Systems Analysis

and
System Design
 Topics

1 2 3 4 5
What is a Properties System System Summary
System of a System Analyses Design

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 Introduction
System Analysis and Design (SAD) is a structured
approach to developing and improving systems,
encompassing both technical and managerial
aspects. At its core, SAD involves analysing
existing systems, identifying areas for
improvement, and designing new systems or
enhancements to meet specific objectives.

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 What is a System
• A system is a complex entity or context composed of interrelated and interconnected components
working together to achieve a common goal or objective.
• The components can include hardware, software, employees, business processes, etc.
• Systems vary widely in nature, ranging from technical systems like software applications and computer
networks to organizational systems like business processes and supply chains.
• As businesses or processes evolve, their systems often face the challenge of staying relevant and
efficient.
• Updating existing frameworks and processes or implementing new ones to replace existing ones plays a
critical role in enhancing organizational performance.

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 Properties of a System
• Interconnectedness: Components inside a system are interconnected. A change in one system
component might cause a change in another system component.
• Environment: Systems exist within an environment, interacting with the environment and being
influenced by the environment.
• Boundary: Systems have a defined boundary that separates them from the external environment. This
is essential for studying how the system interacts with the external environment.
• Purpose: Systems are designed with clear purpose and specific objectives. The components of a system
are organized in such a way as to perform intended tasks.
• Input and Output: Systems need input which leads to give the desired output.
• Feedback: Feedback is a critical component of systems because it provides the required information for
system improvement and upgrades.
• System Constraints: Every system works within certain boundaries called constraints. These constraints
define the limits within which the system can operate.

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 Understanding Systems is central to modern Systems Analysis and
Design because it forms the basis for effectively modeling and
improving complex processes whether they are simple or complex.

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 Properties of a System
Interconnectedness
• Interconnections highlights the intricate relationships between components within
a system. Every component within a system is interconnected with other
components and contributes to the overall functioning of the system.
• Changes in one component of the system can have cascading effects throughout the
entire system.
Example: Supply Chain, Transportation Network, Air Traffic Control

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 Properties of a System
Feedback
• Feedback mechanisms are an integral part of modern systems analysis and
design. Feedback serves to maintain stability and improve performance.
• Example: Thermostat in a heating and cooling system for a building.
Temperature sensors provide feedback to the system’s control unit,
allowing it to regulate the heating or cooling output to maintain the
desired temperature, thus creating a feedback loop that ensures a
comfortable environment.

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 Elements of a System
• Input: The data that the system gets from an external source.
• Process: The activities that occur within the system.
• Output: The result after processing the input.
• Feedback: Information from end-users to improve the system.

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 Elements of a System

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 Types of System
• Open Systems: An open system is the one that interacts freely with the external
factors. These systems are capable of adapting to the changes made within the system.
Example: business organizations.
• Closed Systems: A closed system is one which is contained within itself. It does not
have any interaction with the environment.
Example: A computer system.
• Adaptive Systems: Adaptive systems are those capable of changing with their
environment.
Example: constantly changing market.
• Dynamic Systems: Dynamic systems are those that change and evolve over time.
Example: ecological system change with factors like climate change.
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 Understanding these characteristics is critical in Systems Analysis and Design because
they guide the way systems are structured and managed.
Effective System Analysis and Design requires a deep understanding of:
• The purpose of the system and the goals it aims to achieve
• How the components within a system interact with each other.
• The boundaries that define the scope within which the system operates
• The feedback mechanisms that ensure its stability and adaptability.

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Difference Between System Analysis and System Design
System Analysis and System Design are two distinct phases in the process of
developing or improving systems. Both concepts have its own focus and objectives

System Analysis:
• Focus: System analysis primarily focuses on understanding the existing system
or problem, identifying requirements, and defining objectives.
• Activities: During system analysis, the emphasis is on gathering and
documenting requirements, analysing existing systems, and identifying areas for
improvement.
• Outcome: The main deliverables of System Analysis include requirements
specifications, system models (such as data flow diagrams or use cases), and a
thorough understanding of user needs and organizational goals.
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Difference Between System Analysis and System Design
System Design:
• Focus: System Design on the other hand shifts the focus towards creating a
solution to meet the identified requirements and objectives.
• Activities: System Design involves conceptualizing, planning, and detailing the
structure and behavior of the proposed system. This includes designing the
system architecture, defining data structures, specifying interfaces, and planning
for implementation.
• Outcome: The key deliverables of System Design include system architecture
diagrams, detailed design specifications, interface designs, and plans for
implementation and testing.

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 • In summary, System Analysis is concerned with understanding the
problem and gathering requirements, while System Design is focused
on creating a solution that addresses those requirements effectively.
• System Analysis sets the foundation by defining what needs to be done,
while System Design translates those requirements into a tangible
solution by determining how it will be done.

