systems
should be designed, installed, and maintained in accordance with the Fire Code of the
Philippines and other relevant standards.

• Fire Safety Constructions: Incorporating fire safety features in the building design and
construction, such as fire-resistant walls, floors, and doors, to prevent the spread of fire
and smoke. This also includes the use of fire-retardant materials for interior finishes and
furnishings.

Fire Damper
 device installed inside an air duct system which
automatically closes to restrict the passage of smoke or
fire
 This device is fixed in the ducts of the central air
conditioning system to restrict the fire travel from one
room to another

Curtain Board
 • A vertical panel of non-combustible of
fire resistive materials attached to and
extending below the bottom chord of
the roof trusses, to divide the underside
of the roof into separate compartments
so that heat and smoke will be detected
upwards to a roof vent.

• Fire Safety Management: Implementing fire safety management practices, such as

conducting fire drills, training employees on fire safety procedures, and maintaining fire
safety equipment, to ensure a safe working environment.

The Fire Code of the Philippines provides detailed requirements for fire safety measures in buildings,
which should be strictly followed to ensure the safety of occupants and property.

 LEARNING ACTIVITIES

Lesson 2.4: Fire Prevention and Protection

Activity 9: Fire Safety Checklist

1. Get a checklist: Your teacher will give you a checklist of fire safety items. These items might be
things like "fire extinguisher," "exit sign," "sprinkler head," "clear hallway," etc.
2. Look around: Search your classroom, school, or home (with permission) and see if you can find
each item on the checklist.
3. Check it off: If you find the item and it's in good condition (not blocked, not expired, etc.), check
it off the list.
4. Discuss: Talk with your class or family about the items on the list. Why are they important?
Where should they be located? What should you do if you find something wrong?

Quiz 8: Fire Brigades & Building Safety Quiz

Part 1: Multiple Choice (Choose the best answer)

1. What is the primary role of a fire brigade?
a) To design fire safety equipment
b) To respond to fire emergencies in the workplace
c) To enforce fire codes
d) To investigate the causes of fires
 2. According to the Fire Code of the Philippines, businesses with how many employees must
organize a fire brigade?
a) 10 b) 25 c) 50 d) 100
3. Which of the following is NOT a component of means of egress?
a) Doors b) Stairways c) Fire-resistant walls d) Corridors
4. Why is training important for fire brigade members?
a) It makes them look more professional.
b) It ensures they are knowledgeable, skilled, and prepared to respond to emergencies.
c) It increases their salary.
d) It gives them time off from their regular duties.
5. What is the purpose of fire-resistant construction?
a) To make buildings look nicer.
b) To prevent the spread of fire and smoke.
c) To reduce the cost of building materials.
d) To make buildings easier to clean.
6. You are a member of a fire brigade and a small fire starts in the office kitchen. What is your FIRST
action?
a) Evacuate the building. b) Attempt to extinguish the fire using a fire extinguisher.
c) Call the fire department. d) Try to find the cause of the fire.
7. During a fire drill, you notice a blocked fire exit. What should you do?
a) Ignore it. b) Report it to the appropriate personnel.
c) Try to clear the blockage yourself. d) Use a different exit.
8. A fire alarm sounds in your building. What is the BEST course of action?
a) Gather your belongings. b) Evacuate the building calmly and quickly.
c) Investigate the source of the alarm. d) Wait for further instructions.
9. Why are both fire brigades and fire safety measures in buildings important?
a) They are required by law.
b) They work together to prevent, detect, and suppress fires, protecting lives and property.
c) They increase property values.
d) They make buildings more energy-efficient.
10. Which of the following is an example of a fire protection system?
a) Fire-resistant walls b) Sprinkler system c) Exit signs d) Clear hallways

Part 2: Identification (Write the answer)

1. Fire brigades play a crucial role in fire ________ and ________.
2. The Fire Code of the Philippines mandates fire brigades in establishments employing at least
________ persons.
3. Three examples of means of egress are ________, ________, and ________.
4. Explain the importance of fire safety management practices.
5. Why is it important to have unobstructed exits in a building?
6. You are a fire brigade member and discover a faulty fire extinguisher. What should you do?
7. During a fire drill, you notice some employees are not taking the drill seriously. What should you
do?
 8. You are evacuating a building during a fire alarm and encounter a crowded stairwell. What
should you do?
9. Why is it important for fire brigade members to be equipped with appropriate personal
protective equipment?
10. Explain how fire-resistant construction contributes to overall fire safety.

Activities

Group Discussion: Engage in a discussion on the Fire classes and extinguishing agents.

• Scenario-Based Discussion: Analyze various fire scenarios, identifying the Fire suppression and
firefighting strategies.

• Equipment Demonstration: Operating fire suppression equipment.

• Fire Drill: Evacuation and building fire safety features.

Assessments

• Quizzes: Short quizzes to assess your understanding of key concepts.

• Recitation: Class participation and active engagement in discussions.

• Periodic Exam: A comprehensive exam covering all topics in this module.

Wrap-up

This module provided a comprehensive understanding of fire protection, prevention, and

control. Remember, applying these principles is crucial for preventing, mitigating, and investigating fire
incidents. In the upcoming modules, we will further explore the legal and investigative aspects of fire
protection and arson investigation.