The DISTANCE traveled by an electromagnetic
wave during the TIME of ONE CYCLE.
Bandwidth
Is that PORTION of the electromagnetic
PALAWAN STATE UNIVERSITY spectrum OCCUPIED by a SIGNAL.
Lecture Handouts in Basic Communications The FREQUENCY RANGE over which an
information signal is transmitted or over which a
Communications System receiver or other circuits operates.
It is the sending, processing and receiving of
information by electrical or electronics means.
The exchange of information by electronics
means.
Communications System
It is the SENDING, PROCESSING and
RECEIVING of INFORMATION by
ELECTRICAL or ELECTRONICS means. The Frequency Spectrum
The EXCHANGE of INFORMATION by EXTREMELY LOW Frequency (ELF)
ELECTRONICS means. VOICE Frequency (VF)
The Basic Communication System VERY LOW Frequency (VLF)
LOW Frequency (LF)
MEDIUM Frequency (MF)
HIGH Frequency (HF)
VERY Frequency (VHF)
ULTRAHIGH Frequency (UHF)
SUPERHIGH Frequency (SHF)
EXTREMELY HIGH Frequency (EHF)
LIGHT Frequency
X-RAYS, GAMMA RAYS, COSMIC RAYS
Basic Components Extremely Low Frequency (ELF)
Transmitter 30-300 Hz range
Receiver AC Power Line
Transmission Channel Voice Frequency (VF)
Transmitter 300-3000 Hz range
A source of information, which must be delivered Normal range of HUMAN SPEECH.
or transmitted to a particular destination over a Very Low Frequency (VLF)
channel. 3-30 kHz range
A DEVICE that TRANSMITS INFORMATION. Used in some GOVERNMENT and MILITARY
Transmitter Components Communications.
Modulators Used in NAVY to communicate with
Amplifiers SUBMARINES.
Oscillators Low Frequency (LF)
Receiver 30-300 kHz range
The destination upon which information from the Used as SUBCARRIERS.
transmitter is delivered. Subcarriers
The DESTINATION of INFORMATION. SIGNALS which carry the BASEBAND
Transmission Channel modulating information but which in turn,
The path or medium that the information travels MODULATE another higher-frequency carrier.
from the transmitter to the receiver. Medium Frequency (MF)
The MEDIUM. 300-3000 kHz range
Basic Terms Major application is the AM RADIO
Frequency BROADCASTING (535 to 1605 kHz).
Wavelength Also for MARINE and AERONAUTICAL
Bandwidth Communications Applications.
Power and Decibels High Frequency (HF)
Frequency 3-30 MHz range
It is simply the number of times a particular Known as SHORT WAVES.
phenomenon occurs in a given period of time. Used for AMATEUR RADIO and CB
The NUMBER OF TIMES an event occurs in a Communications.
PERIOD of TIME. Very High Frequency (VHF)
30-300 MHz
Used in MOBILE RADIO and FM RADIO
BROADCASTING.
UltraHigh Frequency (UHF)
300-3000 MHz range
Used in UHF Television (CH. 14-83)
Used in LAND MOBILE Communications and
RADAR.
Also called MICROWAVES.
Wavelength SuperHigh Frequency (SHF)
The DISTANCE between TWO POINTS of 3-30 GHz range
similar cycles of a PERIODIC WAVE.
Widely used in SATELLITE Communications It is the PROCESS of CHANGING the
and RADAR. AMPLITUDE of a relatively HIGH FREQUENCY
Extremely High Frequency (EHF) CARRIER SIGNAL in PROPORTION with the
30-300 GHz range instantaneous value of the MODULATING
Includes Satellite communications and SIGNAL (INFORMATION)
SPECIALIZED RADAR. Amplitude Modulation (AM) Parameters
Referred to as MILLIMETER Waves. CARRIER
Light Frequency Carrier is a HIGH-FREQUENCY SIGNAL
Three Categories of Light used to CARRY INFORMATION from
INFRARED source to destination.
VISIBLE INFORMATION
ULTRAVIOLET Also known as:
Infrared INTELLIGENCE
Occupies the range between 0.01 MODULATING SIGNAL
MILLIMETERS (mm) and 700 NANOMETERS BASEBAND SIGNAL
(nm)
LONG INFRARED (0.01 mm to 1000 nm)
SHORT INFRARED (1000 to 700 nm)
Power and Decibel Amplitude Modulation Equation
It is the fundamental quantity representing the
RATE at which ENERGY is used.
It is more readily measurable since it can be
converted to HEAT.
Decibel indicates the relation between two
powers.
Decibel Computation
Standard AM in Frequency Domain
The voltage of either of the sidebands WILL
NOT EXCEED half of the voltage of the carrier.
Question
When the input power is reduced in half at the output,
the signal power is said to be reduced by: Question
A. 2 dB C. 4 dB An AM signal with a 40V modulating signal and 50V of
B. 6 dB D. 3 dB carrier frequency and a carrier voltage of 50 volts. What
Question is the peak voltage of the upper side frequency?