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 The Systems Analysis Process is an organized and systematic approach to
understanding, designing, and implementing systems that meet specific
objectives

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 Problem Identification

Requirements Gathering
System
Analysis System Design

Process Implementation

Testing
System Deployment

Analysis Maintenance and Evaluation

Process
 System Analysis Process
Problem Identification
• This preliminary phase of Systems Analysis and Design involves recognizing
the need for a new system or improvement of an existing system.

• Problems can include inefficiencies, outdated technology, changing business

requirements, or a need for entirely new capabilities.

• There is a critical need to involve stakeholders, such as end-users and

decision-makers, to ensure a comprehensive understanding of the issues and
their impact

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 System Analysis Process
Requirements Gathering
• After identification of the problem, the subsequent step is to gather
requirements.
• Requirement gathering involves collecting information about the system’s
functionality, constraints, and user needs.
• Requirement gathering should identify both functional requirements
(what the system should do) and non-functional requirements (how it
should do it).
• Surveys, interviews, and observation are common techniques used to
extract requirements from stakeholders.
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 System Analysis Process
System Design
• System Design is the creative phase where a detailed blueprint of the system is
developed.
• Designers define how the system will operate and meet its goals based on the
gathered requirements.
• This phase includes architectural design, data modeling, constructing a design
system, and specifying hardware and software components.
• The aim is to ensure that the system is both efficient and aligned with
organizational objectives.

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 System Analysis Process
Implementation
• Implementation is the process of building the system according to the design
specifications derived from system requirement analysis.
• It involves coding, configuring hardware and software, and integrating various
components.
• During this phase, it is important to follow best practices, and coding standards
to ensure quality control in minimizing errors and optimization of performance.

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 System Analysis Process
Testing
• Once the system has been implemented, rigorous testing is conducted to
ensure it performs as expected and meets the desired objectives.
• The types of testing include:
✓ functional testing,
✓ integration testing,
✓ performance testing,
✓ and user acceptance testing.
• Testing is an essential step for Systems Analysis and Design. Testing identifies
and addresses defects or issues before the system deployment

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 System Analysis Process
Deployment
• Deployment is the process of rolling out the system for regular use.
• This involves installing the system on the target hardware, configuring it,
and making it available to end-users.
• A smooth deployment is critical to ensure minimal disruption and user
adoption.

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 System Analysis Process
Maintenance and Evaluation
• The final phase in the System Analysis Process includes continuous
monitoring and improvement of the system to ensure it remains operational
and aligns with the organizational goals.
• Maintenance activities can include bug fixes, updates, and system
enhancements.
• Evaluation involves assessing the system’s performance and the ability to
meet the desired objectives.
• Feedback from users and ongoing analysis help identify areas for
improvement and future enhancements.
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 • Effective communication with stakeholders is crucial during the Systems
Analysis and Design process
• This is critical for maintaining transparency, involving stakeholders, and
adapting to changing system requirements.
• This iterative approach to Systems Analysis and Design ensures that the
resulting system is not only functional but also adaptable and aligned
with the evolving needs of the organization.

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 The Importance of Systems Analysis and Design
Efficiency and Productivity:
• System Analysis and Design objectives include identifying areas for
improvement within existing systems to enhance their performance
• Properly designed systems are instrumental in streamlining processes and
optimizing workflow.
Cost Reduction:
• Effective systems are often designed with a focus on resource optimization.
They can help organizations identify areas of operational inefficiency and waste,
leading to cost reduction.
• By reducing unnecessary expenses and improving resource allocation, Systems
Analysis and Design can impact an organization’s financial health.
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 The Importance of Systems Analysis and Design
Adaptability and Innovation
• The contemporary technology-driven world requires systems to be adaptable to
remain relevant. Well-designed systems are flexible and can evolve with changing
requirements and technological advancements.
Problem-Solving
• Systems Analysis and Design provides a structured approach to problem-solving. It
enables organizations to identify and address issues systematically rather than
relying on ad-hoc fixes.
• By understanding the root causes of problems and their implications, systems
analysis helps in implementing sustainable solutions that prevent issues from
recurring.
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 The Importance of Systems Analysis and Design
User Satisfaction
Involving end-users in the Systems Analysis and Design process is critical for
tailoring systems to meet their needs and preferences. When users have a say
in the design, they are more likely to be satisfied with the final product.

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 Summary
Understanding Systems is central to modern
Systems Analysis and Design because it
forms the basis for effectively modeling and
improving complex processes whether they
are simple or complex.

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Thank you
Dr. Nathaniel G Kuyembeh