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Continuity and Differentiability
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 Gontinuity
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 Continuity and Differentiability

1. INTRODUCIION
In mathematics, a continuous
function is a function for which,
output. Otherwise, a function intuitivelv-
y, sma cho---. in
small changes ;- .L-
the :__
is said to be discontinuous. input- result in small changes in
the
Continuous function is a firnction
who* gr"pi""ri" a*wn without lifting the pen fiom the paper.
2. COilTINUrY OF A FUNCIION
A function/(.r) is said to be continui
= l(r) =/(o)
.rm'
i.c..L.H.L = R.H.L. = Varue ora
,""",,* ., - -'' iT" ^:l
t t''-t = rat
A tunction / (,r) is said ro be d,,.":,:-::
. ;' ,!::'
is
(i) l,- /(,.) and l(-r) exist but are nor equal.
.lim,
(ii) iim /j.r) and lim /(rr exis t
. and are equal but not cqual lo.l (o).
(iii) ./ (a) is not defined
(iv) at least one ofthe limits does not exist.

l{ote:
It shouldbe noled that continuity of a firnction is the propeny of interval
and is meaningfirl at r : o otrlv
has a grapb in the immediate
Tichb.;;";;,:;,,J.#:":J;f:on
*t be misundentood -I
ihat continuityofa f,mction is
ITJ:,"I.#:" ralked only

For example, continuity ofl(r) = x= I is meaningful, but continuity

.r- of
/(r) -atI
= Iog..r al r = -2 is meaningless. Similarly,
if/(x) has a graph as shown in the figure then continuity at .r = O is
Also, continuity meaningless
alr = a implies the existence of limit at
x = a, but existence of limit at
-r : a does not imply the continuily
at
2 Continuity and Dittercnliability

2.t Directional Continuity

A function may happen to be continuous in only one dtection, either fiom the "Ieft" or from the "right". A right-continuous function
is a function which is continuous at all points when approached from positive infinity. Likewise a l€ft-continuous function is a
function which is continuous at all points when apFoached from negative infinity.

<-i ._________+

A leff continuous function A right continuous function

2.2 Continuity in an Intervat

A function is said to be continuous in the open intewal (a, b) if/(x) is continuous at each and every point € (a, D) and for any
c e(a, b), lln_/(x) = tm_,f(x) =,f(c).

A function/(x) is said to be continuous in the closed interval [c, 6] ifit continuous at every point in this interval and the continuity

at the end poins is defined as/(x) is continuous at r = a if/(a) = Iim Jr(r) = R.H.L. (L.H.L. should not be evaluated) and at x:6
ifl(b) = lim f (x) = L.H.L. (R.H.L. should not be evaluated).

Il]ustration 1 Prove that the function f(x) = 5x - 3 is continuous at r : 0.

Solutlon
The given tunction is/(r) = 5r - 3

At r = 0,/(0) =5x0_3= -3
Also lim -f(r) = lim (5x-3):5x0-3=-3
rJo rr0
.'. lim /(x) =/(0)

Thus, frmction is continuous at.r = 0.

Ittustration
.f,, if-rSl
2 Is the function/defined by/(x) = contlnuous at
s if.r>l
(ii) x= I and (iil) x = 2?

Solution

The given function/is/(x) : x, if .r3l

5, if x>l
(i) Atr=0,
For/(0), put r = 0 in f (x) : x (as f (x) = x for r 3 l).
.'. "r(0) = 0
Also, lim /(r) = lim x = 0
r-0 r,0
.'. lim (x):
rJ0 "f
f (0)

Therefore,/is continuous at -r: 0.

 Continuity and Ditrerantiability 3

(ii) Atx: I,
For/( I ), put r = I in.f(r)=r(as/(-x):xfor,rS t).
The left hand limit of/at x = I is

r+l
lim .71x1 = rJl-
;1p , =1

The nght hand limit ofl at r = I is

lim /(x) = lim (s) = 5
r +l' r +l*
Thus, lim I@) + lvr. IG)
r -+l- r +l'
Therefore,/is not continuous at r : l.
(ili'l Atx=2,f(2\= 5
(As/(x)= 5 for.r> l)
Also, lim /(x) = lim (5) : 5
x42 ,a2
.'. lim f6)=.f12)
,-2
Therefore,/is continuous at r = 2.

sro .,
COS r x>0
r
IUustration 3 Show that the function detued by./(x) : -+ -r = 0 is contfuuous at.r = 0.

+ 0 -.Ilr x<0
Solutlon
If/is continuous at point x = 0, then we must have
(r) = ,f(0) '' (i)
,ltT, /(r) = ,ltry ,i
sinx tt'+
Now
,!i."r{,1 =
,trm ( x +COS.I =r li-
r0' r
lim cosx= I + I =2
r -"r0'
-
And, +0-Jt-,1
lim /(r) = lim

_ l.m
4(1 -J..rxl+/.-r)
r r0- x(l + ./l - x)

=
.. 4(l-(l-x)) ..
llm_:=lrm_:=
4x
llm
44 2
.-o r(l + Jt - xy .-o r(l + Jl - r) ,-o (l+Jl-r) l+l
Also,/(0) = 2 (given)
Thus, lim /(x) = lim f(x)=f(o):2
r -+0' .r J0-

Hence,/(x) is continuous at r = 2.

l-cos4r x< 0
I.
Itlustration 4 Letl(r) : d x=0.
J; x> 0
.{ta-G -t
Determine the value of a, if possfule, so that the function is continuous at r : 0.
4 Continuity and DifreantiaulitY

5olution
We are given that,

I -cos 4x
_-_' x<0
-r-
f(x) = a, r=0
x>0
,/to +Jx - +

Here L.H.L. atr = 0 is,

.
-cos
=ltm--------#
t +(o- l)
,-+o _ r),
(o

= -.
lm
I - cos 4i
_---------=_
,r0
2 tio12'.+
= ri. =s
4h'
^,0
R.H.Latr=0is,

lim o+,
a+ $*-+
Ji Jl6 + ./1, +4
= lim
,--.0 l6 + h -16

=;s(fi;T.';
=r/to++=g
For continuity of function/(r), we must have L.H.L. = R.H.L.=/(0)

= ./(0)=8 =a=8
Itlustration 5 Find the poir:ts ofdiscontinuity ofthe following functions.

(i) /(r) = zsrnr-l ,, . 1s,2o1 (iD,r(x)=

?_;a*
---J-
Solution
I
(i) l(x)= :---:---------'
2srnr - |
/(.r) is discontinuous wh,en 2 sin r I : 0

= sin x = I2 . which h,as two solutions for x e [0, 2z]

i.e. x = trl6,5trl6

(rr,t(x)=-_- I

.x'-3lxl+2
./(r) is discontinuous when -t' - 3lx1+ 2 = 0

= lr12-3lrl+2=0 = (lxl- l)(l.rl-2)=0 + lxl = 1,2 +x=tl,+2

 ContinuityandDilferentiability 5

(fi) /k)= ttrll- k- ll = [.r] -([x] - 1)= I

+ .7(r) is continuous V r e -R

L2-t
t- -rral
: ) ,' -zl, -tl -t'
Iltustration 6 Let function^e a function defined as/(r)
lr
I z'
. Discuss the continuity ofthe frrnction

Sotution

Weknowthatlr I l=
l-r,if.rcl
x-l,ifr2l
,2 -l xr -l (x+l)
R.H.L.: lim = 6r, - = 11. - li. '*l =-
x2 - 2y x -t1-l r-+r- xi -2(x-l)-l ,-r'(x+l)-2 '-r.r-l
,2 -l li- . ' -l (x+l)
L.H.L.: lim = 11,n li.'*l =1
,-r x'-2(l-x)-l ,-r'(r+l)+2- ,-r'r+3
;trk-rH = 2

Hence/(x) is discontinuous at x = l.

log (l + x)r *'

Illustration 7 Letf(x): -.r , then find the value ofl(o) so that the functionrfis continuous at.r : 0.
1
x

Sotutlon
Function is continuous at .r = 0, then we must have
/l+r)log(l+r)-x
/(0) = rro
lim -/(x) lim
" = r-+0 ,2

lim
log(l+r)+l-l (Using L' Hospital's Rule)
2x

I
lim
log(l+r)_l
2 xz

Illustration 8 Let /(x) be a continuous firnction which satisfies /(x'z + l) = and /(x) > 0 V.r e R. Then find lim /(-r).
/(2;
Sotution

f(x2 +l\-- '

f(2'*t-l
1
lim /(x2 +l)= lim '
rJr- ,-t fex)-l
2
{where I = lim /(;r)}
L-l
L2 -L-z:o
(L -2)(L + t):0
L :2 las J@) > 0\
6 Continuity and Differentiability

The functionfr) is discontinuous only at -r : 0 such thatl r(n) : IVxe R. Then, find the total number ofsuch
functions.

Sotution
We may have following cases
l, ;S0 x<0 -1. .r30
f(x): f@: Jr. f(x):
-1, x>0' [-r, x)0' l, r>0
x>0 -1. x>0
-1, x<0 r<0, f(x): x<0
f@= 1, x20' f(x)= -1.
{i x=0 I x=0
Thus six such functions exists

{t+1rirr1}'F"n _L<r<o
6
Ittustration 10 Letf(x) = b x=0 . . Determine a and 6 such that/(.r) is continuous at n = 0.

e
-|t
0<-r<-
6

Solution

(t +1rio,1)'F -r/6<x<0
'
Given that, /(.r) = b r =0 is continuous at ir = 0

0<x<xl6
.. Iim /(o + t)
liq f (o -h) =f (o) = h+o
___L
we have. lr0tim -f (o - hl = h+o
lim lt +l sin (-1,) l]"'' "
L

= tim [t +sin
i+0 L
o)* - n
and f\0)- b .'. e'=h (1)
*unZr, l,
Also ta! 3h
- 2h t 3h,.?
'o
lim hl ltn e*zh
,+0 /(0+ = h_o
eh
' - ?'3

... ;t3 : b .(2)

From(l)ard(2)d:b:dt3
= a: 213 ar,d b: e2/3

eP'+log.(l+4x)+q
Iltustration 11 Ifthe tunctionS(r):
x*0
is continuous at-r:0, then find the values of p, q and, r.

x=0
Solution
Since/(x) is continuous at, : 0, we must have

,. eP' +log.(l +4x)+ q

,-O ,J
 Continuity and Differentiabilv 7

P," + pr33 + l6x2 64

,'+
).I --+-
I + (px ) + +q
2t 3 23 )
lim
x
p2 p' 64
(l+ q)+(p + 4)x+ -8 + r It +...
lim
2
)r.( 6 3

,l

l+q:0,p+4=0, d-,
263 =o-o
l*9=,
l2
o: l-D=4-r:
-,

Iltustration 12 rcf A> ## for.r + 5 is continuous at x: 5 then find the value of/(5).

Solution

l(x) = 12. - hx +25 ,x+5

x' -7 x +10

/{x) is contiouous at r = s. only ,, ,ior 'l - 1'1{ i, nnit..

Now I - 7x + l0 -+ 0 when x -+ 5 then we must haye I - bx + 25 -+ 0 for which b = t0

n.n.. rirn4__19{i?i lim

,-5 - o
.+s xr - 7x+ l0 = x-s x -2
Now function is continuous at x: 5, then/(5) : 0

r-*,(r-*"j)
Illustration 13 tf f(x) = , -r*0 is continuous at x = 0 then find the value of zandrr.
2'xn
l, r=0
Sotution

r-""' (r-*'l)
f(x) =
z-t
, x+0
l. r=0
is continuous at r : 0,
, \2
I cos t - cosl2 It-".,"{l
Hence lim
\ 2)
2 .X
lt-.^r)
\ 2)
x
I cos
lim
, 1-cos0
lUsing lim ___-----_ =it
2' x' 0-0 0'

. 4X
4Sm -
4
lirn
.rr0 2^ xn
7
I Continuty and Differentiability

.1
tlm ,ar
= ,-i 442- x' =z
for limit to exist r, = 4
2 _,
". -'
28+n
. .8+r-.
:. m=-7

Illustration 14 4 fu1s1i6rnJf(r) satisfies/(r + y):/(-r) ..f(y) and continuous at r: l, then prove thatflx) is continuous for all -r.

Solution
As the tunction is continuous at Jr : l, we have lim /(x) = fiq /(r) = /(t)
= liq/(l-r)=liq/(r+h\=f(t) (Jsingf (x + y\ =f (x)-f t$)

+ I'q"r(l) "r(-r) = |tnl1t).,rta) =,r0)

= limf(-h)=lim f(h)=l .(i)
/,+0 .|,+0
Now consider some arbitrary points r = a.
L.H.L. = lim /(a * h) = \n f(o). f(-h) = f(a)\n f(-h) = f(a) (as lim /(-lr) = I, usins (i))

R.FI.L. : lim /(a + h) = \m f(a). f(h) = f(a)\rn f(h) = f(a) (as lim/(i) = l, using (i))
,i0
Hence, at any arbitrary point (.x : a),
L.H.L. = R.H.L. =/(a)
Therefore. function is continuous for all values of-r if it is continuous at l.

Iltustlation 15 Which of the following is false?

(A) If/(x) is defined at x = a, then it is continuous at x = a
(B) I f lim ./(x) exists and/(.r) is defined at x : a, thenjf(r) is continuous al r =a

Sotution

"f
(x): lx I (greatest integer function) is defined at r = l, but discontinuous at r = l, hence statement (,{) is false.

/(x)= [sinx] (geatest integer function) is defined at: = tdZ, alsof (ttl2) = l,but lim.[sin x] = lim_tsin.rl = 0. thus lim [sin.r]
,.;
exists. Hence statement (8) is false.
Consider/(x) = [.r] which is continuous forr €(1,2) but discontinuous forr e [l, 2] (as/(2) = 2 but/(2J = l). Hence statement
(D) is false however statement (C) is tsue.

Solution
when x is in neighbourhood of n/2, sinx is very close to I but less than l.
 Continuity and Difle6ntiability 9

,._ 2(sin x-sin" x)+ lsinx-sin' r | ,. 2(sinr-sin,x)+(sinx-sin,x)

Then, = llm - S texactlv l)
,-I*22 2(sin x-sin' x)- | sinx- sin' x l,-t' 2(sin.r-sin".r) - (sin x - sin, r)

Also ,._ 2(sinx-sin'x)+ lsinr-sin'x I .. x-sin" r) + (sin x - sin" r)

2(sin
,-4
2
2(sinx- sin'x)- lsin "r- sin'r I
,-I- 2(sinr-sin'x)-(sinx - sin'x)

Thus g(x) is continuous at x = ,r/2

Illuskation 17 If/(r) be continuous frrnction for all real values ofr and satisfies;l + {/ (-r) - 2}.r+ Zr5- 3 - rE. f(x) 0,
V x e R. Then frnd the value of/(!l).

Solution
As./(.r) is continuous for all -r e R.

Thus. lim t: -lt-lJl 3..*'6

r-J' /1.r1 = /(r6t.wherefr.r)- Jl_ ,
' ' -2.6-r . r2-r6-.rx..6-.rr -
lim-71.rr= Iim
, .\.,
'-+1-_.r , ,J, (Jl _.r)
:r t r.t
Jl
= /(\5) = 2(l \5)

Concept Application Exercise 1

ixl ifr*0
l. Find all poitrts ofdiscontinuity ofl where/is defined by/(x) =
0, ifx=0
2. Is the function defrned by/(x; =.1 - sin r + 5 continuous at.r = ,r ?

tan r
: r?40
3. Discuss continuity off(r) smr at ,r = 0
I x=0
/s+1. if x=fi
4. Find the values oft so that the function/defined as/(-x) = ls contlnuous at -r = z
cos -Y. if x>tr

xa - 256
x+4
5, What value must be assigned to & so that the function/(x) = ,-4 ' ls contmuous at r = 4l
k, x=4
I -cos2x
-r+0
6, Find the value of k rfJ@): 2x2 is continuous at x = 0.
k .x=0

log (l + 3.r) - log (l - 2;r)

7. Ifthe tunctioD/(r) defined byl(-r) = '*0 i..ontinuou. atr= 0, then find the value ofa
x=0

E. If the function/t l= sinx.ln(l+x)

,(3', l]' ,,.r+0 is continuous at.r=0, then find the value of/(0).
10 Continuity and Differcntiability

x2 -xl .r*0, I
,'
x -x
9, Discuss continuity of/(r) = at.x:0andr= l.
l, r=0
-t, .r=l
{r-2) | r'-t)
10. Discuss continuity of/(x) = r rI ,'*!) x*2
"tx:2
l
5
: x=2

,2 -(.t +2 x+ A : : :
11. Ifthe firnction./(r) = for r * 2 and/(x) 2 for x 2, is continuous at r 2, then fi nd the value of ,{.
x-2

12, Discuss continuity of/(r) = x2ell',x*ourr=g

0,x=0

: (cos r)11', x+0

13. If the tunction/(r) is continuous at,r: 0. then find the value oft.
k x=0
la. Ifl/(x)l is continuous at r = a, then/(x) is also continuous atx=4. Che€k th€ correctness ofthis statement

2x2 3x
ls. If/(x) = stn cos x*0 atr:0 V e R then find the minimum value ofa.
b , is continuous D
-+ct
,t=0
,r+aJisinx 01x<nl4
16. Find the values ofa and D so that th€ function/(r) 2xcoax+b r I 4 a x ! z /2 is continuous for0 <-r< it
acos2x-bsinx tti2<x!tt
17. If the tunction/1r):
:"]1fif1 is continuous arr:-2, then find rhe value of/(-2)

3. TYPES OF DISCONTINUITY

3.1 Removabte Discontinuity

Here lim ./(-y) necessarily exists, but is either not equal to f1a; or/(a) is not defined. ln this case, therefore it is possible to redefine

the function in such a manner that lim /(.r) = f(a) and thus making the function continuous.
Consider the functions g(x) = (sin;r)/r. Function is irot defined at r: 0, so domain is,R - {0}. Since the limit ofg at 0 is I, g can be
i
extended continuously to by defining its value at 0 to be l.
sin -r:
r+0
Thus redefined function G(.r) = x is continuous atx = 0.
-.
l, ;r=0
Thus a point in the domain that can be filled in so that the resulting function is continuous is called a removable discontinuity

l| r'-t
Consider function /(-r)=l ,,-t ' ,r*l
r=l
I

[3.
In this example, the function is nicely defined away from the point r = t.
 Continuity and Ditferentiabilty 11

(r-lXx+l)
ln fact, ifr + I, the tunction ,, 714=t1=
x-l r-l - r*,
7

However, if we were to consider the point r = l, this definition no longer makes sense since we
would have to divide by zero. The function instead tells us that the value of the funation is/( I ) : 3.
In this example, the graph has a !q[9 at the pointx = l, which can be filled by redefined/(r) at-r = I as 2.
This type ofdiscontinuity is also called Missing Point Discontinuilv.