A current change that is equal to twice its original value A. 10V C. 20
will correspond to a change of B. 15V D. 25V
A. 3 dB C. 10 dB Standard AM in Time Domain
B. 9 dB D. 6 dB Modulating Voltage is ALWAYS LESS than the
Modulation Carrier Voltage.
Modulation is a PROCESS of IMPRESSING If the Modulating Voltage is more than the
low-frequency INFORMATION signals into a Carrier Voltage, OVERMODULATION will occur.
high-frequency CARRIER SIGNAL.
Types of Modulation
Modulation Index
The term used to DESCRIBE the AMOUNT of
AMPLITUDE CHANGE in an AM waveform.
Also known as Coefficient of Modulation and
Depth of Modulation
Amplitude Modulation (AM)
M
A
D
F
P
Q
A Class C RF amplifier that raises the output of
the buffer to a level sufficient to drive the
Current and Voltage Relationship modulated RF amplifier.
Modulated Power Amplifier
A class C RF amplifier that supplies the energy
which is required to drive the antenna system at
the rated RF power for High-Level modulation.
Speech Amplifier
A Class A AF pre-amplifier that raises the level
of the input AF after being subjected to
processing and filtering
Drive Amplifier
A Class A/B/AB that supplies the necessary
audio power to drive the Class B modulator.
Push-Pull Modulator
A Class B AF output amplifier that varies the
plate voltage of the Class C RF amplifier in
accordance with the frequency and the
amplitude of the AF signal.
Linear Power Amplifier
A Class A/B/AB amplifier which provides linear
power amplification of the amplitude-modulated
Question output signal from the Class C modulated power
The antenna current of an AM transmitter is 12A when amplifier.
unmodulated but increases to 13A when modulated. Used for Low-level modulation.
Calculate the percent modulation. Double-Sideband Suppressed Carrier (DSBSC)
A. 95 percent C. 69 percent
B. 65 percent D. 59 percent DSBSC in Frequency and Time Domain
Power Relationship
Bandwidth Requirements
Current and Voltage Relationship
Standard AM Transmitter
Power Relationship
Peak Envelope Power
Question It is the RMS POWER DEVELOPED at the
In amplitude modulation, when the intelligence is added CREST of the MODULATION ENVELOPE.
at the last possible point before the transmitting antenna, Question
it is termed as A voice signals produces a 120-V peak-to-peak signal
A. high-level modulation across a 50-ohm load. The peak envelope power then is
B. medium-level modulation A. 42.42 W C. 60 W
C. low-level modulation B. 144 W D. 36 W
D. cathode modulation Power Saving for DSBSC
Crystal Oscillator
It provides a STABLE CARRIER FREQUENCY
at low power.
Buffer Amplifier
A Class A RF Amplifier that ISOLATES the
crystal oscillator to improve its stability.
Intermediate Power Amplifier
MODULATION INDEX is the RATIO OF
DEVIATION and the MODULATION SIGNAL.
DEVIATION RATIO is the RATIO OF THE
SSBSC in Frequency and Time Domain MAXIMUM DEVIATION over the MAXIMUM
MODULATING FREQUENCY
Percentage Modulation
The percentage value of the ACTUAL and
MAXIMUM FREQUENCY DEVIATION.
Current and Voltage Relationship
Bandwidth Requirement Carson’s Rule
FM Generation
Power Relationship Direct Methods
Indirect Methods
Reactance Modulator
A reactance tube that presents either inductive
or capacitive is connected to the tank circuit of
the oscillator
The variation of the reactance would cause the
Power Saving for SSBSC oscillator frequency to vary in accordance with
the modulating signal thereby creating a direct
generation of FM.
Varactor Diode Modulator
An FM generator utilizing a voltage-variable
capacitor diode.
VCOs are FM circuits in which continuous
variable changes in frequency are provided by
the varactor diode.
Angle Modulation Indirect Methods
The type of analog modulation in which the Armstrong Modulator
ANGLE SINUSOIDAL REFERENCE An indirect method of generating FM using a
FUNCTION is varied in accordance with a crystal oscillator for frequency stability with a
modulation signal. phase-modulated buffer stage.
Frequency Modulation (FM)
It is a system in which the AMPLITUDE of the
carrier is KEPT CONSTANT, while its
FREQUENCY AND RATE OF CHANGE are
VARIED BY THE MODULATING SIGNAL.
Pre-Emphasis
FM in Frequency and Time Domain A Pre-emphasis is a HIGH-PASS FILTER
A Pre-emphasis network provides a
constant increase in the amplitude of the
modulating signal with the increase in
frequency.
De-emphasis
A De-emphasis network is a LOW-PASS
FILTER
The reverse of Pre-emphasis; restores the
original amplitude-versus-frequency
characteristics to the information signals.
Phase Modulation
It is a system which the PHASE OF THE
CARRIER is VARIED in ACCORDANCE with
Frequency Deviation the INSTANTANEOUS AMPLITUDE of the
The AMOUNT OF CHANGE IN CARRIER MODULATING SIGNAL.
FREQUENCY produced by the modulating
signal. PM in Frequency and Time Domain
Modulation Index and Deviation Ratio
