BASIC

HYDRODYNAMICS
FLUID MECHANICS

BUCANHAO - CABARLE - CACHO - CAMPITA

TOPIC OUTLINES:
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Flow
2.3 Energy and Head of Flow

2.4 Power and Efficiency

2.5 Bernoulli's Theorem and Equations
2.6 Grade Lines
Hydrodynamics
INTRODUCTION
Hydrodynamics is a sub-discipline of fluid dynamics that studies the
motion of liquids. It has a wide range of applications in engineering,
including determination of the mass flow rate of petroleum through
pipelines, optimization of propulsion efficiency, prediction of wave
dynamics, and measurement of liquid metal flows.
A great deal can be learnt about flows by adopting the techniques
and equations which were developed by the hydrodynamicists. They
are developed for the case of an “ideal” fluid.

Ideal Fluid has no viscosity (i.e., it is inviscid), has no surface tension

and is incompressible. Viscosity and compressibility are the major
reasons for the complexity of real fluid flows.
 CLASSIFICATION OF FLOW
Flows can be classified in a number of ways. The system
generally adopted is to consider the flow as being
characterized by two parameters – time and distance.

• Steady Uniform Flow

• Steady Non-Uniform Flow
• Unsteady Uniform Flow
• Unsteady Non-Uniform Flow
• Continuous Flow
STEADY
UNIFORM FLOW
For such a flow the discharge is constant with time, and the cross
section through which the flow passes is of constant area. A typical
example is that of constant flow through a long straight pipe of
uniform diameter.
STEADY NON-
UNIFORM FLOW
The discharge is constant with time, but the cross-sectional area
varies with distance. Examples are flow in a tapering pipe and flow
with constant discharge in a river (the cross section of a river
usually varies from point to point).
UNSTEADY
UNIFORM FLOW
The cross section through the flow is constant, but the discharge
varies with time. This is a complex flow pattern. An example is that
of unsteady flow in a long straight pipe of uniform diameter,
associated with the operation of a surge tower.
UNSTEADY NON-
UNIFORM FLOW
The cross section and discharge vary with both time and
distance. This is typified by the passage of a flood wave in a
natural channel, and is the most complex flow to analyze.
CONTINUOUS
FLOW
By the principle of conservation of mass, continuous flow
occurs when at any time, thedischarge Q at every
section of the stream is the same.
VISUALIZATION OF FLOW PATTERNS

• Streamlines
• Streamtubes
• One-dimensional Flow
• Two-dimensional Flow
• Flow Nets
STREAMLINES
A streamline is constructed by drawing a line which is tangential to the
velocity vectors of a connected series of fluid particles. The streamline
is thus a line representing the direction of flow of the series of particles
at a given instant.
STREAMTUBES
These represents elementary
portions of a flowing fluid
bounded by a group of
streamlines which confine
the flow.
ONE-DIMENSIONAL
FLOW
This occurs when an incompressible fluid, the direction
and magnitude of the velocity at all points are identical.
TWO-DIMENSIONAL
FLOW
This occurs when the fluid particles move in planes or
parallel planes and the streamline patterns are identical in
each plane.
FLOW NETS
These are drawn to indicate flow patterns in case of
two-dimensional flow, or even three-dimensional flow.
 TYPES OF FLOW
LAMINAR FLOW - Flow is said
to be laminar when the paths of
the individual particles do not
cross or intersect. By many
careful experiments to
commercial pipes of circular
cross section, the flow is laminar
when the Reynolds’ number Re
is less than 2100.
 TYPES OF FLOW
TURBULENT FLOW - The
flow is said to be turbulent
when its path lines are
irregular curves and
continuously cross each other.
Discharge (Flow Rate)
The amount of fluid passing a section of a stream in unit time is
called the discharge. If v is the mean velocity and A is the cross-
sectional area, the discharge Q is defined by Q = Av which is
known as volume flow rate. Discharge is also expressed as mass
flow rate and weight flow rate
ENERGY AND
HEAD FLOW
Kinetic Energy and Velocity Head
Elevation Energy and Elevation Head
Pressure Energy and Pressure Head
Total Energy of Flow
Power and Efficiency
 ENERGY AND HEAD FLOW
Kinetic energy is the ability of the fluid mass to do work by virtue
of its velocity. The kinetic energy of a mass m having a velocity v
is ½mv². Since m = W/g,
 ENERGY AND HEAD FLOW
Kinetic Energy and Velocity Head
The velocity head of a circular pipe of diameter D flowing full can
be found as follows.
 ENERGY AND HEAD FLOW
Elevation Energy & Elevation Head
In connection to the action of gravity, elevation energy is
manifested in a fluid by virtue of its position or elevation with
respect to a horizontal datum plane.
 ENERGY AND HEAD FLOW
Pressure Energy & Pressure Head
A mass of fluid acquires pressure energy when it is in contact with
other masses having some form of energy. Pressure energy
therefore is an energy transmitted to the fluid by another mass
that possesses some energy.
 ENERGY AND HEAD FLOW
Total Energy of Flow
The total energy or head in a fluid is the sum of kinetic and potential
energies. Recall that potential energies are pressure energy and
elevation energy.
 ENERGY AND HEAD FLOW
Total Energy of Flow
In symbol, the total head energy is