3.2 Non-Removable Discontinuity

If lim /(r) * lim. /(x) , then/(x) is said to have first kind of non-removable discontinuity.

Consider the functions/(x) :

I /x. Function is not defined at x : 0, The function/cannot be extended to a continuous function whose

domain is R, since no matter what value is assigned at 0, the resulting firnction will not be continuous (as R.H.L. at x 0 is and : '-'
L.H.L. at r = 0 is '..').
A point in the domain that can not be filled in so that the resulting function is continuous is called a non-
removable discontinuity.

3.3 0scittating Discontinuity

nl
I -l to I or we can say when,r --; 0,/ (x) oscillates between
-/(x) = sin -II . When x -+ 0, --r - and sin - can take any value between

-l and I as shown in the following figure.

-v

;
-l

-l
)'

Thus/(x) is said to have oscillating discontinuity at r = 0.

1og. cosx
x>0
Ittustration 18 Discuss the type of/(-r) =
{/t+r'-| discontinuity at .r = 0.
e -l x<0
log.(l + tan 2r)
5olution

L.H.L.= lim -l eqin4r '

,-o- loSc(l + tan 2r)
e
_sln -l 4x
= lim sin 4r

lan2x
sin 4x
lim
r+o tan 2 x

( tog. .or* )
R.H.L. = lim
[{l*,'-rJ
12 Continuity and Differentiabilw

*{!H2(cos.r-r)
lim
(l+12)4 -l 2
1'
x
,- cosr - l
= llm --=-
xaot I z
-x
4
^ 1X
zsm-
2
= -4 lim 7
x

= -+x1z

Thus/(.r) has non-removable discontinuity at r = 0.

Illustration 19 What type of discontinuity/(r) = sin (log lr l), x rt 0, and I ifx = 0 has at.r = 0?
Solution
we have 1im /(t) = lim sin(log. | -, l) = lim sin0og" lt) which does not exist but lies between -l and t.

Similarly lim /(r) lies between -l and I but cannot be determined.

Thus/(x) has oscillating discontinuity at r: 0

4. THEOREMS ON CONNNUITY

Theorem 1: Sum, difference, product and quotient oftwo continuous functions is always a continuous fiuction. However

t(;ir- I(.'1. is continuous at r = a only ifg (a) * 0.

c(r)
Theorem 2: If/(r) is continuous and g (.r) is discontinuous then/(.r) + g (r) is a discontinuous function.

Illustration 20 If/(x) = 1s16 r 1r; - [r], where [.] is greatest integer function, then dicuss continuity offx) =lx) +g(x) at x = 0.
5olution
Here./(-r) is continuous at,x : r = 0.
0 but g(x) is discontinuous at
Hence F(-r):-{+ [x] is discontinuous at-r= 0 as/(o*) =0and/(0 ) = I

Theorem 3: lf/(r) is continuous and g(x) is discontinuous at x = a then the product function i(r) =./(.r) g(x) is not necessarily
be discontinuous at r = a-

Ittustration 21 If/(r) = J and g(r) = sgn(r), then discuss continuity of/(r) =/(r) . 8(r) at.r = 0.

Solution
Here,/(x) is continuous at x: 0 and g (r) is discontinuous atx = 0.

x3, x>o
But product tunction f(x) =/(x) g(r) = 0, x=0 is continuous at r =0

-x3, ,;r <o

 ContinuityandDiflerentiability 13

Theorem 4: If/(r) and g (r) are discontinuous at the same point then sum or product ofthe functions may be continuous.
e.g., /(x) : lrl (G.l.F. function) and g(r) = {x} (fractional part function) both are discontinuous at.r: I but their sum
/(r) + g(r) = n is continuous at x = l.

Consider/(x) - i[-t:
,
rS0 [t: .r(0
- ^ andg(r)- { . Here both lhe functions arc discontinuous al.r'- 0. hul lheir product
Lll x>0 [-l; .t>0
/(x)xg1.11 =-1.Vxe X is continuous at.r = 0
Theorem5:Everypolynomiall'Q\=ad(+at{t+a-f'2+..+o,,V-reRiscontinuousateverypointofthereal line.
Theorem 6: Every rational function is continuous at every point where its denominator is different from zero.

Theorem 7: Logarithmic functions, Exponential functions. Trigonometric functions. Inverse circular functions. Modulus functions
are continuous in their domain.

[ix+tl: rS0 : lrl+l; xSl

Illustration 22 lfl(x) = I' and g (x) Then discuss continuity of.fG) + g (r)
Ir: .r>0 -lx-21; x>l
Solution
Since/(.r) is discontinuous at r: 0 and 8G) is continuous at x = 0,/(x) + 8(r) is discontinuous at r = 0
Since/(x) is continuous atx= I andg (x) is discontinuous atx= l,/(r) + 8(r) is discontinuous atr = I

5. CONTINUITY OF FUNCNONS INVOLVING GREATEST INTEGER FUNCNON

/(-r) = [r], where [.] denotes the greatest integer function is discontinuous whenr is an integer. Similarly/(x) = fu(x)l is discontinuous
when g(r) is an integer, but this is true only wheD B(.r) is monotonic (g(x) is strictly increasing or strictly decreasing.)
For example/(x): I G ] is discontinuous wlen ..6' is an integer, as ...f, is strictly increasing (monotonic function)

/(.r)=tll,x>0isdiscontinuouswhenlisaninteger,aslisstrictlyincrcasingforthex)0
Now consider/(x) = [sin r], -r e l0,2xl function. g(.r) = sin x is not monotbnic in [0, 2z]. For this type of function points of
discontinuity can be determined easily by graphical methods. We can note that at x:3rd2, sin x takes integral value l, but at
x = 3n/2,flx) = Istl xl is discontinuous.

Illustration 23 Discuss the continuity of following functions. ([.] represents greatest integer function)

(i) /(x) = tlog.xl (ii) /(.r): tsin-'xl (ili).r(x)=l#],,=,

Solution
(i) log.x function is monotonically increasing function.
Hence/(-r): flog,xl is discontinuous where log"r= korx=l,ke Z.
Thus/(r) is discontinuous at,r: ... , e 2. e t. e0, et. e7. ...
(ii) sin r.r function is monotonically increasing function.
Hence/(r) : [sin !x] is discontinuous where sin r-r is integer.
sin lr:- 1,0, t or-t=-sin 1,0, sin I
=
trl
(iii) I --- l.,r > 0. is monotonically decreasing function.
Ll +x'l
Hence /(x) = [-?-l,rtoisdiscontinuous*t.n f-?-l i, in,.g",
Lt+r'l Lt+.r'l

= l-l-l :
Lt+x'-l '.,
= x:1,0
14 Continuity and Differcntiability

[coszx], 0(r(l
Discuss continuity ofl(x) = , where [.] denotes the greatest integral function.
l2x-3llx-2), l<-t(2
Sotutlon
To draw the graph of/ = [cos r], first draw the graph ofy : cos z.x, which
,t has period 2 as showl in the following figure.
From the graph it is clear the [cosm] is discontinuous at r : 0, l/2. y
Now consider x e (1, 2]

f - 2l l2.x - 3l
(x') = lx

For xe ( l, 2); lx - Z1= -1

and forx=2;lx-21=O
Also 12I-31 =0 =x:3/2 o I

(H
l: x=0
0: 0<r<!2
Thus, /(x): -t; 1<r<t
2
-(3-2x);l<x3312
-(2x-3);3/2<x<2
0:, x=2
Clearly,ft) is disccntinuous at x = 0, 1 , 2.
2

Iltustration 25 Find the points of discontinuity of/(x) : [2cos x], x e [0, 2z], where [.] represents greatest integer function.

5olution
./ (r) = [2 cos .r]
.v

2)

---- v= |
21d3 lt 41d3
o td3 d3 2r
I
----------- r'=l
2

f
2','!2',L.zo
Clearly, from graph/(x) is discontinuous at x = 0, 2z and r=+ .4o .5o
3' 3 ' 3 ' 3
6. CONNNUITY OIF FUNCNONS INVOLVING SIGNUM FUNCIION
We know that/(r) : sgn 1-r) is discontinuous at r =0
In general I (x) = sgn (8(,r)) is discontinuous at r =a ifg(a) :0.
 Continuity and Difrercntiabilv 15

Ittustration 26 Discuss continuity sgn (r (-t' - 5,{ + 6))

')f/(x):
Solution
/(x) : sgn (r (l - 5r + 6)) is discontinuous when.r il - 5x + 61 = 6
or x(x-2)(r-3)=0
or x = O,2,3
So./(x) is discontinuous at r : 0, 2, 3.

lf/(x) = sgn (sin x + a) is continuous for all x, then find the possible value ofa.

Solution
./(r) = sgn (sin x + o) is continuous for all x if sin r+a*0
:+ -sinx+a .+ a<-[ora>l =+lal>l
7. CONTINUITY OF TUNCIIONS INVOLVING LIMIT

2n,
Illustration 28 Discuss conrinuiry of/1x1= 1;6 I--1
D-- {n +l
5oIution
0 0Sa<l
We know that lim a" = d

cl>

I l, "r<-l
t- -1, 0<rl<l
(")'-r (,')' 0, x=-l
Now f(x)= lim \ / = liml---
,,__r*;l 0, -r2 =l -1, -l<r<l
"-_(.-,),+r l, ,r2 >l 0, r=l
(,=f l, x.>l
Thus./ (x) is discontinuous at r : tl

8. CONNNUTTY OF FUNCNON WHICH IS DEFINED DIFFERENTLY FOR RANONAL AND

IRRAI0NAL VALUES 0F x

Itlustration 29 Discuss the continuity and discontinuity of the following function:ft) : I ifx is rational
0 if x is irrational
Solutlon
For any, = a,
L.H.L.: lim f(x\ = hm f(a- h) =0orl(as Em(a- h) can be rational or irrational)
h)O ,+0
Similarly R.H.L. = lim /(x) = lim /(a+r,) = 0 or I
,qO
Hence/(.r) oscillates between 0 and I as for all values ofa.
.'. L.H.L. and R.H.L. do not exist. +/(.r) is discontinuous at a point.r = a for all values of a

ffi Find the value of x where/("r):

I
-r.

-r,
if r is mtional
if x is inational
is continuous.

Solution
/(x) is continuous at some x: a, wherex = I -xorx= ll2. Hencef (x) is continuous atr = l/2.
I

16 Continuityand Oifferentiability

Explsnrtion:
lNe havef (l 12\ = l12
Ifx rl/2* thenx may be rational or irratioaal + f(Uz+)=l/2orl-ll2:ll2
Ifr -> l/2- then x may be rational or in-ational + f(llz-):ll2orl-ll2=ll2
Hence/(.r) is continuous at r : l/2
For some other point say r = l,/(l) = I
Ifr --> I * then r may be rationat or irrational +/(l+)=lorl-l=0
Hence/(1t) oscillates between I and 0, which causes discontinuity atr = l.
Similarly/(.r) oscillates between 0 and I for all .r e R - {l Dl

sinx, x is rational
Illustration 31 Discuss continuity ofl(x) =
cosr. r is irrational'
Solution
l (.x) is continuous al some r where sin x: cos r or tan r: I ot x = ntt+ 1d4, ne I

9. CONTINUIW OF COMPOSITE FUNCNONS

F(-r) :/(g(.r)) is discontinuous also at those values ofx where g(x) is discontinuous.
I
For cxample / (.r) - is discontinuous at r - |
;
t.t
Now./(/(.Y))= ;| = is not only discontinuous at.r = 0 but also at r : I .

l- r
l-x
x-l ,
Now./(/1./(r)))
' = :,-r-l =r seems to be continuous, but it is discontinuous at r = I and x = 0 where/(r) and/(/(r)) respectively

are discontinuous.

|ffififfifl Discuss the continuity ofthe firnction/(r) = ---f;-a

l-e'-2
Solution
-l
I (r) = __;i
1-"-i
/(x) is discontinuous whenx - 2: 0

alsol'(x) is discontinuous when l-e '-2 =0

r_l
x:2 ar]d e x-2 :l
-t
x=2and j---1= 0
x-2
-x=2andx=1

l-r, 0S,r(l
Iltustration 33 Let./ (r) be dehned in the interval [0, 4] such that-l (r) = x +2, I< r < 2 then discuss the continuity of
.f( f(x)). 4-x, 2rx14
 Continuityand Differentiability 17

Solutlon
/(.x) is discontinuous at .r : I and .r : 2

+ / (/(x)) may be discontinuous wheojf(r) : I or 2

Now I x=l =x:0, where/(-r) is continuous
t+2=l +x:-le (1,2)
4-x: I +x:3e12,4)
now I -r:2 +x=- I e [0, l]
x+2:2 +x:0e (1,21
' 4-x:2 +x=2e 12,41
Hence/(/(x)) is discontinuous at r : 2, 3

10. PROPERTIES OF CONNNUOUS FUNCNONS

l. lfa function/is continuous on a closed interval [a,6] then it is bounded

2, A continuous function whose domain is some closed interval must have its range also in closed interval
3. lff(a) arif(b) possesses opposite signs then at least one solution ofthc equalion/ (jr) = 0 in the open interval (.r, b) providcd
/is continuous in [a, b]
4. Iff is continuous on [a, b] then/ I (from the range of7-) is also continuous

11. INTERMEDIATE VALUE THEOREM

If/is continuous on la, b) and f (q\ * f (b) then for any value c e (.f (a'1,.f (h)), there is at least one number -16 in (a, D) for which

.f (xd = c.

,1,

l$\

T@\

o ,=4 t6 X-_b .Il h .rl b

(i) f(a) (ir)

v
f(b)
f(a)
b f(a)
(iii) (iv)

From the figure (iii) and (iv) it is clear that continuity in the interval [a, b] is essential for the validity of this theorem.

Illustration 34 Let/be a continuous function dehned onto on [0, I ] with range [0, I ]. Show that there is some 'c' in [0' I i
such =l-c.
Solution
Consider g(r) :/(x) - I +x
c(0):,r(0)- I < 0 (as/(0) < l)
18 Continuity and Ditrerentiability

(l) =/(l) > 0 (as/(l) > 0)

g
So, g (0) and 8(l) are ofopposite signs.
Hence, there exists at least one c e (0, l) such that g (c) = 0
:. dc\ = f(c\ - I +c=0 or f(c):l-c

Illustration 35 Using intermediate value theorein prove that there exist a number x such that lm5 + --! . :2W5
I +sin'x
Solution
Let /(x):lms + (t + sin2 r)-2
Thus,/is continuous and/(0) = I < 2005 and/(2) > 22m5 which is much greater than 2005.
Hence, fiom intermediate value theorem there exist a number c in (0, 2) such thatf(c) = 2005

Concept Apptication Exercise 2

l. Find the number of points where / (x) = [-rl3], r e [0, 30] is discontinuous (where [.] represents the greatest integer
function).
2. Find the number of points of discontinuity of/(r) = [tan-l,r], where [.] represents the greatest integer function.
l-lxl.
3. Ifl(x) = l+x' x+-l , then discuss continuity of/([2x]) (where [.] represents the greatest integer function)
t. x=-l
(, - 2)1
4. lf the function/(x): sin (x - 2) + a cos (x - 2), where [.] denotes the greatest integer function, is continuous in

[4, 6], then find the value ofa.

5. Find the number ofpoints where/(.r) = lx lsgn (y' -x) is discontinuous.

6. Discuss continuity of/(x) = sgn (2 cos-r - l).
7. Discuss continuity of/(r) = lim cos2" x.

x, xeQ.
t. Discuss continuity of/(x) =
2-x,xeQ

: x -2, x30
9. Ifl(x) . then find the number of points where -v -/U(r)) is discontinuous.
4-x2, r>0
10. Showthalthefunction/(r):(r-4)2(x-6)2+rtakesth"uulr"'lD for some value ofx e [a, b'1.
2'
ll. Letf:. [0, l]-+[0, I ] be a continuous fi,rnction. Then prove that/(r) =.x for at least one 0 < r < l.

12. DIFFERENTIABILITY

l2.t Existence of Derivative

The right hand derivative of/at r = a denoted by/'(a+) is defined by :

t,(s. | _ tim Ifu+h\-f (at

,r0' h
provided the limit exists and is finite.

When i -+ 0, the point B moving along the curve tendsto A i.e., B

- A then the chord l8 approaches the tangent line at the point
,4 and then P -+ ry.
 Continuityand Ditferentiability 19

v=16\
fught secant thlough I la+hr.fla+hl
B
T+
f(a h) -l@)
Left secant though ,4
(", f(a\\
((a h,f(a h)
A
1
f(a\ -f(a - h't
L
0
o
o-h
d
F- a + h-------------d
-----------+4

ral = Lne:T@= rm ran e = ran r,/

The left hand derivative of/at r : a denoted by/'(a- ) is dehned by

l,(r- I!+lJg provided the rimit exists and is finite.

)=
l\.
when lr -r 0, the point C moving along the curve tends to A i.e., C ) A then the chord Cl approaches the tangent line ,4 7 at the

ooint.4 then + r"'(a 1= 1i^f@-h\-f(a\

h)o _h
At l,l(x) is differentiable if/'(a-) and/'(a ), both are finite and equal.
In other wordslr) is differentiable at x : a, ifunique tangent can be drawn at this point.

12.2 Differentiabitity and Continuity

If (x) is differentiable at every point of its domain, then it must be continuous in that domain, but the converse ofthis is not always
true, that is, there are functions which are continuous but not differentiable.

Thus we have following results.

(a) Differentiable
= Continuous
(b) Continuous + may or may not be differentiable
(c) Not continuous Not Differentiable
=
12.3 Reasons for ilon-Differentiability
The function{.r) is said to be non-differentiable at.r = a if
(i) both R/'(a) and Z/'(a) exist but are not equal
(li) either or both i/'(a) and r/'(a) are not finite
(iii) either or both rt/'(a) and Z/'(a) do not exist
The function y = lrl is not differentiable at 0 as its graph changes direction abruptly when r = 0. In general, if the graph ofa
function has a 'comer' or'kink' in i! then the graph oflhas no tangent at this point and/is not differentiable there. Un trying to
compute/'(a), we find that the left and right derivatives are different.l
Iflisnot continuous at a then/is not differentiable at a. So at any discontinuity (for instance, a jump discontinuity)/fails to
be differcntiable.
A third possibility is that the curve has a vertical tangent line when r = a, that is,/is continuous at a and lim l/'(x; l= - .

This means that the tangent lines b€come steeper atrd steeper as x -+ a.
Following figure illustrates the thrce possibilities that we have discussed.
G

20 Continuity and Differentiability

.}

0 0 a 0
a disco inuily a wrtical longent

Itlustration 36 Find the right hand derivative ofl-x) = [-r] tan ,B at ,r = t, t is an integer and [.] denotes greatest integ€r

SoIution

i r^ r- '
run
f (k + h)- l$)
'h-oh
,. lk + h)tanr(k + h\-lk)talr.kE ,. ktl'nftlk + h) k tanrk +tantth ,. , l nnh
1;^1r-y7g=lv
h)o h t-o h
lim
i |_ tan ttk tan tth t,-o Eh

Illustration 37 If a functionl l-2a, 2al -+ R is an odd function such thatflx) =l2a - r) for,r e [a. 2a] and the left hand
at -r : a is 0 then find the left hand derivative at r = - a.

Solution
Given .(2a--t):.1$)Y re (a,2a)
Lm fta_
h)_ Ila) _o
and f,ta\,o_
h-o -h
Now ,f'(--a ) : lim
f(-a-h)-f(-a)
-h
lim - f(a + h) + f(a) { '.' is an odd function}
flx)
-h
=-lim f(o+h)- f(a)
t,Jo h
Now in original fimctional relation replace x by a - h

= fa-h):fl2a-(a-h))=fla+ h)
f ' (-4) = - @ = -{. (a) = o
l:n-jg+l
Illustration 38 Prove that the function/given bylr) = lr I l,,re R is not differentiable at"r = l.
Sotutlon
The given tunctionfx) = lr- I l,xe R
It is known that a function/is differentiable at a point.x: c in its domain ifboth

,. f(c+hl- f(c) {(c+ht- flc\

"no ,IT. ----;-
are trntle and equal.
,::\ h
To check the differentiability ofthe given function ar r = l,
 Continuity and Ditrercntiability 21

Comider the lefl hand limit of/at x = I

tn /(+h)-f(l) _ ,.n il+r-ll-ll-ll_ lm

riJo- h
lil-o_ 1m _l:_r
h h n-.0- h

Consider the right hand limit oflat x : I

f(t+h)-f(r\ _ l. ll+n- ll-ll-ll= 6. lnl-o_ nm I =r

t,-+o* h -+o* h -+o' h t-o'h
t t

Since the left and right hand linits of/at r = I are not €qual,/is not differentiable at.r = L

3x-7, 0<r(1
Illustration 39 Show that the function defined asfx) = 2x2 - x, I< r < 2 , is continuous at r: l,x = 2 but not differenliable
5x-4, x>2

Solution

Ilx-2. o<x(l
t^
The given function isl.r) - {2r'-r, l<rS2
l_
[5.r-a. x>2
For continuity of f(x) at x = I and at x = 2:

fr) is continuous atx- l.if lim f(x)= lim I(xt= ftll

r-l_ , 'l'
Now lim
rJl
/(x)= rJllim (3x-2):3 2:t
lin [1x1= lim (2.r:-])=2-l=l
Also ll) = 3(l) - 2: l
Thus lim /(x)= lim
r-l rrl'
/(r)=/(l) = I.

Hencefx) is continuous at.r = l.

fx) is continuous at r = 2, if fiq .f(r) = try. fQ)= f(Z)

lim /(x) = lim (Zxz - x)=2(2)2 -2=6

x-.2-
''.2-
,rl;i,.rG)
= tim (5x - 4) = 5(2) - 4 = 6
Also n2\=2(2f-2=6
Thus ],ry_ -/(rl = tirn lG) = f (2) = 6
Hencefr) is continuous at , l. :
For dilteretrdibility etx= I rndr = 2:
For differentiability at x = I
3h=
tim Iim 3 3
,+0 h h+0' h ,r0- h

lim /(l
+ r) - /(l) _ lim
2(t+ D2 -(t+h)-l ..
llm
2hz +3h
(2h+3\=3
= i,-or lrm
i-tt
h h h
-=
22 Continuityand Difforentiability

,. ftt+ h)- flt) ,. f\t+ h)- I0

h)o' h r-o* h

Hencefx) is differentiable at r = l.
For differentiability at x = 2

tm f t2+ht- !(2\ . tim 2(2+D2 -e+h'l-6 = i^ 2h'*7h = li- (2h +'t) = 7

h-o-ht'--ro-hx-o-hn-o-
s(2+h)-4-6 .. tlm
5h
ltm J=J = h-+o* h
h h -= /'-+0*

lim /(2+h)-f(2) # lim I Q+ h)- f (2)

h h

Hencefix) is not differentiable at x: 2.

.r+0
Iltustration 40 Discuss differentiability offr) = 2x2 +l xl atr=0.
,-t=0
Sotution

fo-)= hlimto"f(ht=tim ! rim I

h,o2ht+h = h)ozh+l =r
_L _L _r
and lim f(-ht= lim -- ---:L
-flO)= hao- lim ----1-= hm ' =-t
,-0 2h, +l- hl h-+o h
h-o 2h + I
zhz +

as.l(0*) +.(0 ), thus l(.r) is discontinuous and hence non-differentiable at r: 0.

:
,-J_7 if-lSx3t
I[[ustration 41 Discuss differentiabi I ity of/x) alx= l.
t+log1, if.r>l
x
Solution

"/(l): I ,[-r'=r,
.l( I )= lim (r .I-7)=

.)
t( l.) = lim t+tog1 =, *,on-1I =,
.r )
Hence.(x) is continuous at r= I

1*1on-L-1
"l+h
f (t + h) - .[(t) = lim 1)
/1lt) = lim = rm lggllj
- ,lJo = -r
h h h

/11 )= lim f (t-h)- f (t)

= lim
l- l-(l-i)'? -l
-h -h
Hencc fl.y) is non-differentiable at r= I
 Continuity and Differentiability 23

2 e -e r+0
elri:lr.
_r
Illustration 42 Iflrl = +e , then discuss differentiability offlx) at x = 0.
0; r=0
Solution
At r= 0.

L.H.L. : lim f(x) lim f(0- h)=

r*-(#) =ry"*(#):, (H.i)=,
RH.L. = rrm* .r"(r)= rim /(0 + i) =
lgr' (##) = r = r (i*) ='
-,, 1,, "1"+)
and l0) : 0
+ L.H.L. = R.H.L. =10)
Hencej(r) is continuous at r = 0.

h,#_o
Also L.H.D.: lim fQ-h)-f(o) _tn ti^ h'::,: -t :o
=- h-+o
h)o -h hao -h 2-zth ql

,2 e -e
-'iii---:iii
: + l,) - /(o) _ e +e -0 |_-2lh
And R.H.D. lim /(o l.m =-limh' '.. =0
h)o h n-'o -h h--to I I s'2tn

Hencelx) is'differentiable at -r = 0 and,f'(0) : 0.

I[[uskation 43 tf L*f(x)=[9''l;;:: . ff/(r) is differentiabte atr = 3, then nnd the values ora and 6.

Solutlon
Jtx) must be continuous : at r 3.

rrqt rtqt /(x) = /(:)

"fG) =

,.'E+t=3b+2
2a=3b+2 ...( 1)

a
, o<.r<3
Now, /'(r) = 2./x +I
b, 3<x<5
Given that /(x) is differentiable at.r = 3.

.'. l'(3-'):l'(3.)
2Jtn
+ a:4b ...(2)
)R
Solving (l) and (2), we get b = and o =;
;
24 Continuity and Differentiability

Illustration 44 lf.x + 4 iyl = 6y, then discuss differentiability ofy:f(x).

Sotution
1ryshyg,y+4Lvl :6y
I I
x-4r'=6Y if1,<0 2
x, if r>0
2
r>0
x+4v=6Y ify>0 I - f'(x) =
I
ifx<0 ,r<0
-r.
l0 l0
Clearly,lr) is continuous at x : 0 but notr differentiable at x = 0.

Ittustration 45 Find the set ofpoints where lH is thrice differentiable.

Solution
Let lx) : I El which could be expressed as,

-x3, r<0 x<0

lkt: 0, x=0 + f'(x)= {-';' x=0. So,/'(r) exists for all real x.
x3, x>0 [,,'. :>0
l-a,. r<0
(r) .r = 0 . So. f"(x) exists for all real-r.

i* -r>0

x<0
f"' (x) = ;r=0
{, .x>0

However,/"'(0) does not exists sinceJf"'(O) = 4 au;rdl"'(0) = 6 which are not equal. Thus, the set of points where-;(r) is thrice
differentiable is R - {0}.

(sin-r ;r)2 .cos(l/-t); .r * 0

Illustration 46 Ifl,r)= . then discuss differentiability at -r = 0.
0; x=0
5otution

(sin-r x)2 . cos 1 x*0

1(x) = 2
0, x=0

rq /(x) = liiq (sin' ,' *.(+) = 0 x (any value between -l to l) : 0

Hencefr) is continuous at x = 0

(sur ' ,)- . cos (;)-, ,.

hm-sinl, _,') : , , tol, <",, varue b/w-r to r)=o
/(0)= l,il h h)o h
lim sin lim cos (r))
( nJ0

Similarly./'(0) = 0
Hence]/(-t) is continuous and differentiable at x = 0.
 Continuityand Differeotiability 25

Illustration 47 LetIr) be defined in the interval [-2, 2] such thatlx) = -1,-2(r<0 and g(r) :flrl) + ll(r)1. Test the
differentiability ofg(x) in (-2, 2) r-1,0<rS2
Solution

.f (,) : -1,-2(r(0
x-1,0<xS2

Now "f
(lx , : -1,-2<lxl<0
lrl-1,0<lxl<2
= ,f(lxl): lr I 1,0<l,rl<2
-
,(Lrll= {
[-x - I, -21x30
= .. .( 1)
[r-1, 0<x32
(1. -2(x(o
Also lflx)l = I
[,x-11.0<x<2
It, -23 x 3o
+ I

fir)=11-.r.0<rSl (2)

Ix-1, lcxS2
Hence B(r):r(Fl) + I(r)l
|-r. -21x 30
+ Xrf =]0, 0<-rsl (from (l ) and (2))
I z,-2. r.,<z
l-1, -2<x<o
= g'trl=.1 o, ocrct
I z. r.r.z
Clearly, g(x) is continuous but non-differentiable at;( = 0 and l.

Itlustration 48 ./(r) = [-r] + J {-r} , where f.l and {.} denote the greatest iDteger function and fractional part respectively, thcn

Solution
We havelx) = txl+.,[-tx]
[x] is discontinuous at all integral values of.x. So, we must check continuity and differentiability at integral values ofx.
For continuity at some integerx = &,

f(t<): ft<l+.li-ltrl= k+Jt-tr = r,

L.H.L.=f(k')= [k-l+ k- -lk-l :k 11\E 41=e

R.H.L. =.11li') = U(+ l+ k* -lk*):k+^Ek-k=k
Thus,fx) is continuous at, = &.
For differentiability at x = t,
(k-h\-lk-hl-k
L.H.D./'(n= ,8"1!+/!D = y, lk - h)+ -h
26 Continuity and Ditrerentiability

= lim
f-l+ k-h-(k-t\- k .. -r+Jfi
= llm-
,J0 -h /t-+o -h
.. +(l-1,)
=llm-=- -l
I

h)o-h(+Jl-h\ 2

[k + h]+ (k+h)-[k+hl-k

.. r*J**n-r-k .. Ji
= ltm
,r+o h h)o h

So,lr) is not differeriiable al x -- k, k e Z.

Illustration 49 Discuss differentiability of the following functions.

(i) l(O : sin lxl - (ii) = llog. Ell
- t
(iii) l(-r-1 = s11 1.6 -.; ^r) : maximum {2 sin x, I -
(iv) 7{x) cos x} V r e (0, r)

Solution
(i) .{r) = sin lrl
Cleady from the graphflr) is non-differentiable at x: 0

ilt ft o r lf
T ,

(ii) lx): llog" kll

Clearly from the graph /(x) is non-differentiable at x = 0, t I

o
v

(iii) - t,t,n r,
Y = tin

Clearly from the graphlx) is non- diflercntiable at r= (2n + l\ L, ne Z

-,L-
2

.-2tt It o lt 2r 5L
2 2
,t
-------l--
2
v'
 ContinuityandDilfercntiability 27

(iv) flx) = maxirrum {2 sin r, I - cos .r} can be plotted as sbown in the adjacent figue.
Thusl.r) = maximum {2 sin r, I - cos r} is not differentiable _l' t -i"o. t
when,2sinr= I -cosx

= 4.irza=11-cos:)2
+ 4(l +cos.x)=(l -cosr)
+ 4+4cosr=l-cosr+cos.r:-3l5+x:cos-l 1-3/5; / o ft ilt
+ J(r) is not differentiable at.r = z-cos '(3/5),Vre (0, z)
L (3ts

Illustration 50 Discuss differentiability offt) = Min {l!, F - 21, 2 - l.r- ll}.

Solution
1' ft)=Min{kl,F-21,2-k-ll}
Draw the graphs of y = lrl, y = lt - 2l ail y = 2 - E - ll
i ..'
---;t(----
..' i

-l- t2 o 5/2 3 1

v'
Graph of,v = Min {frl, x - 21, 2 lr Il

v2 -1

r'
It is clear from the figurcfx): Min llxl,V-21,2-lx-l l) is continuous Vx e R and nondifferentiable atx: -l/2,0,1,2,512

13. THEOREMS ON DIFFERENTIABILITY

Iheotem l: Addition ofdifferentiable and non-differentiable function is always nondifferentiable.

Theorem 2: Product ofdifferentiable and non{ifferentiable firnction may be differentiable.
e.9.,
= xlxl is ditrercntiable at r=0
"(x)
.fl.r) = (.r -l) l.x - ll is differentiable at x = I

nr) = k-l) l4logrl is differentiable at x: I

In generalfix) = g(.r)lg(.x)l is differentiable at.r = a when g(a) : 0
fir) : xlx -l I is non differentiable at x = I
28 Continuity and Difterentiability

Thlorem 33 It(x) and 8G) both are non - differcntiable at.r = a thenfir) + g(r) may be differentiable at r =a

x, r<0
e.s., {x) = sin lxl - lxl = I[-
sin +
x - x, x]0
.
[sin
f-cosx+l-r<0
= d(r): { ----.-'-^-
r I, xzu
+ /'(0) =0 and/'(o-) = 0
lcos -
Thusfix) is differentiable at x =0

Illsstration 51 Which ofthe following function is non-differentiable in its domain?

(t) /1i= (n) /(x)=roekt (iii) lr) = -y'log.r (iv) .(x) = (r -

f* 2)3/5

Solution
2
Jli = xt'r-+3 is rational function with domain I, which is always differentiable.
lx) : log lxl is always differentiable in its domain. (draw the graph and verifu)
fix) :.t' log x is always differentiable as.t' and log x are always differentiable

/(x):(x-2)3/5 = f'(x): --l---;- which does not exists atr:2, hence non - differentiable atr= 2.
5(x - Z)'z')

@Iflx)=[x]+ll_-r|,x€(_l,3)thentotaInumberofpointswherelr)isnondifferentiableisequalto([.]
denotes the greatest integer function)

Solution
is non diflcrentiablc at -t = 0, l. 2 and ll - -r is non-dil'lerentiable at r = l. Thus l(-r') is definitcly non differentiable at,r : 0, 2.
Ir]
Moreover [r] is discontinuous at r = lwhereas I-r is continuous at .r : l. Thus l(r-) is discontinuous and hence non-differentiable
at,t= 1.

Illustration 53 Find the number of points where the functionjtx) = (-il l)],t' -t-21 +sin(lxl) is not differentiabte.

Solutlon
/\r) = e - l)l,l -x - 2l+ sin (lxl) = (x- 1) (x + l)[ + lllr - 2l+ sin(lxl)
Hencefl.r) is non differentiable at x = 0 and 2.

Illustration 54 Find the number ofpoints wherel(x) = llr2 -4- l2l is non-differentiable.