Where:
v = mean velocity of flow (m/sec in SI and ft/sec in English)
p = fluid pressure (N/m2or Pa in SI and lb/ft² or psf in English)
z = position of fluid above or below the datum plane (m in SI and ft in English)
g = gravitational acceleration (9.81 m/sec² in SI and 32.2 ft/sec² in English)
γ = Unit weight of fluid (N/m³ in SI and lb/ft³ in English)
 ENERGY AND HEAD FLOW
Power and Efficiency
Power is the rate of doing work per unit of time. For a fluid of unit
weight γ (N/m³) flowing at the rate of Q (m³/sec) with a total energy
of E (m), the power (Watt) is

Note:
1 horsepower (hp) = 746 Watts
1 horsepower (hp) = 550 ft-lb/sec 1
Watt = 1 N-m/sec = 1 Joule/sec
BERNOULLI’S ENERGY
THEOREM
Applying the law of conservation of energy to fluids that may be
considered incompressible, Bernoulli’s theorem may be stated as
follows:

Neglecting head lost, the total amount of energy per unit weight is
constant at any point in the path of flow.
BERNOULLI’S ENERGY
EQUATIONS
Energy Equation Neglecting Head Loss
Energy Equation Considering Head Loss
Energy Equation with Pump
Energy Equation with Turbine
 NEGLECTING HEAD LOSS

Without head losses, the total

energy at point (1) is equal to the
total energy at point (2). No head
lost is an ideal condition leading
to theoretical values in the
results.
 CONSIDERING HEAD LOSS

The actual values can be found

by considering head losses in the
computation of flow energy.
 WITH PUMP
In most cases, pump is used
to raise water from lower
elevation to higher elevation.
In a more technical term, the
use of pump is basically to
increase the energy of flow.
The pump consumes
electrical energy (Pinput) and
delivers flow energy
(Poutput).
 WITH TURBINE

Turbines extract flow

energy and converted it into
mechanical energy which in
turn converted into
electrical energy.
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
A turbine is rated at 600 hp when the flow of water through it is 0.61
m3/s. Assuming an efficiency of 87%, what is the head acting on the
turbine?
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
A turbine is rated at 600 hp when the flow of water through it is 0.61
m3/s. Assuming an efficiency of 87%, what is the head acting on the
turbine?
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
A pipe carrying oil of specific gravity 0.877 changes in size from 150 mm
at section 1nand 450 mm at section 2. Section 1 is 3.6 m below section 2
and the pressures are 90 kPa and 60 kPa respectively. If the discharge is
150 lit/sec, determine the head lost and the direction of flow.
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
GRADE LINES
Hydraulic Grade Line (HGL)
Energy Grade Line (EGL)
 GRADE LINE

01 Hydraulic Grade Line (HGL)

Hydraulic grade line, also called hydraulic gradient and pressure
gradient, is the graphical representation of the potential head
(pressure head + elevation head). It is the line to which liquid rises in
successive piezometer tubes. The line is always at a distance (p/γ +
z) above the datum plane.
 GRADE LINE

01 Hydraulic Grade Line (HGL)

Characteristics of Hydraulic Grade Line
HGL slopes downward in the direction of flow but it may rise
or fall due to change in pressure.
HGL is parallel to EGL for uniform pipe cross section.
For horizontal pipes with constant cross section, the drop in
pressure gradient between two points is equivalent to the
head lost between these points.
 GRADE LINE

02 Energy Grade Line (EGL)

Energy grade line is always above the hydraulic grade line by an
amount equal to the velocity head. Thus, the distance of energy
gradient above the datum plane is always (v²/2g + p/γ + z). Energy
grade line therefore is the graphical representation of the total
energy of flow.
 GRADE LINE

02 Energy Grade Line (EGL)

Characteristics of Energy Grade Line
EGL slopes downward in the direction of flow and will only rise
with the presence of pump.
The vertical drop of EGL between two points is the head lost
between those points.
EGL is parallel to HGL for uniform pipe cross section.
EGL is always above the HGL by v²/2g.
Neglecting head loss, EGL is horizontal.
 GRADE LINE
Illustration showing the behavior of EGL and HGL
THANK YOU!