Sotution
Xx) = lF -41 - l2l is non-differenriable whenl - 4 = O and V- 41- 12: O

or x:!2andl -4=!12 or x=l2ardl= 16 or x:!2aldx:!4

Hence there are four points of non-differentiability.

er-l -r3l
Iltustration 55 Letix): e' | - ai + b ard slxl = , then find the values ofa and 6 such thatfir) .g(x) is
x2 +[ x>l
differentiable at -r = I .

Solution
ll li(.r ) : /(.t)s(r)
 Continuity and Ditrercnliability 29

h'(x) : f'(x) g(x) + fix) !(x)

Now, g(.x) is discontinuous at x
=I
n'(r) exists ifl'(l) =ll) = 0
I -a+b=0and I -2a:0

o: I22-oa:-1
Concept Application Exercise 3

1. Letlr): 2.r,
sin tt/6
0, x 3
. Ifflx) and/'(x) are continuous, tlen find the values ofa and b.
ec+b, x/6<x<.1

2. lfflx): a+sin-r(x+6); x>l is differentiable at x = l, then find the values ofa and 6
x; x<l
[x. x(l
3. lfttx)=,1 . , then find the values ofD and c iflx) is differentiable atx = l.
+bx+c.x>l
lxz
4. Discuss the differentiability ofl.r) = g+1.
5. IfIr)=a lsiDrl +bekl+cFl3isdifferentiableat-r=0,thenfindthevaluesof a,bandc.
6. If{.r) = ll -.r1, then lind the points where sin I (/!rl) is nondifferentiable.
7, Which ofthe following firnctions is not differentiable atr = l?
(i) Xx)=Ql-l)ft-r)(x-2) (il) ./(.r)=sin(lx-lD-k-ll
(lii) ft) = tan - lD F - ll
(F +
sin x2
8. Discuss the differ€ntiability of /(-r)= x at-r:0
0,
-,x*tJ x=0
9. Discuss the differentiability ofl(.r):
lx ll lxl +
l,r(-l
10. Discuss the differentiability of/(r): lrl,-lcrcl.
0,x21
11. Discuss the differentiability of/(x) = min {x, sin x} at ,x =0

12. Discuss the differentiability off(r) : r >l xz

x2 ; ,2 <l'
30 Continuity and Oitrerentiability

SOLVED EXAMPLES

Mtscsr-r-lrrous PnogLri{s Blsro on OHr on Monr {G)

cl"*|"'dx is discontinuous atl =I or.r:t l.
THAN oNE Coxceprs
Hencelx) is non-differeotiable at r =+ l.
ExampleI Il Hence, the corr€ct option is (c).
x
' flxl: (l+x) + (l+r)(l+2r)+ (1+2r)(l+3x)
(e) ,(r) is continuous for all x
+.... Then
r n^n={,,::|,,,]l*,
(b) flx) is discontinuous for finite number ofpoints (r) flrl) is discontinuous at r =0
(c) ll) is discontinuous for infinite number ofpoints (b) fl.xl) is differentiable at x = 0
(d) none ofthese (c) l r)l is non{ifferentiable at x = 0, 1,2
5olution
(d) l(r)l is continuous at.r = 0

For x+0
: l-
'l.lr- ,'l
I
Solution
I lrt-r, lxl<o
-(x) l+x (l+x J t+2x) lhD=
lt,F -, r, t*r, rxr>o
+
I
+ Where fxl < 0 is not possible
l+2x l+3x Thus we get,
I I
/(FD=hF-3lrl +2,F| >0
+
l+(z-l)r 1+nx (x2 +3x+2. x<0
,l luD= I ^
l+nx lx'-3x+2, x20
2x+3, x<0
lim
. r) =l-0=l f'(lxD: 2x-3, r>0
1U)
'- r*^)
l. x+0 Clearly,flxl) is continuous at r = 0, but non-differentiable at
for r = 0,10) :0
and
= lr) =
0 x=0
.r=0.

Clearlyl.x) is discontinuous at x:
I lr-rl. x<o
0. ll(,)l =
Hence, the correct option is (b). {1,r_r,+zl, .r2o
Clearly, l{.r)l is discontinuous at x = 0, hencr non{ifferentiable.

I lr): sin-r jlis non{ifferentiableat I

Alsofr) is non differentiable when - 3.r + 2= O or x = 1,2.
Eence, th€ correct option is (c).
(a) 0,1 I (b) 0
(c) il (d) none ofthese t-,.a'\- r:- li'E i: -:- n,, - r:- :rc I 'r'L^-
I
Solution
Differentiate w.r.t. x, we have (a) /is continuous at r=I
d( 2x \ O) lu?_ .l(x) = sin t
dI(x) drlt+ 12 )
dt (c) lim- lr) = -sin I
t- (#) (d) lim
r+l-
lr) doesn't exist

2(l+x2)-2x(2x) Solutlon
(t + x2) _ 2(r - x2)
For I x | < l,xa -+ 0 as z -+ - and for lr I > l, ld' -+ o as
(l + 12)2 -4r2 0+12)ll-12 l
 ContinuityandDifferentiability 31

Similarly, we getl'(l*) = 0.
x) if lxl<l
log(2+ : SlnrT\
I

So frx) = -sin x if lxl>l E(costrx.r-l)'+-- r .r* I

Further, / G) :
5(x - I)l
jflos(2+x)-sinxl if lrl=l 0, r=l
Thus lim fix)= lim (-sinr)=-sin I
r-)l' ,_rl
: I
smzx
and lim lr1 = lim : Now lim/'(x) : lim tt(coszr)(x-1)) +
log (2 + x) log 3 r-el rJl 4
rrl- ,)l 5(x- l;!
Eence, th€ corr€ct option is (c).
:0+lim sin z(l -x) r(l -x)l
Example 5 l1 /l\) =
sln (j), ,.' is continuous but
rJryr(l-r)
5(r- l)5
I
0 ,r=0
= o+ t-9(r -r)! =0=,f,(0)
non{ifferentiable at.r = 0 then rat 5'
(e) a e (-1, 0) Thus,/'(.r) is continuous at r = l.
@) a e (0, 2l
(c) ae (0, ll (d) ae [,2) I A point where ftrnction flr) = [sin [-x]l is not
continuous in (0, 2z), where [.] denotes grcatest integer sr, is
Sotution
(r) (3,0) (b) (2,0)
f,(o)= tim ffi\- f(o\ (c) (1,0) (d) (4, -l)
l,-0 h
/!\
Sotution
,,'sinlll For 03x<l,lr)=[sin0]=0,
: tinr \ni = lim io-r.sin I
I <x<2,1x):[sin l]:0
,J0 h n--ro h
23x <3,J(x\= [sin 2] = 0,
This limit will not exist if 4 - I -<0 + aS l.
3<x<4,1x)=[sin3]:0
Now ti1 /(x) = Iiq x" sin Ix =0 ifa>0. 4 (.r < 5'lx) = [sin 4] = -l
Hence, there is discontinuir,- at point (4, -l).
Thusae (0, ll. Hence, the correct option is (d).
Eencg the corr€ct optlon is (c).
I Ler./-:.R -r,R-rs a reai valued runcrron v x.-v e i
f Prove that function/(x) = (sin rB) (r l)ris is - such that lfl-r) -/[v)l < lx -yl'. Then the value ofl3) -ll ) is
differentiable at x = I . Also, prove that its derivative is continuous (a) 2 O) -2
atr = l. (c) 0 (d) 3
Solution
Solution
We have Since y
Vlx) -fu)l<lr - yP, x +
/(r) = (sin rc) (x -l)r/5
f(x)- lU)
Clearly, /(-r) is continuous as both sin z.r and (.r
continuous.
- l)"5 a.e
x-y l
=,'- r,,
So,/(.r) is continuous atr = l. Taking lim asl, -r r, we get

Now, (.r - l)l/5 is nondiffercntiable atx = l, but sin ra = 0 atx = l. -

| 'r(') 'rtYl ( lim l.x-yl2
So,/(x) is differentiable at x = l. y-,1
"- x-y I

Atso- f'(r-\ = 1,mf{J-h)- f(l) ,. ,f (x) - f(v) lim (.x - y)2

h+o -h ,--)r x-,
-
..
r;- sintz(l - /,)l(l -lt - l)r'5 -0
-------:----:---------jjj_ + l"f'(x)l<0 + l"f'(r)l=0 ('.'l"f'G)l>0)
,r0 -h .'. .f'(x) = o
= [m
sin(zi)(-')u5
- 0 + J(r) : c (constant)
+ 13) -ll) =0
,J0 -h Ilencg the correct option is (c).
32 Continuity and Differentiability

I Given thatlx) : xg (rylrl, g(0) = e/(0) = 0 and

7(r) is continuous at x = 0. Then the value ofl'(0)
g(r) cos], ,,.o.
Example 11 l-ct /( r ) = ir De connnuous
(r) do€s not exist O) is-l 0. x=0
(c) is I (d) is 0
where g(x) is an even function differentiable at r = 0, and pass
Solution through the origin. Then/'(0)
fx) is continuous at r=0 + hq/(r)=/(0) (a) is equal Ito (b) is equal to 0
(c) is equal to 2 (d) does not exist
+ tim flo I h\= ri. 'i,(l)
l0)= r,0 h)0
=o (... s(0)=0)
lhl Solution
hs(h) g(x) is even function then g(r) = 8(-x)

Now r'(o-)= lim f@+h\-f(o\ - ti. lnl + dG) = 4(x) + e/(o) = -si(o) + g'(0) = 0
/r+o h t'-o h Also, g(0) = 0 aslr) is continuous at "r = 0.
: lim g(r) _ [m g(r) - g(o)
h-:o h h)o
: g'(0) (as e(0) : 0) : 0
h
Now /1r=;TlgCI!+@
/'(0 ) = lim f(0- h\- f(0) .. g (r)cos (t/l)
= llm
-h ll-+0 h
- hsCh) = cos(lrr) = 0
Irnl s'(0)
= Iim l-
, I - [m 8(-n)
,-e0 -h ,--.0 h Hence, the correct option is O).

: _ ,,n' s(-r) - e(o) = _c,(o) : o I i. -;;.,;;,.,,.,;;.;-,- ,-,, n. . =,. ,. .,,,

-1
h)o -h
where [x] denotes the greatest integer function, arc
Hence/'(0) exists and/'(0) : 0.
(e) re /- {-1,0) (b) re /- {0}
Hcnce, the correct option is (d).
(c) r€ 1- {-l} (d) None ofthese
I Lety:lx) be defined parametrically as
Solutlon
r=?+44,x=2t-lrl,re n. Then atr = 0,lr) Domain ofthe given function is r € X - [-1, 0) Possible poins
(a) is discontinuous for two values ofx of discontinuity of the function are r = Integer - {-l } .10) :0,
(b) is differentiable at x = 0 X0 + 0) = 0. That meansflx) is conthuous at, = 0. Let x = 16,
(c) is discontinuous at x:
0 where .Io * -1, 0, then
(d) is non differentiable at x: I
f.Io)=to.ri" (rrh
Solu6on
As, y=?+44 and x=2t-ltl
flIo-))=(Io- l). sh ,
Whenr20,then f
,-21-1=1,y=f+f=21
:. x:tandy:2P : y:2iY x>0 IUo+0)= to sin ,I
.lo+t-
Whent<0,then
Thuslx) is discontinuous at x :10.
x:2t+t:3t and y=?-?=O
Hetrce, the correct option is (c).
= Y=0 forallx<0

Hence..(r) =
r)0 which is clearly continuous for all.r. rrflr)=a1o. (*,,, j,t.r+) ,03x32x,
0, x<0
where {.} represents fractional part function, then number of
r>0
Also, f \x): to, x<0
points at which is cootinuous but not differentiable, is
[0, (a) I ^x) (b) 2
Clearly,l.r) is differentiable at, = 0 and hence for all x. (c) 3 (d) 4
Hence, tb€ correct option is (b).
 Continuity and Differcntiability 33

Sotution + tan r [cot xl = I

g(r) = {siu r} = sin -r [sin x] + [tanx [cotr]l = I
sinr-0,0<sinxcl When .r e I,
0, sinr=0,t1 lcot r] < cot x
sinr+1,-l<sinx<0 = tanr lcotx] < I
+ [tan x [cotx]l = 0
sln x, o.r.LorL.r.o
2Z + 1.
- ltanrlcotxl
/lr)= ,1l={fl,cotxe/
,l [0.cotxe/
0,
'=0.!.r'!'zo So,flr) is discontinuous when cot r e 1
3tt 3E
smr+l. ,r<x<-otV<x<Zn Now L < r.L
t22
Graph ofy = cos r, y = ll2 alrd y = g{x) = {sin x} are as shown + o<cotxi2+!j
in the following figure. Hence, the points ofdiscontinuity are x : coar3, x : cot-r2 and
-l y= {sinx} y=sst-|1=1.
4

rI Thus, three points of discontinuity.

Hence, the correct option is (c).
Z ,.12
4 66 3 m lf7(x) is continuous tunction/: R --; -R satisfuing

-l l0) = I andl2x) -lr):r, then the value ofl3) is

(!) 2 (b) 3
(c) 4 (d) 5
From the graph
"(x) is continuous but not differentiable
at
x= td4,5trl6,7 d6,5td3 Solution
Eence, the correct opdon is (d). Giver fl2x) -fx): x.

'\1)-''
- "(t)
I If/is continuous fimctior from x to R andT!(a)) Replacing x by r/2, we have/(x)
= a for some a e R, then the equationl-r) : x has
(c) no solution O) exactly one solution Replacing x by x/2 repeatedly and adding, we get
(c) at most one solution (d) at least one solution
Sotution (r., - r(;)). (,(;)- r(;)).
If fia) = 0, then obviously, r = a is the solution ,
'l'[z^' )-.t.,
-[.( )')
Let la) .> a. Since g(x) =lx) - r, therefore, g(a) > 0 and
=fl
)'\z'))
c( a)) a)) -fla): a -fla) < 0 rrrr
Since g is continuous from R to R, at least for one __f_.|-_r|r''..!.-

e (a,JlgD,
22'2'2'
c eG) = 0.
Similarly, we can argue for J\a) < a. x xxxx +-
=
Ilence, the correct option is'(d).
./t
2 22 23 "" 2n
-.r---|.-+

Letflr)= [ tan x[c",,1].,.

ftample 15
where [.] denotes the greatest integer less than orequal to,r. Then
[#,;) lim (",-r(;))=+
2
the number ofpoints, wherel"r) is discontinuous is equal to
-fr0): x
(a) one (b) zero "ftx)
(c) three (d) infinite x
= \m / f(o\=t
' ./(x) is continuous =
Solution
When.r e I :+ flx):x+.1(0)=x+l +
[cot x] = cot .r
llence, the correct option is (c). ^3\:4
34 Continuity and Differcntiability

E ompte 18 \ unrbcr ()t points u hcrc Iunct ion /(.r ) dc finc'd

: +x[r] if .r+0
"o.,-;fl, r..,r.f
Letl(r) , where [.] 3
0 ifx=0 asf :10,2tt\ -+ R,l-r) :
I
denoles the greatest integer function, then which ofthe following
is not true?
2+ cosr+
o lsinxl2
6
(a) /(x) has a removable discontinuity at r = l. is non-differentiable is/are
O) /(x) has a non-removable discontinuity at x = 2. (a) 2 o)4
(c) /(x) is discr-,nrrnuous at all positive integers. (c) 6 (d) 0
(d) None ofthese
Solution
Sotution ,l
3 COS ,I lsrnrl<J,
ri,,- f , f 1l* ,,,,.,] = rm- (r(o)+r(r)) - r
J'
tr') = .r+r\ LxJ ) Ht-
f(x) =
I
xl>;f,
(x(r) + x(o)) : r
2+ cos x+
o lsin

./(l )= lim
1,;11.,r,r)=.,+ 3- cosr- ll cos ,I
I
J2l ,t2
,f(:2') Iiur (.[i] * , trf) = hT. (r(o) + ,{z)) +
t
2+ cosr+ 'l
J'I
cos -r .l_J'

/(2 ): lim (.[j] * , trl) = lirl_ (r(0) + r (l)) :2 :-"o.,+1!., lcos:l>;f,,

Obviouslyfx) is discontinuous at all positive integers but atx= I
it has removable discontinuity.
{
Z+"osr+
Uf
, lcos r l<;f
Il€nce, the correct option is (d).
Thus,flr) discontinuous at lcos d= or
;f
,t 3rc 5E 7n
44 4 4

Hence, the correct option is (b),

 Continuily and Difierentiabilw 35

NCERT LEVEL EXERCISE

1. Examine the continuity ofthe functionlx) = 2.1 - I atx =3. 12. Find the value of ,lr / defined as
so that the function
I b+t. if r( 5
- is continuous at .r : 5.
2. Examine the following flrnctions for continuity.
,fr.x) = 1-
[Jr-). tt x>5
(e) lx;=l-5 PlXrl= J-;,r+s
13. Find the values ofa and D such that the function defined
fs, if x32
(c)
"flr=
' .i",x+-s
-2-T<
(d)flx)=lx-51 I

r+5 byfix)= lox+b. if2<x<10

I

l2l, if x2l0
3. Find all the points of discontinuity ofl defined by
(2x+3- if xa2 is a continuous function-
(r) = {
14. Examine that sin l.r I is a continuous firnction.
l2x-3. if x>2
4. Find all the points of discontinuity ofl defined by
15. Find the value ofa, if the tunction flx) defined by flx)
I
2x-1, ' x<2
ifx<0 a, x=2 is continuous atx:2
flx) = trl'
-1, if x20 r+1, x>2
5. Find all points ofdiscontinuity ofl defined by
16. Discus the continuity ofthe functionfr) at r = l/2, where
lx) is defrned as follows:
ltt if x12
lr) = I - -3.I, if x>2 ll2+ x, o3 x <ll2
[x'+ fr) = I, x =l/2

6. Find all th€ points of discontinuity ofl defined by 312+ x, ll2< x3l
[r'o -1. if x(l 17, Ifthe tunctionflr) given by
flx) = i
[ ,'. if x>l [ 3at+b , if r>l
/1;q=1 ll if r=l is continuous at, = l,
7. Discuss the continuity of the function I defined by
ls*-zt , if x<l
lz*. if r<o
then find the values ofa an 6.
lr)=10. if 0<x<1.
I

lt. For what value oft is the function defined by

[4*, if x>t
8. Discuss the continuity of the function.f, defined by ,rrr' [*t" *z\' if
'S0 atr = 0? Also
[3r+1, if x>0 "oo,inuo*
[-z.irx<-r cbeck whether the function is cotrtinuous at r = l.
fr)= l<r<l
l2r, if -
19, Find all poins of discontinuity of, which is defined
[2. ir ,, r
[;x1+r, x3-3
as

9. For what value of 1 is the function defined by

f@=1 -2x, -3<x<3.
- 2x1, if r(o
h (x2 Ior+2, x23
4r+1, if x>0 20. Ifthe function defined by
^x):
continuous at r = 0? What about its continuity at r= I ?
Zx-l , x<2
10. Examine the continuity ofl defined by lx) = a , r=2 is continuous atr=2, then find
fsinx-cosx. if .r+0 r+l , x>2
l,)=
1-r. irx=o' the value ofa. Also, discuss the continuity ofnr) at r = 3-
ll. Find the value of k so that the function / defined as I sx-l , xcrsl
- if xsz.is continuous atx
&r2. 21, Show that{r) = i is continuous
/.n=
3, if x>2
=2 l4x'-3x , lcx2
atx: l.
36 Continuity and Differcntiability

22. For what value of & is the following function continuous Find the values ofa and 6 iffix) is continuous at.r =I atrd
atx=2? x:2-
x <2
lzx+r; sin ax2
,(r): {r ;
24. Let flx) = x
) ,x*tJ
For what values of a,lx) is
[r,-r ; x>2 31 ,x=0
-+-
23. A function l(x) is dehned as follows 44o
or-b, xil continuous atr = 0.

l(r) : 3x, l<x<2

bx2 -a, x22
 Continuityand Differentiability 37

STATE LEVEL EXERCISES

Suelr Connrsr Alswrn Tvpr (b) lim /(r) = l

/<cosx E (c) lx)is discontinuous at r=I

l. Ifthe fimction
x-2x 2 (d) None ofthese
/(-r) = is continuous
--whenr+-
*heor=1 7. ;jjf
3,
2
The points at which the nrnctron '
/tx) =
-
x'+x-12
is

discontinuous, are
a1 , =L ,17sn 1=
(a) 3,4 (b) 3, 4
(a) 3 o)6 (c) -1,-3,4 (d) -1, 3,4
(c) l2 (d) None ofthese
-I
I13 +*2 -16,+20 ,if x*2 E. tt f(x) = elt ' +l ,whenr*0 , then
2. Let f(x) = I r.. - z)' If fix) is 0,whenx=0
Ir ,if x=2 (a) (b) lim
tim /(x)=l /(x)=l
continuous for all x, then k =
(a)'7 (b) 7 (c) is continuous at r = 0 (d) None ofthese
(c) t7 (d) None ofthese ^x)
[tl+2r]t/'-forr+o
.r2+t, when r20 9. tf /(r)=l . then
3. Let /(x) = lf the tunctionfix) is I e"'forr=o
-x2 -t, whenx<o
(a) lim /(x) =s
continuous at, = 0. then f:
(a) 0 (b) I (b) lim /(r) = e2
(c) 2 (d) -2
(c) lx)is disconlinuous at r : 0
l$'hl - o, when .r < tr
I
(d) None ofthese
a. lf flx\=\ 0. when x=a. then
I

- lx'/al. when x>c x-1,.r<0

la
(a) lim /(x) =a r0. If /(r) = 1,r=o,then
(b) /(r) is continuous at r = a x2,x>o
(c) /(x) is discontinuous at r : 4
(a) tim ( -r )
(d) Nor€ ofthese
ell',wheur+o (b) lim /(.r) =I
s. tf /(x) = , then
0, whenx=0 (c) lx)is discontinuous at r =0
(a) lim /(r) =e (d) None of these

(b) lim /(r) =0 - x2, when .x 30

5r - 4, when0 < x S I
(c) flx) is discontinuous at x : 0 ll. If /(r) = then
(d) None ofthese 4xz -3x,wil;',r l<x <2'
3x+4,when.r)2
x: -4x+3 ^
6. If /(r) = ,1 'lorr* t
then (a) fx) is continuous at r =0

2,forr=t O) 7(x) is continuous x = 2

(c) flr) is discontinuous at.r = I
(s) liT. /(r) =2
(d) None ofthese
38 Continuity and Differcntiability

lx-al (r) 2/3 (b) 6

when x rt a (c) 2 (d) 4
12. rf f(x) = x-a then
-, I,whenx=a 1* 41. 1s1- - <x<I
"1n 2
(a) fix) is continuous at x = a
(b) fx) is discontinuous at x : a 18. If the function ./(x)= ar+D,forlcx<3 IS

(c) lim /(r) = I 6tanlI.for3<r<6

t2
(d) None ofthes€ continuous in the interval (-, 6), then the values of a and
D are, respectively,
ar2-6,when0<r<l (r) 0,2 O) I, I
13. If /(r) = 2, when .t = I is continuous atx: l, (c) 2,0 (d) 2, I
"r+l,whenlcx(2 sinIx]
then the mosl suitable value of s, 6 are
forx>0
(t) a=2,b=O lrl+l'
O)a=1,6=-l
(c) a: 4, b = 2 (d) All the above .o'f t'l
19. If /(x) = for, < 0 ; where [r] d€notes the
x2+3x-10
_-, lxl
when r + -J
14. lf f(x)= x' + 2x - '15

al ,when-r=-5 k, forr=0
is continuous at x = - 5, then the value ofa will be great€st integer less than or equal to r, then in order that/
:
(a I
2
(b )
7
8
be continuous at r 0, the value of& is
(a) Equalto 0 O) Equal to I
(c) Equal to -l (d) Indeterminate
8 2
(c) (d
1 3 nl,t _ |
20. For the function
,x*0
lxl-l ,r<l /(r) = , which of the
"l/'+l
./l-, 0 ,r=0
ls. /(r) = 0, x=l following is correct?

ll-rl , r>l (") does not exist

]$/(n
r-G @) fx) is continuous at, : 0
(s) is continuous Iatr: (c) lim /(, =I
(b) has non removable infinite discontinuity at r I :
(c) has removable discontinuity atr = I (d) lim ./(,r) exists butl(r) is not continuous atr = 0
(d) has non removable finite discontinuity at x = I

,o -5r2 +4
x*l.Z n. t ftx\=l "" "o,rl,"o
l(.r-l)(r-2)l [|l-xl:x>0
16. Let /(.jr) = 6, r=l (a) flx) is differentiable at r =0
O) (r) is continuous at.x 0 :
12,x=2 :
(c) flx) is differentiable at x I
-. (d) None ofthese
Thenfx) is continuous on the set
ell/Ir -e'r-l/r\
(r) n O) x- {l} 22. tf (x) =
l:
errlt) +e(-r r)
r+()
then which of the
(c) R- {2} (d) x- {1,2} .f

17. The value ofl0), so that the function 0,x=0

t't1 't-\llt 1 following is true?
f@ = 4, (x * 0) is continuous, is (r) /is - and differentiable at every point.
continuous
9-3(243+5x)"' is
(b) / continuous at every poitrt but is not
given by differentiable.
 Continuity and Differcntiability 39

(c) /is differentiable at every point. 2cosr-sin2x

(d) /is differentiable only at the origin. .r3:1f2
(x - 2x\2
[x.if0<x<l
'
30. fir) =
e-cosi _ I
then which of the
23. The tunction f(x\=l is -x>-
[t, if t<.r_<2 Sr4r' 2
(r) Continuous at all x, 0 S.r S 2 and differentiable at all following holds?
r, except r = I in the interval [0,2] (a) /is continuous at r = n/2.
(b) Continuous and differentiable at all r in [0, 2]
O) /has rl2.
an irremovable discontinuity at x =
(c) Not continuous at any point in [0, 2]
(d) Not differentiable at any point [0, 2]
(c) /has a removable discontinuity at r = ,/2.
(d) None ofthese
24. At the point x = l, the given function
Ancrrvrs
rrt =[i - t; l < x < - .,
[x-l;--a191 x-
(a) Continuous and differentiable
l. If /(x) = lrl thcn
@) Continuous and not differcntiable 0,-r = 0
(c) Discontinuous and differentiable
(a) fr) is discontinuous ever5,'where
(d) Discontinuous and not differentiable
(b) ./(r) is continuous everywhere
e'+ax, x<0 (c) l'(.r) exists in (-1, l)
2s. lf /(.r) = is differentiable atr = 0, then (d) /'(r) exists in (-2, 2) IEAMCET 19941
6(r-l)2,r>0
2. In order that the function l(.r) = (x + I )"o[ is continuous at
(a, D) is .r:0.10) must be defined as
(r) (-3,- l) O) (-3, l) I
(c) (3, 1) (d) (3. l) (a) (0) ---e (b) /(0) - 0

?6. The function-y = ak is (c) l(0): e (d) None ofthese

(a) Continuous and differentiable 0 at x : IUPSEAT 20001
(b) Neither continuous nor differentiable at x = 0 !--10!1!
3. 11 1111 = for x + 5 and./ rs conrrnuous ar
(c) Continuous but not differentiable at -r : 0 xr-7r+t0
(d) Not continuous but differentiable at x : 0 r = 5, thenl5) =
(a) 0 (b) 5
2i. Letf t,xr = {r..'-+G*l forxcl. (c) l0 (d) 2s
[a.r + b for x 2l
IEAMCET 20011
lf/(x) is the continuous and differentiable for all real values sln ,lr
in its domain then x+0
4. l,et f(x) = 5x . [f{x) is continuous atx = 0,
(z) a: b:4 (b) o=b=-4
k, x=0
(c) a:4and6:-4 (d) a=-4andb=4
then t =
"2'-l , xso
(s) 1t
(b) -
5
2E. The tunction /(r) = bx2 is '5 - 1T
ox+--l , r>0
(c) I (d) 0
continuous and differentiable for JKarnataka CET 20021
(z) a:l,b:2 (b) a=2,b:4
(c) a:2, any b (d) Any a, b = 4 .^'
"2
-g ifx*3
s. If /(r) = x-J , is continuous at x : 3,

29. The setofall thos€ points. where the function /(r) = a

l+l.r
2x+k, otherwise
then f:
is differentiable. is (a) 3 (b) 0
(e) (- -, -) (b) [0, -] (c) -6 (d) l/6
(c) (- -, 0) u (0, -) ta) (0, -l [Kerala @ngg.) 20021
40 Contlnuv and Difrerentiability

6, Tbe function defined by r-1

-l
for-t+[
2x2 -7x +5
12. tf .f (x) = , then/'( I) =
,2 +"i x+2 I
tG)= , rs contmuous trom fbrr=l
3
k x=2 (a) -u9 (b, -2/e
right at the point -r : 2, then & is equal to (c) -U3 (d) l/3
(i) 0 O) l/4 IEAMCET 20031
(c) -l/4 (d) None ofthese
lorisso JEE 20021 13. If /(r)= ] lorre R.then/'(0)=
r+1, when x<2 a) 0 (b) I
7. rf f(x)=
x22,
thenf '(2) =
2x-1, when c) 2 (d) 3

IEAMCET 20031
(a) 0 (b) I
(c) 2 (d) Does not exist l-cosx
14. If /(r) = x is continuousatr=0then k=
lKarnataka cET 20021
t,'r=0
8. lf rr(x) = .{lx- 0(r(l . then -'x*l) t
[2x - l, lcx (i) o (b) :
(a) /is discontinuous at r = I I
(b) /is differentiable at r = I G)i (d)
,
(c) /is continuous but not differentiable at r=I
(d) None ofthese lKrrnatakr CET 20041
[Orlsre JEE 20021
15. The value ofp for which the function
v/iltr- -f- for-l(x<0 (4' .. l)3
9. tf f(x) = x 2
,x+0
2x2 +3x-2, for 0SrSl f(x) = sin I log t+l3 may be continuous at
is continuous at r = 0, then t =
(r) l2(log4)3,r=0
-4 O)-3
(c) -2 (d) - I r=0.is
IEAMCET 20031 (o) I (b) 2
I - sin 'r * cos r
(c) 3 (d) None ofthese
10. The function -,,r, - l+sin.r+cosx is not defined at lorissa JEE 20041

-r = z. The value of/(z) so that](r) is continuous atr = /r, is

16. The value of J al x = 0 so that the function
1t ,, r
LL.
(a)'22jlr (b) : f g)=
r
x * 0. is continuous at x - 0, is

(a) 0 (b) log 2

(c) -l (d) I (c) 4 (d)
lOrissa JEf, 2(X)31
(e) log 4
"o
fKerala @ngg.) 2(X)51
,t
I l. The function / (.r) = | .r + f is lt v'<o
x 11. lf ltx\=4 . then what isthe value
(a) Continuous at tbe origin u+sin.rV0(x(z/2
(b) Discontinuous at the origin because lxl is discontinuous of/'(x) at .r : 0?
there (a) I (b) -t
(c) - (d) does not exist
(c) Disconlinuous at the origin b".uur. B i,
,x [Orissa JEE 2005]
discontinuous there sin 5x
r+0
(d) Discontinuous at the origin because both [1 ana II- lE. IflI) =
x2 + zx' is contiDuous at -r = 0. then
r
are discontinuous there t+1. -r=0
2'
IKarnataka CET 20031 the value ofk is
 Continuityand Dilfercntiability 41

(r) I (b) (a) I O)5

(c) 6 (d) 0
(c) 2 (d) 1
2 IEAMCET 20101
(BTTSAT 2006) 23. If [r] denotes the greatest integer not exceeding r and if
19. Letl: X -+ i a+2cosx
is defined by ------T-, x<0
x
Icos 3r - cos r the function/defined by /(x) =
J@: l.
t; forr=0
If/is continuous at.r : 0, tben I is equal to
forx+0

is continuous at x = 0, then the value

(r) (-2, l) (b)
-ft
btan--
[x+4]'
of(a, b)
(-2,-l)
is
.r)0

(a) -2 O) -4
(c) (-1,..6) (d) (-2,-,..6)
(c) -6 (d) -8
(BTTSAT 2008) IEAMCET 20111

Isinr-sin2x 24. lf the derivative of the function

ifx+0
20. Ifl:R -;R is defined by /(r) .l
I
2r cos i
bx2 + u+4 x2-l
la rt,r=0 -frx):
u2 +b ,<-l
is everywhere

then the value ofa so that/is continuous at 0 is

(o) 2 O)l continuous then
(c) -l (d) 0 (*,) a=2,b=3 (b) a -- 3, b:2
IEAMCET 20091 (c) a:-2,b:-3 (d) a:-3,b:-2
21. Ifl R --l rR is defined by (BITSAT 2013)

2sinx-sin2x
lt x*0 l-sinl x
)r<-
;(x') = 2x cos x then the value ofa so
3 cos2 x
ifx=0
thatl is continuous at x = 0 is 2s. nJQ) = .x=-.lscontmuousat
2
(a) 2 (b) I
(c) -l -. (d) 0
D(l - sin x)
r<- lt
(BTTSAT 2009) (x - 2x)2 2

22. If/: rt -+ rR defrned by

= 1, va,r.
", (:)
;r then the IS
It + 3r2 - cos 2t
f(x) =
t. forx+0
is continuous atr
t,. forx=0
(a) I
(c) 32
(b)
(d)
8
54
=0,then*= (BTTSAT 201-1)
42 Continuity and Differentiability

JEE LEVEL EXERCISES

Srxele Connrcr Arswrn Tvpe# (s) 2 o) l/3

(c) 2/3 (d) -ll3
Level I
s. lrl(.r) - 2-(256-7'rlrN. (.( + 0) lhen for/ to be
lim /(r)
L lf r-+0 exisrs andfo) = 0 rhenlr) is ' (5x+321"'-2
x
continuous everywhere.l0) is equal to
(r) continuousatx=0
(a) I (b) I
O) discontinuousatr=0
(c) 16 (d) None ofthese
(c) continuous no where
(d) None ofthese 9, The function 1' = sin I (cos -r) is differentiable at
(a).r:n (b)x: 2n
2, The value ofl0) so that th€ function
(c) x=2,t (d)x=t/2
f(,)= Jt.,-t[+, becomes continuous is equal to 10. The points ofnon-differentiability offx): sin-r (sin;r) are
given by
(s) l/6 (b) l/4 (a) nit.ne Z (b) (2n +l\r12, n e Z
(c) 2 (d) r/3
(c) 0 (d) none ofthese
+sinx- - sln .r
3, Let./tx): . Then the value which x3l is
u2 +1,
r ll. If.(-r): differentiable at x: I, then
should be assigned to /at r : 0 so that it is continuous x2 + ax + b, x>l
everywhere is
(r) a= I ,b=l (b)a=l,D=0
(a) t/2 (b) -2
(c) a= 2 ,b:0 (d) a-2,b= t
(c) 2 (d) I
12. The tunctiony= [x] +ll -!, - I ( x 3 3. Thenlx) is not
4. Considerfix) - : . x + 0 and (x) = 0. x = 0. Then differentiable at
lrl (e) two points O) three points
(a) flx) is discontinuous everywhere (c) fourpoints (d) five points
@) lx) is continuous everywhere
(c) /'(x) exists in (-1, t) sin 12
r* U
(d) /'(x) exists in (-2, 2) 13. If /(x) x then
5. The Yalue offlo) so that 0,
-, ;=0
(4' - l)l (a) l.r) is continuous but non-differentiable at x : 0
2
IS
(b) lx) is differentiable at r : 0
^x\: .'(;)*( t+l-3 (c) {.r) is discontinuous at.x = 0
(d) None ofthese
continuous everywhere is
(e) 3 (log 4)3 (b) 4 (log 4)3
e' + x, x>0
(c) 12 (log 4)l (d) (log 4)3 t4. tf f(x) = is differentiable at -r = 0 then
15
ax+ b, x30
8'-4'-2'+l
...-.-.T- x>0 (z) a=l.b: I (b) a: l,b:l
6. Ifflr) = x (c) a:l,D=l (d) a=-l.b=-l
e'sinr+zx+,1, ln4, x(0 l.- "2
is continuous at r = 0. Then the value of is 15. Thefunction/(r;= ^, is
(a) 4log 2
,1,
4r-r-
@l 2logz
(c) log 2 (d) none ofthese (a) discontinuous at only one point
(b) discontinuous exactly at two points
^-t - t'
7. The value of/0) so that the firctioo,(r) = | ,' (c) discontinuous exactly at three points
2x + lan-t x
(d) None ofthese
is continuous at each point in its domain, is equal to
 Continuityand Difrerantiability 43

[
I
*- a. x<l 22. lffis an eyeu function such that
(h 0)
has
16. If the function/(.r) = { 3x, l<x<2 ,|i$ h
I
some finite non-zero value, then
ler'- .t. x22 (a) ./is continuous and derivable at r : 0
is continuous at x = [ and discontinuous at,r = 2. then (b) /is continuous but not derivable at r = 0
(L) A:3+B,B+3 (b) A:3+B,B:3 (c) /may be discontinuous at r: 0
(c) A:3+B (d) None ofthese (d) None ofthese

17. lf fix) -- l[x] xl in -l <x3 2, then whicb ofthe following alx2 -x-21 x<2
is not true? 2+x-x2
(a) flx) is continuous at r = 0.
(b) lr) is discontinuous at r : l. 23. If I,r) = b r = 2 is continuous at
(c) lx) is not differentiable at -r = 2.
r-[r] x>2
(d) .flx) is differentiable at x: 0.
x-2
+ xl-l/21
18. Function.flx): lt/2 ;-l 3x32 r: 2, then values of a ard b are
(where [.] denotes the greatest integer function) shows (r) a=l,b: I (b) a=t,b=2
(r) discontinuity atx = 0 (c) a:2,b= I (d) None ofthese
@) discontinuity at x = l/2 24. The number of points of non-differentiability for the
(c) discontinuity at x:
3/2 ,t
(d) all ofthese :
tunction /(.r) lxl + lcos xl + tan r+-4 in the interval

ran-l (tan r1, .r 31 (-2,2) is

19. tf /(x) = , then jump of discontinuity (a) I o)2
1l (c) 4 (d) s
zlrl+l ,,.r4
is 25. Ifa function asfx) =
e' ;r30 then is
is defined , /(r)
lx-ll;.r>0
tat'4 1-t @ X+l (a) continuous at r:0,1
@ t-i @) -t-:
(b)
(c)
differentiable atx = 0
differentiable atx = I
(d) None ofthese
,2
0Sx<l 26. The set ofpoints where the function
a
q lr) = lx -21 cos x is differentiable, is
20. lf the tunctionl.r) = , l3x<Ji (a) (-, -) (b) {2}
@?, n6<,.- (c) (0, -)
I
(d) None ofthese

is continuous for 0 S -r < -, then th(: most suitable values

27. lf;fl'x):
x- +e' ' x*2.ls conhnuous trom
ofa and b are
(a) a:l,b=-f (b) a= l,b:l+ Ji k , x=7
(c) a:-1,6=l (a) None ofthese
right at the point r = 2, then & equals
(a) 0 (b) l/4
2a1s1y--!-'
cos r
x+-a (c) -tl4 (d) none
21. Function is contlnuous at.r
1T 28. Let/ : R r
function defi ned asf-r) :min { I
R be a +r, I+ fxl }.
k Then which ofthe following is correct?
2
:L tt= (a) l-r) > I V-reR
2 (b) I,t), at -r = l, is not differentiable
(t)'2 (b) 2 (c) .l(,t), is differentiable for all re i
(c) ll2 (d) no value oft (d) l(r) is not differentiable at;r = 0
44 Continuity and Ditrercntiability

(e) continuous only at a finite nunber ofpoints

0; r<0
29. Let frx) : . Then for all ,r. which one is O) discontinuous at a Iinite number ofpoints
x' x20 (c) discontinuous at an infinite number ofpoints
false? (d) discontinuous atx = 0
(a) /' is differentiabte (b) /is differentiable
36. Letfr) finction satis&ing(x +y) :lx) +fu) andflx)
be a
(c) ./' is continuous (d) /is continuous
= xg(x) for all x, y e rt, where g(x) is continuous. Then

r
I
x*0
(r\ f'(x) = s:(x) O),r'(r) = e(x)
30. Ifflr) :
cos -,
x is continuous at r = 0. then (c) /'(r) =C(0) (d) None ofthese
k x=0 Letfx) = [sin x] + [cos .x], r € [0, 2z], where [.] denotes
@ the integer function. Total number ofpoints where
Ireatest
(a) /<>0 (b) t<0
(c) k=0 (d) r>0 l;) is non-differentiable is equal to
(a) 2 (b) 3
(2 (c) 5 (d) 4
3t. tftunction /lr) - .lr' + 2'
^ r>I
is continuous atx = l,
[2x+1. x=l x+2 r<0
then value offr) for r<I is 38. If /(,)= -x2 -2 0 S x < I , then the number ofpoints
(a) 3 (b) l- 2r x xll
(c) l-4r (d) None ofthes ofdiscontinuity of l{x)l is
From the option flr) : 3 forx > I (a) I (b) 2
32. Which of the following functions is continuous at x = 0? (c) 3 (d) none ofthese
sin 2x
x*0 fo, xeZ
(e) lr) : x 39. Lel (x) = Ixl and s(x)
- - i ^
lr'. xe R- Z
. Then which

I, :=0
of the following is NOT nue?
+ xll .r*0 (a) r:
(b ) l, ) .x=0
lim g(x) exists but g(x) is not continuous at l.

x*0 O) tiq /(r) does not exist andlr) is not continuous at

fx) :
e
(c)
x=0
(d) None ofthese (c) go/is discontinuous function
(d) /og is discontinuous fimction
33. The exhaustive set of values of,r for which
40. Number of points of non-differentiability forft) =
fu = i[HP - i[Hl -I is notdifferentiable is max{llrl-ll, l/2} is
(a) {0,1} (b) {0,1,-l ) (e) 4 O)3
(c) {0,1} (d) none ofthese '(cl 2 (d) s

sln ( cos -r + cos (sin-'.r), r<o [2x-Irl+xsin(r-txl): -x*0

34. rr /(r)= then at
41. If f.r): { O; x=0^,
where [.]
cos ('i"-' ,), r>o
I
sin -r - cos
denotes the grcatest integer firnction, then
r=0 (e) l-r) is differentiable at r = 0
(a) lx) is continuous and differentiable (b) flx) is ditrerentiable at x - 2
(b) flx) is continuous but not differentiable (c) l.x) is continuous but not differentiable at x = 0
(b) flr) not continuous but differentiable (d) none ofthese
(d) /(x) is neither continuous nor differentiable
@ Ifflx) = ,lim (sin x)2'; then which is the following is NOT
Level 2
true?
lt (e) flx) is discontinuous at infinite number ofpoints.
35. Lerl.r) - .]S' . ,. O (where [..] denores rhe (b) "(x) is discontinuors at x = tdz.
[a[x] . ae n - {0}. > 0. (c) flx) is discontinuous at r : -ry'2.
greatest integer function). Thenlx) is (d) lx) is continuous rtx= rl2.
Encircled questions are trickier/tougher than non-encircled ones.
 Continuityand Difforentiability 45

x log cos .x Let/be a function satisryinglx +y) + 6- f(v) =

x*0
43. lflx) : log(l+.r2)' , then
JU) .fiv) artd/.h\ I 6 as i + 0. Then
0 x=0 (a) flx) is discontinuous at finite number ofpoints
(a) fix) is not continuous at r: 0 (b) lx) is discontinuous at infinite number ofpoints
(b) flx) is differeutiable at.r = 0 (c) l.r) is continuous for all x
(c) lr) is continuous atr: 0 but not differentiable at x = 0 (d) lx) is discontinuous for all real x
(d) None ofthese
s2. Lettu)=
*"* r+0
44. rf flx) = v$J,thenl.r)is {;,u' .r=0
, where g(.x) is an even

(a) continuous on [-1, I ] and differentiable on (-l, l) function differentiable at-r = 0, passing through the origin.
(b) continuous [-1, l] and differentiable on Then./'(0)
(-1. 0) u (0, I ) (a) is equal to I O) is equal to 0
(c) continuous and differentiable on [-1, l] (c) is equal to 2 (d) does not exist
(d) None ofthese 53. Which ofthe following functions is non-differentiable?
4s. lflr) = llog !rll, then (a) .flr) = (e'- I )ll -ll
= r-l
(a) fx) is continuous and differentiable for all x in its
(b) l(r) .
domain x'+l
(b) /(r) is continuous for all .r in its domain bul not
differentiable alr = tl ll;r-31-ll, x<3
(c) -flx) = at.\ :3 \rhere [.] represent
(c) lx) is neither continuous nor differentiable at x = 1l
(d) None ofthese !t,t-z,,rt
Letl R -+ R be given byl(x)
@ 6if;re,R-pthen = 5r, if xe Q afifll) = i + G.I.F
(d) ;{x): 3(r - 2)3/a + 3
(s) /is continuous atx:2 andr = 3
: sln x, r<0
/isnot continuous at ,r = 2 and x = 3 54. If lx) then 8(x) =ll-rl) is
@)
(c) :
continuous at r 3 bui not at .r 3 : cosx-lx-tl, x20 ,
/is
(d) .Fis continuous at r = 3 but not at r 2 : non-differentiable for
47. The functionlr) = l2 sgn 2rl + 2 has (a) no value ofx
(!) jump discontinuity @) exactly one value ofx
(b) removaldiscontinuity (c) exactly three values ofx
(c) infinite discontinuity (d) none ofthese
(d) no discontinuity at x = 0 55. The tunctionft): {x} sin (z [x]), where [.] denotes the
grealest integer function and { . } is fractional part function,
4t. The function defined bylx) = (-l)t"l (where [.] denotes
is discontinuous at
the greatest integer flmction) satisfies (a) All r
(8) discontinuity forx: nrl3, where n is any integer (b) All integer points
(b) Jo/2): I (c) No x
(c) /'(x)=0for-l <x< I (d) r which is not an integer
(d) None ofthese 56, Iflx) : sgn(sinzr - sin x -l) has exactly four points of
t - '- I|. Th.n discontinuity forx e (0, az), re N, then
49. Let a tunctionfx) be defined by./(x) = (a) minimum value of a is 5
r
which of the following is NOT true?
(b) maximum value ofz is 6
(a) fl.r) is discontinuous at r:0. (c) there are exactly two possible values ofn
: (d) none ofthese
(b) lr) is discontinuous at x l. (1
(c) lr) is not differentiable at.y = 0.
57. It "/lx) - .lx- - ar + 3' x is rational is continuous at
(d) flx) is not differenliable at r = l. [2 - ,.
x is irrational
50, lr) = [corlr] is discontinuous at exactly exactly two points, then possible values ofa are
(s) point
I (b) 2 points (a) (2,-) (b) (*, 3)
(c) 3 points (d) 4 points (c) (:, I ) e (1, -) (d) none of these
* Encircled questions are t ckier/tougher than nol-encircled ones.
46 Continuity and Differdntiability

@) flx) is continuons at x = ttl2

5E. Iilx)--(l 4) .i. 6-l , llx- 6l' r --L.1hsn1hg5g1 (c) Ii"/,
l+lr ft) does not exist

ofpoints at which the functionfx) is nor differentiable is (d) Jtr) is continuous at x : 3nl2
(a) l-2,2, t,31 O) {-2, 0, 3}
(c) {-2,2,0} (d) {1,3} r-1.o,,[ 2,'.-3
].l. ro,,,o
59. Ifflx): cos rr (Fl + Fl), then/is (where [.] denotes the @ civen 7(r)= L I x' .l.l . *h.'.
geatest integral fi.nction), then which ofthese is not true? 1r'l cos (.r'' ), for,r<0
(a) lx) is continuous at x = l/2.
{ } and [.] denote the fractional part and the integral
@) lr) is continuous at .r = 0. part functions, respectively, then which of the following
(c) flx) is differentiable in (-1, 0). statemeDts does uot hold good?
(d) is ditrerentiable in (0, l). (a) /(0-) = 0
"rfu))
(b) /(0.):3 .
flr l-3- r<l fz-lrl. x<2 (c) /(0) : 0; for continuity of/at, = 0
trf(*l= ands(r):
1,1
* - zi + o, r, {sen u| - u, r, (d) lr) has removable discontinuity at -r = 0
such that I(r) =lr) + 8(r) is discontinuous at exactly one 67. In [l. 3] the function tr +tl, trl denoting the geatest
point then which of the following values of a and be are ioteger function, is continuous
not possible? (a) for all r except nine points
(a) a : -3, 6:0 (b) a=z,b=t (b) for all x except four points
(c) a:2, b:0 (d) none ofthese (c) for all x except seven points
: (d) for all x except eight points
61. Ifflx) : r + lrl + cos (tll.r) and g(x) sin x, where [.]
denotes the greatest integer function, then
68. Letlr) = t2-l - 51, where [] denotes the greatest integer
function. Then number of points in [, 2) where the
(e) fx) + g(r) is discontinuous
function is discontinuous, is
(b) flx) + g(.r) is differentiable everywhere (a) 14 (b) 13
(c) lx) x g(x) is differentiable everywherc (c) l0 (d) None ofthese
(d) lx) x g(x) is continuous but not differentiable atr =0 69. Function /(x) = (sin 2r)tan:2r 's not defined at
62. Letfbe a continuous fiurction on rR sqch thatfl/4n) = t: tul4. lf .f(x) is continuous al x: ,tl4 thetl.
2
(sin {\ e-" + | . Then tbe value ofl0) is rl1')
"
. .ou"t ,o
nz +l \4 )
(A I (b) t/2 (s) I (b) 2
(c 0 (d) none of these G) l/Ji (d) None ofthese
a cot .r p .. r
0<l.rl<1 70. lf
x /(r) - ,11 ,r;;;;; for x e R. then /(x) is
63. Letf(x) =
I
-+ x=0 continuous in
3
(a) (:,*)
If-f(x) is continuous at r = 0, then the v alue of d +E
(a) t O)2 (b) t -.-l {r,.,=rrtI.n.t\
t6J
(c) s (c) 9
Irr- rr] (c) r -.-r t*,.,=nrx!.,.t\
64. The functionr(x) - [.r] cos |#
L2l
| a (*h.r. [.| denotes t3J
(d) None ofthese
the greatest integer function) is discontinuous at
t. ^.ll
(a)all.t (b)r-1.rel-il)
'2 tfrhe tuncrion /(r)- l('-2)' | ,in - zy *, [". 1]
L a I
1,
"o, \ "l
(c) xeN (d)"re I-{0} (.x 2), (where [.] denotes the greatest integer function) is
65. Ifl.r) - lcosec .rl. where [.rl represents Eneatest integer continuous and differentiable in (4, 6), then
function, then (a) ae [8,64] (b) ae (0,81
(a) l(.x) is discontinuous at,r = 4y'2 (c) a e [64, -) (d) None ofthese
I Encircled questions are trickier/tougher than non-enctcled ones-
 Conlinuityand Diflerentiabilily 47

72. Letlr) be defined as follows:

I
The number of points at which 6(;r) = U is not
(cosx-sinx)M' _L <, <o I+-1-
2 flx)
/U)= x=0 differentiable, where /(r) - ' .,is
t+1
etlt + e2/' + e3/' x
-;?i;iai, ^I
U<x<-
2 (a I (b) 2
(c 3 (d) 4
Iffl.r) is continuous at r = 0, thcn (o, ,) =
79. For which of the following functions,fl0) exists for such
(a) e,-I (b)
I
_,e thatlx) is continuous at r : 0?
e e
I
(s) l(x) =
(c) (e, e) (d) (e-', e-r) tnlr I

{ ttlrl txt2l -
(b) = cos [lsinxl')
73. Ifflx) = { .' is differentiable V x, then ,?-xt
\x )
lax.'+h. -l<x<l
values ofa and 6 are (c) fix) : x sin I
(a) a: ll2, b: 1/2 x
(b) a = -t/2, b = 3/2 I

(c) a-- 3/2, b: ll2

(d) fr):;;",,
(d) None ofthese '

74. ttf(x)= (*( 1+ ln, is to be made continuous at @,rxr: ft,'isitation"t

6, r is rational
has exactly two points
4 )*'
.r: t, then/( I ) should be equal to ofcontinuity then the values ofb are
@\ I (b)e (e) (0,31 (b) t0, ll
(c) t/e (d).'? (c) (0,21 . (d) 0
Q9 [ffx) - [xl (sin llf is continuous for real .r. twhere [.]
l-sinzx
represents greatest integer function), then
r<-l
(a\ ke lnr, l\,p>0
n e I + cos 2nx 2

(b) ke l2nr,ne ll,p>0 El. Letl(r) = P . If function

(c) ke lnr,ne 1),7,e R- {0} 2

(d) ke lnx,ne I,n+0l,pe R- \01 ,1; x>-I

76. Letlx) = .C .l 3, I and ,,(,r) - & where l, is a
++,[zr-t -z 2

c\x) is continuous at x = l/2theia=

rational function such that (r) I (b) l/4
(a) It is continuous everywhere except when x : -l (c) 4 (d) none ofthese
(b) lim ,(r=- 82. Lelft R -+ ,9 be any function. Define 8 : R -; R by g(x)
I
: llx) | for all x. Then g is
(c)
. lim i(x) = -. (a) onto if/is onto
r- I 2
(b) one-one if/is one-one
(d) none ofthese ' (c) continuous if/is continuous
[r+ l-rt+rsin l.ir]- '-/or r+0 (d) None ofthese
77. lf '/lx\ = I where l.rl
[(r. lor -r = U-
2t2 3x
r+0
denotes the liactional part function, then
(a) 7 is continuous and diff. at r = 0
t3. lf /(r) =
sln
.a
-
+ cos
i ) ls

(b) '/ is continuous but not diff. at x : 0 , x=0

"t'1-2x+l
(c) '/ is continuous and diff. at x = 2 contlnuous al x : 0 Vbe.R then a,n,n is
(d) none ofthese
' Encircled questions are trickier/tougher than non-encircled ones
48 Continuiv and Difforentiability

(a) -ll8 (b) -ll4

(c) -tl2 (d) 0
''(?)*l#1,...,.
84. tf /(x) = max ltan.r. sin.r cos.rl where x e 91. Ifl(x) = where [r] is the
I : +l ["'.(;)]
then the numberofpoints, where./tr) is non-differentiable is for x<a
(s) 2 (b) 3
cl-x
(c) 4 (d) 5 greatest integer function ofx, and a > 0, then
(a) /(r.) < 0
85. Ifflx) = l-r ll.([x]-[ x]), where [.] represents the geatest
(b) /has a rernovable discontinuity at x = a
integer function. then
(a) /(x) is continuous and differentiable (c) /has an inemovable discontinuity at x = a
at x=I
(b) /(r) is discontinuous at-r = I (d) /(a) < 0
(c) /(x) is continuous at x : 2 -I
1

(d) ./(x) is continuous but non-differentiable at r = I .rS0

2
92. Ifthe tunctionlr) dehned aslx) = IS
86. Iffl-r) = r + {-x} + [r] where [r] is the integral pan and r'sinf,x>o
{x} is the fractional part ofr. Then number ofpoints where x
l(x) is discontinuous in l-2.21 is cotrtinuous but not differentiable al r: 0 then number of
(a) 3 (b) 4 integral values of z is
(c) 5 (d) none oftbese (a) 0 (b) I
(c) 2 (d) 3
Q! Minimum number of points ofdiscontinuity of the function
flr): (g(x) [2x l] V;e (-3, -1), where [.] denotes the
- t;rl+J@ xcl
greatest integer flrncrion and g(r) = + I
+ I, is l 93. Ifl(x) = I , then [where [.]and
(a) 0 (b) I -----------_--= .r2l
[x] + {x}'
(c) 2 (d) 3
{ . } represent greatest integer and fractional pan ftrnctions
(-l)(" j, x<0 respectively]

88. Letl(x): , where [.] denotes the

(a) lr) is continuous at r : I but not differentiable
lim x20 r :
l+x" O) lx) is not continuous at I

greatest integer fulction. Then

(c) lr) is differentiable at x : I

(e) /(x) r = 0 but not at.r = I

is continuous at (d) lim lr) does not exist

(b) /(r) is continuous at r = [ but not at r = 0

(c) /(r) continuous atr = 0 and x: I lfnumber ofpoints ofdiscontinuity ofthe lLnctionlx) =
(d) /(x) is discontinuous at x = 0 and r = I
@
[2 + lo sin.x], in r€ ,, *rn"* *.ber of points
[r: + o. + l)+12' (2r2 + * + h\ [0, ]]
tim \
r(r)= n_r-
\--zztr ".,
(tq.) ' /isa
l+rtn=\
ofnon-differentiability ofthe functiong(.r): (x - I ) (r - 2)

continuous function on R then (a, 6) = | (x - l) (x - 2) ,.. (x 2n\l (ltl e ly') in x e (+, @) then
(a) (l, 0) O) (0, -l) the value ofm is
(a) 5 (b) 6
(c) (r,-r) (c) 7 (d) 8
",(;,-;)
f t,,z,l Nunrnrclr- Vlr-us Tvpr
90. fx)= I " " ', I is discontinuous at (where [ ] stands
Ld'+ilxil+l.l l. Number of points of discontinuity for.flr) = sgn (sin x),
for the greatest integer function) x e [0,4xl is_.
(a) one point
(b) two points 2. Number of points wherefx) : sgn(l - 3r + 2) + [.r - 3],
(c) no point x e [0, 4] (where [.] denotes the greatest integer function)
(d) infitrite many points is discontinuous is _.
I Encircled questions are trickier/tougher than non-encircled ones.
 Continuily and Differentiabilv 49

14. Number ofpoints where

3, Letlbe a continuous tunction on R *"n ,n"f (a) ./(r): lcos lr ll + cos-r isgn r; + llog" -t I isnot

( sin e' e
r 7

then the value offlO) is_. differentiable in 10. 2rl is-.

,
.Y +l 15. Letl(-x) : s(.r) l(x - I ) (x - 2) (;r - 31'?1.;r - +1r1, where g(x;
= x3 + bl + cx + d.lfJ(x) is differentiable for atl r e fi
a J''G) + f "'(4) = 0, then the value of g(5) is
[1-,.0=,.' (2r I
4. Letjtx)= 1' and g(x) = I ) (r - t) + 3,
-.
Ii''"=' 16. Ifl(x) =
"(an-'t"r+a1)
x<0
.r=0,(c+0)is
0 <.x -. Then g(/(x)) is continuous at r = I if& is equal 0,
to [ - cos(cr)
x>0
x
5. Number of points wherefx) = ,.B + [r]2, x e [-2, 2] is
differentiable at r = 0 then the value of 1 is
discontinuous is (

6. Number ofpoints where

,-t3 I 2
.f (x) = x2 - x2 -l +2llxl-ll+2lrl-7
O23xa
is non-differentiable is
,2 4x .r3 -3x5
7. Number of points where g(r) :lr(2r + I )(2x - I )l cos (zor) 17. If tunctionfx) = r*0
is nondifferentiable is
F,E_-,
E. Number of points of discontinuity for the function
/(.r) : (los hl) ssn (l - l) ,r*0is k, -r=0
9. Let7{x) be a continuous function having range is [2, 6.5].
is continuous at x = 0 then the value of i is _.
rr4,y - [tlrtlltll. i. 1v ir.ootinuous, where [.1
Ih 18*,.'r-1, r'l
l^l 18 -
" ^-".1fl(x)
denotes the gieatest integer function, then tbe least value 18. Let/(x)=.{ is

I is_.
I '3 if x=0
of li.
continuous at r : 0, then the value of t is _.
lO. lf Jli: aS + bi
+c.r+dhaszeroes a, p,ywherea<O.
p> y > 0 and c * 0, then the number ofpoints at which 19. Number of points of non-differentiability ofthe function
e(x) : l/(lxl)l is not differentiable is J(x):x(x- l)ll ll l.r-3lronxe (:,-)isequalto

It. Ifg(x): ,r^ x' [(I\+h(xl+ 3

whenxrlandS.(t) 20, If/(x) is a continuous function V, € fi- {-2} and satisfies,
2x'+4x+l t -t 1nx1+ z1- x + 2(2f(x) + l) =0, vxe R- l-21,
: e3 such thatlx), g(r) and l(r) are continuous functioo then/(2) is equal to _.
at n = l, then the value of 5ll) - 2r( I ) is_.
Mumplr Connrcr Arswrns Tvpr
l-sin3x .r<- ,t
3 cos2 r 2 l. Which ofthe statement(s) is/are incorrect?

,TE
(a) Ifl+ g is continuous at r = a, then jf and g are
12. If f(x) = ,r =
-22ls contmuous at
- - continuous at .r = a.

sin x) (b) If lim (/g) exists, then lim /and lim gboth exists.
D(l - r>-,t x)E
(x - 2x)2 2
(c) Discontinuity at .r = a implies non-existence of limit.
then the value of a + 6 is_- (d) All functions defined on a closed iDterval attain a
13, Number ofpoina ofdiscontinuity offlr)=lS +31 +7x+2), maximum or a minimum value of that interval.
where [.] represents the greatest itrteger function in [0, l]
is
50 Conunuity and Ditre@ntiability

2. A function/is defined on an interval [c, b]. Which ofthe (c) l,(, ) = s(b+) and h(b'): fib )
following statement(s) is/are incorect? (d) ll(x) has a removable discontinui lyatx=b
(e) Iffla) andl6), have opposite sign, then there must be
a thatlc) = 0.
point c e (a, 6) such 8. Letlx) be a tunction defined on ( -a, a ) witha > 0. Assume
(b) Iflis continuous on [a, D],la) < 0 andflD) > 0, then thatf.r) is continuous atr:0 and lim /(x)- / (kx)
=d,
there must be a point c € (a, ,) such that7tc) = 0. -I
(c) If/is continuous on [c, b] and there is a poirt c in where & E (0, l) then
(a, 6) such thatXc) = 0, thenla) andflb) have opposite (r) .f'(0.) =o
sign.
'
(d) If/has no zeros on [a, b], thenla) andflb) have the (b) -r'(0 )=t-a k
same sign.
(c) lx) is differentiable a1r = 0
5x-4 for0<xSl
(d) fr) is non-differentiable at r =0
3. The functionfr) : 4x2 - 3x forlcx<2 is
9. A function./: R -+ R is defined as
3x+4 for x22
ar1 +bx+c+e*
(a) continuous atr = I andr=2
(b) I + c.e"'
continuous at r = I but not deriyable at, = 2
(c) cootiruous at r = 2 but not derivable at x = I R. then
(d) :
continuous at x I and 2 but not derivable at r=I (a) points (a, D, c) lies on line in space
andx=2. (b) points (a, b) represents the z-dimentional Cartesian
4. Which ofthe following is/are true forlx) = sgn(-r) . sin x? plane
(a) l.r) is discontinuous at nowhere. (c) Locus ofpoints (a, c) aod (c,6) intersect at one point
@) lx) is an even function. (d) points (a, b, c) lies on the plane in space
(c) 7(x) is periodic. 10. Ifl(x) = degree of(l'+ u2 + 2l. - 3), then
(d) fr) is differentiable for all x. (a) .fl-r) is dis-continuous at exactly one value ofx
5. Which of the following functions has,/have removable @) ,(,r) is non-differentiable at exactly one value of-r
discontinuity atr = l? (c) flx) continuous for allr eR
(d) ./(x) differentiable for all x Ef
ta)
" "/(x) = "
I
lnixl c)ft:= *
tl. If(.g = ]x: sgrrlrl ixl' 0<r<2,where[.;and 1.1

(c\ S+r -..8; Isinx+lx-31, 2<x<4

flx\ = 2-2"' (d)./(r):
,2 -* represent integer and fi'actional part functions, respectively.
then
6. Ifthe function/(r) defined as
(a) .(x) is differentiable at r - I
3 x=0 (b) /(x) is continuous but noF{ifferentiable at.;r = I

lr) : x>0
is coDtinuous at (c) l;r) is non differentiable at x : 2

:
[,.*#) (d) fr) is discontinuous at r =2

x 0, then
(a) a=0 (b)a=e3
(c) a=l (d) a=log3 1l + ax;l/', r<0
7. ./is a continuous function in la, b]; g is a continuous 12. tfflx) = b, x=0 is coutinuous atr:0, then
function in [b, c]. (x+c)l/3 -l ,x>0
A function I (x) is defined as 1r+l1r/2-l
{txl-
l,(-r) = {":
[ xela- b\'
' (a) log"(2/3) (b) b=2t3
: [8(r)' . lf/(6) = g (b). then
xe(b,cl
(a) ,(x) may or may not be continuous in [a, c]
(c) c=0 (d) {+. =2
b
O) ,(D-) : s(r ) and h(b-) =
^b')
 Continuw and Ditreanthulity 51

13. The function Lrxxro ComrnrxEilsror TYPE

l- a' + xa' log" a I to 3
\2
ax
;r<0 For ouestions
cG): Consider two functions;' =.,(-r) and_r : g(x) defined as
2'a' -xlog"2-xlogoa-l
:r>0 or: +h: 0SrS
x2 I I

a > 0 is continuous atr:0 then - )bx+2b:

flxY I<x(3
t.
[(a-l)x+2c-3:3<r<+
(a) the value ofa is
6 [cx+d: 0S.rS]
I

and g(r)= iax+3-c: 2<.r<3.

(b) the value ofa is 1 I

Ir2+6+l; 3(.rS4
l. If/ is differentiable at r = l; and g(r) is continuous at
(c) the value ofno, * q4- r = 3 the roots ofthe quadratic equationl + (a + b + c) ax
+ 49(k + kd) = 0 are real distinct for all values of a then
(tos- z)r possible values oft will be
(d) the value of/o) is -'_::r (a) r€(-1,0) (b) te (-,0)
(c) [ e (1,5) (d) I € (- l, l)
14. Which of the following functions iVare thrice differcntiable
2. Ifg{x) is differentiable at r: 3 andlr) is continuous at
alx=0?
(r) l,)=Fl C)fr=f Fl
-( = I , then the equation ofa line perpendicular to the plane
ax + bl + cz : 2 passing through (1, l, 1) is
(c) flx) = lxl sin3x (d) lx):.r ltan3 xl
-r-l v-l
{al _=-=- z-l
15. For the firnction/: (0, l) -+ R,l-r) = l2rxl + l2nx\,(n,n 222
€ /V; n > tn ), the number of points of discontinuity of the
fi:nction can be (where [.], {} reFesent greatest integer (b)
x-l y-l z-l
function and fiactional part ofx respectively) 63 8
(t) 24 (b) 28
(c)
x-l .v-l z-l
(c) 26 (d) 496 36 8

(d)
x-l y-l z-L
16. Let
x2+o, 0(xcl 8 6 2
/(x)= and
2x+b, 13x32
3x+b, 0Sxcl 3. If r+2
lim
f(, exists and/is differentiable at x= l,
e(*) = lg(x)l+t
r, 13x32 then the value of limit will be
(a) -2 (b) -l
If4 exists at x: l,then (c) o (d) 2

(a) a= I (b) b=-2 For ouestions 4 to 6

n, (#).,=,,, (d) a=+1, b=+2
Let/(-r) = j'[tx1.
, l.
-21xa-v2
=ll-rl) - K.r)l.
-l/2<x!2-
and Clir)
[2x'-
17. Which of the fotlowing is false? 4. Number of points where l(-r)l is non-differentiable is
(a) Iffir) is defined atr: a, then it is continuous atx = a (a) 3 O)4
(b) If lim /(, exists andfr) is defined at r = a, then (c) 2 (d) s
5. Number ofpoints where g(r) is non-differentiable is
J(x) is continuous at r =a (a) 4 (b) s
(c) Ifl(x) is continuous for x e la,61, then /(.r) is (c) 2 (d) 3
continuous for r e (a,6)
6. Number ofpoints where g(r) is discontinuous is
(d) tfflx) is continuous for r e (a, 6), then/(r) is (r) I
continuous forr e [a, b]
O)2
(c) 3 (d) none ofthese
52 Continuity and Ditrercntiability

For Questions 7 to 9 I4. Number of points \a,here the function g(x) is not
differentiable is
Lerfx)-.r.ar I J:8(.r) -.r . band F(x) - lm /(r)+r:i..8(r)
I+rl" (a) I (b) 2
(c) 3 (d) 0
7. Ifl.r) is continuous atr = I then 15. Range of g(-r) is
(a) b=a+3 (b) b:a I
(c\ a=b-2 (d) none oftbese
(a) [2. *) (b) 12,2)
8. If{x) is continuous atr = I then
(c) [0. 2] (d) (- -, -)
(al a+ b= -2 (b) a b=3 For Questions 16 and 17
(c) a+b=5 (d) none ofthese
9. Iffl-r) is continuous at -r = t I, then/(r) : e(r) has llltl< -
I
and/.r) is a differentiable function atx - 0given by
(a) imaginary roots
(b) both the roots positive /c+x)
(c) both the roots negative 6sinl
[2./
-].r<o
2
(d) roots ofopposite sign
l- 1 r=0,then
For ouestions 10 to 12 2

. I .._ l e -l -1
U<-x<-
Considerflx)-
r't - r'({ -+.1
.r e R la.bl.whereg(.r)is x
- c(j)
2

a polynomial of degree ( 4. 16. The value ofa is

(a) t/2 (b) I
.flx) has a removable type of discontinuity at r = a and -r = 6. (c\ 3t2 (d) 2
Also. it is known that
17. Which of the following is true?
(i) lim /(r) = 1-
ri1- @) rcb2=4 c2 (b)16b2=l-4c2
(ii) t--t_
lim /txt = 0 (c) 64b2=4-c2 (d) none ofthese

(iii) lim ./(x) = a non-zero finite number Mernrx Mrrcn Typr

r+-l
Let tr and M denote the number of points of discontinuity l. Match the following columns:
and the number ofpoints of non-differentiability, respectively.
Column I Columo II
ofany function in R. (R is the set ofreal numbers)
10. Number ofpoints where l(x)l is non-differentiable in its (a) ft)=l,fl is (p) contiluous in (- l, l)
domain is (b) (q) differentiable in (-1, l)
(a) 2 (b) 3 n )= Jl,l ls

(c) 4 (d) 5 (c) l;) = lsin I xl is (r) differetrtiable itr (0, I )

ll. Number of points wherell,tl) is non-differentiable in its
(d) X.r) = cos r is (s) not ditrerentiable at lea$ ar
l.xJ
domain is
one point in (-1, l)
(a) 2 (b) 3
(c) 4 (d) 5
sert' + z
12. Number ofpoints wheref ftl) is non-differentiable in its : x*0
2. Consider the function rtr) J-e to match
domain is
(a) 0 (b) I the following columns. 0, .r=0
(c) 2 (d) 3
Column I Column Il
For 0uestions 13 to 15
(a) y =lr) is (p) continuous at .r =0
Letflx) = 2 + | x - ll and g(x) = rnin. ({t)) wherc x 3 r ! I + x
+ l. (b) y =.rlx) is (q) discontiiruous at .r = 0

13. Number of points ofdiscontinuity of8(x) is (c) y=?fir\is (r) differentiableatr-0

(a) I (b) 2
(c) 3 (d) 0 (d) .v=rtflr)is (s) non-diferentiable at r = 0
 Continuity and Differentiabilry I
3. Match the fotlowing columns 4, In the following, [ ]and { } are greatest integer function
Colnmn I Column II and fractional part function, respectively. Match the
(p) (l) firnctions in the Column I with number of points of non-
discontinuous
log.(t +.rr). sin I, x>0 atr=0 differentiability in [-2, 2] in Column IL
/.,x) =
0, rS0 Colurtrn I Column Il
(q) (2) continuous (p)
ls'1 (t) 4
1log" 1t + r1;2 . 56 1, .x>0 l(,) = sgnll-x+ 11
g(x) =
but non-
differentiable
L;]
0. xs0 atr=0 (q)
ls I ( 2r,l
,l.r|.-t \)
(2't 6

(r) (3) continuous at

[(x)=cos , ",J.J
sln
log. l+- , _x
.r>0 differenriable
(r) ,(.r) (3)
,(r) = is al .r = 0
= max. ({.r + I }, {5 - x}) 5

0, x(0 (s) (4) 9

fi6= G +61
(s)
r>0
i(x) = ts Codes:
0, rS0
(p) (q) (r) G)
Now, choose the correct option from amongst the given (a) (a) (3) (2) (t)
codes. o) (2) (4) (3) (1)
Codes: (c) (a) (3) (l) (2)
(p) (q) (r) (s) (d) (2) (3) (4) (l)
(a) (3) (2) (l) (3)
(b) (2) (2) (3) (l)
(c) (3) (l) (3) (2)
(d) (l) (2) (3) (l)
54 Continuity and Difre@ntiability

JEE (Mrru) 2021 Qursrrons (Au- Foun Srssrors) 6. Let/: R -r R be a function defined as
Singte Conect Answer Type
1. If/: j? -+ sin(a+ l)r+ sin2r
,t is a function defined by , if .r<0
2x
/G) = k-u"".(1:1)", f(x) = b , if r=0
where [.] denotes the greatest integer function, then/is: .,l;.bs -J;
(a) discontinuous at all integral values ofr except at r :l , if x>0
Or%
O) continuous only at.r = I
(c) continuous for every real x lflis continuous atr:0. then the value ofa + D is equal to:

(d) discontinuous only atx = I ral -l2 G) -2

2. Letl: R -, n be defrned as
(c) -3 (d) -12
2.i.r-II).
2)'
ifx<-t
\ 7. Let a fimction/: R -+ -R be defined as
f(x) =
x+bl, if
I ax2 + -l(x( I x - e', if x< 0
sin (zx), ifr>l /(x) =lo
[sin
+[-x], if 0<x<l
If/(x) is continuous on R, then a + b equals: lzx-b, r2lif
(r) -3 O)-l where [.r] is the grealest integer less than or equal to x. If
(c) 3 (d) I
,fis continuous on R, then (a + b) is equal to
i -+ rt and g : R -+ be defined as:
3. La the fimctions/: .R
(!) 3 O)4
-. I(x+2,
f(x)= .
x<o
and g(r)= i
[r, -r<l (c) 5 (d) 2
I x', x)0 [3x-2 x]l
Then, the number of points in R where (/og)(x) is NOT Numerical Value Type
differentiable is equal to: l The number ofpoints, at which the function/(,r) = l2x + I I
(e) 3 (b) I
-jlx + 21 + l? * * -Zl, r € R is not differentiable, is
(c) 0 (dl 2
4. [,et d€.R be such that the fimction

(.x)2)sin-'(t
2. A function/is defined on [-3, 3] as
I cos-'(t - - {x})
/(,) =] {,)-{*}3 ' "' ,,r,,- fmin {lx l, 2 -x2,r, -2<t<2
[ x=o [il,1] 2 <lx l< 3
".
is continuous at , = 0, where ft) = .r - [x], [.r] is the where [r] r. The number of
denotes the greatesl integer <
greatest integer less or equal to x. Then: poins, where/is not differentiable in (-3, 3) is_.
(") d=i ,T
O) d=0 3, L,et/: fi -+ X and g : I -+ f, be defined as
(c) no sucb a exists (d, d =1 ( x+o- x<o I x+t, x<0
rt') =
,- r i, , o
and s(r) =
b,
I {1
= {,x - r)2 + x20
:lxl)l where a, D are non-negative rcal numbers. If (go/X.r) is
s. If /(r) = lxl is differentiable at every point
continuous for all x €R, then a + 6 is equal to
u2 +b ;l xl<.|
ofthe domain, then the values ofa and D are respectively: g:gi.:jg!r
4. If the tunction /(r) is contmuous at
.. I t
(rt _. I 3
(b)
=
,., ,.-, each point in irs domain and then t is
/(0) = +,
k' ------:-
" -5.-1
r"t
2' 2
(o -1.i
2'2
-.
 ContinuityandDifrdrahtiability 55

JEE (Aovnrceo) Qursnoxs (2010-2021) (b) differcntiable at x=l if a= I andb=0

(c) NOT differentiable at.r = 0 if a = 1 and D = 0
Single Correct Answer Type
(d) NOT differentiable at.r: I ifa= l andD= I
r',l nl (JEE Advanced 2016)
l. Letf(x): -1, x+0 eR. Then/is
lcos ,x
0, ,r=0
r l-1. zl
s. rc, '12'l -+nanon,l-l.z'l
" L2') -nu. no",ion.

(e) differentiable both at r = 0 and at r : 2 defrned by (r) = [l - 3] and s(.r) = ldft) + lax -71flx),
(b) differentiable at.r : 0 but not differentiable at r=2 where D] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to
(c) not differentiable at r = 0 but differentiable at x : 2 y fory e rt. Then
(d) differentiable neither at x : 0 nor at r : 2
(trTJEE, 2012) (a) /is discontinuous exacrly at three poin" ,r[j, ,]
Multipte Correct Answers Type
,t
(b) /is discontinuous exactly at four poin" t ,]
2
r<--E2 l-;,
1f (c) g isNOTditrerentiable exacttyar fourpoir,s
' i, f-1, z)
t. tff(x\ = - cos .r! -r<xS0.then \2 )
r-1, 0<x3l (d) g is NOT dillerentiable exactly at five points in
ln x, .r>l f_1 ,)
(e) /(-r) is continuots at x: -rJ2 \ z'' ) (JEE Advrnced 2016)
@) fx) is not differentiable at r=0 6. Let [r] be the greatest integer less than or equal to x.
(c) l.r) is differentiable at r : I Then, at which of the following point(s) the fiinction
(d) /(x) is differentiable at x = -3t2 ([T-JEE. 20r l) J(r) =.r cos(dr + [.r])) is discontinuous?
(r).r=-l O)r=0
2. Letl R -r i be a tunction such that f(x + y) = fix) + /'y) (c) -r=2 (d) x:l
V r, y e rR. If/(.r) is differentiable at r = 0, then (JEE Advgnced 2017)
(r) fl;) finite interval containing
is differentiable only in a
7. trt the function/: R -+ R be defined by -?+ fli: I
zero (x l) sin x and let g : X -+ R be an arbitrary finction.
-
(b) l.r) is continuous V x e R Letlg : n -+ ft be the pmduct function defined by (fd G)
(c) /(r) is constant V.r € R =lx) g(r). Then which ofthe following statements is/are
(d) lr) is ditrerentiable except at finitely many points TRUE?
(rrT.rEE, 201r) (e) If g is continuous at r = I , th€n/g is differentiable at
x= I
3. Let g: R -+ R be a differentiable function with 8(0) = 0, (b) If/g is differcntiable at.r = 1, then g is continuous at

r*o and r= I
ei(0) = 0 andS/(l) + 0. Letlx; = fisAl (c) Ifg is ditrerentiable .t r= I , then/g is diffetentiable
0, x=0 at.r -- I
(d) If/g is difrerentiable at x = l, then g is differentiable
hQ) = # for all r e R. [-et (foh\x) denote li(r)) and
atr= I (JEE Advrnced 2020)
(io/)(r) denote iflx)). Then which of the following is
(are) true? 8. Let/: X -+ R and g : rt -+ .R be fuoctions satisrying
(s) /is differentiable at.r : 0 fu + y1 = ng + fry) + &x) and 7ft) = x g(x) for all
(b) i is differentiable at x = 0 ;,y e rR. If l, ^D
then which of the following
(c) /olr is difterentiable atr:0 ,Sroet ) =
(d) io/is diflerentiable at.x = 0 (JEE Advenced 2010 ststements iVare TRUE? -
(e) /is differentiable at every, € i
4. Let q, b. rQ and/: R -+ R be defined byj(r) : a cos (il - xl) (b) Ifs(o) = I, then g is differentiable at everyx e R
+ , kl sin(l/ + xl). Then/is (c) The derivative/(l) is equal to I
(a) differentiable at r = 0 if a = 0 and D =I (d) The derivative/(0) is equal to I (JEE Advuced 2020)
* Continuity and Differcntiability

Matrix Match Type and[ :R -+ R be fimctions defined by

l. Let/l: R ) R,f\: [0, -) J R,I :R r R and[: R -+ [0, -1 (i) j (x) = 3ia |-e-"
be defined by
[l-.t if xco Ilsinxl
/,G)=

{,k\: I
t;, i*o,ft,t=l,
lsin -r if x<0
if l20
and
(ii) ,(r) =
t'l ifx*0
ifr=0
where the inverse trigonometric function tan-l .r
. ( xx\
[x aisumes values m
I l,tf,t*D
l,(x\: l" '
if .r<o l_2, Z )
(iii) I("r) = [sin(lo&(r + 2))], where for , e X, [r] denotes
[/:U(x))-l if x>0
the greatest integer less than or equal to t.
Match the statements/expressions given in List I with the
ifx+0
values given in List II.

List I List II
(iv) ,(r)=
'''(i) 0 ifx=0
(i) Io is (p) ooto but not one--one
List I List lI
( ii)
/ris (q) neither contiluous nor one onc P. The function, is L NOT coDtinuous at.r = 0
(iii) frof,is (0 differentiable but Dot one-lne o. The functionf is continuous atr = 0 and NOT
(iv) fz is (s) contituous and oDe--one differentiableatr=0
R. The functionj is III. ditrerentiabl€ at r = 0 asd its
Codes: derivative is NOT continuous at
(i) (iD (iii) (iv) .x=0
(r) G) (p) (s) (c) S. The functioo fn is l!r: differentiable at r = 0 atd its
(b) (p) (r) (s) (q)
derivative is contiDuous at, =0
(c) G) (p) (q) (s)
(d) (p) G) (q) (s) (JEE Advanced 2014) The correct oplion is:
(a) P -+ tli Q -+ III; R+liS+lV
2. Match the statementvexpressions given in List I with the (b) P -+ IV; Q --r I; R,+ II; S -+ III
values given in List II.
(c) P -+ IV; Q -+ II; R -+ I; S -+ Ill
List I List ll (d) P -+ II; Q -+ I; R-+ IV; S -+ UI
(a) h.d, ifth€ magnitude ofthe projectioo },€c1or (p) I (JEE Advanced 2018)
ofthe vector sl I Bj er JSi + j is .6 ana
Numerical Value Type
if d, = 2 + f3B, then possible value(s) of
is (arc)
ld l. Letf R -+ R and g : R -+ .R be respectively given by
(b) Let a and 6 be real numbeN such that the (q) 2
lr)= I,rl + I and g(x) = l1 t. Define l' : R -+ R by
trn"tlo.lt l :
-3c2 -2, r<l
. lmax l/(x). g(x)], if xS0
{ bx+a2, ,>l "
lmin l/(.r), g(r)1, if x > 0
differeotiable for all x e ,R. Then possible
value(s) ofa i(are) Then number ofpoints at which ,(r) is not differentiable
(c) Let o * I be a complex cube root of uaity. (r) 3 is_. (JEE Advsnced 2014)
lf (3 -3@+2(r])4't' + (2 + 3@-3a])b'
+ ( 3 +2@+3o])h* I = 0, then possible 2, Let the tunctions/: (-1, l)-+rtandg:(-1, l)r(-1, l)
value(s) ofa is (are)
be defined byfix) = l2r - ll + l2r + ll andg(x) =v - F1,
(d) Let the harmonic mean of rwo positive real (s) 4
where [r] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to
numbers a and b be 4. Ifq is a positive real
numb€r such thal a, 5, q, D is ao adthmetic x. Letfog : (-l, I ) -+ rR be the composite function defined
progressioq 0ren the valu(s) oflg - al is (are) (fod$) = f@\x)). Suppose c is the number ofpoints in
by
(r) 5 the interval(-1, l) at which/og is NOT continuous, and
(JEE Advanced 2015) suppose d is the number ofpoints in the interval (- t , I ) at
which/og is NOT differentiable. Then the value ofc + d
3. t*tf1 R -+ R, f2,(-:.
:
r) -^, l, [-,,,;
- r) -+R ir _. (JEE Advanced 2020)
 Continuity and Difrercntiabilw 57

ANSWERS

CoHcrrr Applrcmor Exencrsr 1 15. a=3 16. Discontinuous at r: l/2

17. a=3,b=2 lt [= l/2, Continuous atr = I
1. .r = 0 2. Continuous 19. Discontinuous atr = 3
,,
20. a:3 22. k=5
3, Continuous atx =O 4. - a 23. a=6,b=3 A. a=_t/4,1
,c
5.256 I 6.
7. s E. (h3F STATE LEVEL EXERCISES
9. Discontinuous at.r = 0 andx = I
10. Non-rcmovable discontinuity at r = 2 Srrelr Connto Arswrn Tvpr
11.,{=0 12. Discontinuous at-r= 0
13. t = I 14. Statem€nt is not correct. 1.(b) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (b) s. (c)
15. a2-ll4 16. a=d6andb=-tdl2 6. (c) 7. (b) 8. (c) e. (b) 10. (c)
17. - | 11. (b) 12. (b) 13. (d) 14. (b) ls. (d)
16. (d) t7. (c) 18. (c) 19. (a) 20. (d)
Colcrrr Appr.rcanoN ExERcrsE 2 21. (b) 22. (b\ 23. (a) 24. (b) 2s. (b)
26. (c) 27. (c) 2t. (c) 29. (a) 30. o)
1. l0 2.3
3. Discontinuous atx = ll2,l Ancxrvrs
4. a>64 5.2
6. Discontinuous at x = ?nn + (rd3), n e Z l. (b) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (a) s. o)
7. Discontinuous when x = nfi, n e I. 6. (b) 7. (d) 8. (c) 9. (c) t0. (c)
8. Continuous atr: I 11. (c) 12. O) 13. O) 14. (a) 15. (d)
9..r=0and.r=2. 16. (e) 17. (d) 18. (c) 19. (b) 20. (c)
21. (d) 22. (b) 23. O) 24. (a\ 25. (c)
Colcerr Appr.rcanoN ExERcrsE 3
t. q = t, b: ({3/2\ -,116 JEE LEVEL EXERCISES
2. a= l,b=-l
3. D=-l,c= | 4. Not differentiable at.r = 0. Srnclr Connrcr Axswrn Tvpr
5, a = 0, 6 = 0 and c can be any real number.
6. {-1,0, l} Level 1

7. (iii) is not differentiable at r : 0 r. (a) 2. (a) 3. (d) 4. (b) s. (c)

8. Differentiable atx = 0 6. (c) 7. (b) t. (d) e. (d) r0. (b)
9. Not differentiable at x = 0 and.r : I I r. (c) 12. (c) 13. (b) 14. (c) rs. (c)
10. Not differentiable at r = -1, 0, I 16. (a) 17. (d) 18. (d) 19. (c) 20. (c)
11. Differentiable at r: 0 21. (a\ 22. (b) 23. (a) 24. (c) 2s. (a)
12. Not differentiable at.r: -1, I 26. (b) 27. (b) 2t. (c) 29. (a) 30. (c)
31. (a) 32. (d) 33. (d) 34. (d)
NCERT LEVEL EXERCISE Level 2

1. Continuousatx=3 3s. (c) 36. (c) 37. (c) 3E. (a) 39. (c)
2. (a) Continuous 40. (d) 4r. (d) 42. (d) 43. O) 44. (b)
(b) Continuous 4s. (b) 46. O) 47. (b) 4E. (a) 49. (b)
(c) Continuous s0. (c) sl. (d) s2. (b) s3. (d) s4. (c)
(d) Continuous 55. (c) 56. (c) s7. (c) s8. (d) se. (b)
3. x:2 4. No point ofdiscontinuity 60. (c) 6r. (c) 62. (a) 63. (b) 64. O)
5. No point of discontinuity 6s. (b) 66. O) 67. (d) 6E. (b) 69. (c)
6. x: l 70. o) 71. (c) 72. (b) 73. (b) 74. (a)
7. Discontinuous at.r : I E. Continuous 75. (a) 76. (c) 77. (d) 78. (c) 7e. (d)
9, 7e R 10. Continuous 80. (c) 11. (d) E2. (c) 83. (b) 84. O)
tt. 3/4 12. 9/5 8s. (d) 86. (c) 87. (c) 88. (a) 89. (a)
13. a:2,b=l 14. Continuous e0. (b) el. (b) e2. (b) 93. (a) 94. (b)
* Continuily and Ditrerentiability

Nuuemcnl Vnrue TYpr JEE ARCHIVES

r. (5) (4)2. 3.(l) 4. (0.5) s. (4) JEE (Men)

6. (0) (l)7. 8.(0) (8) 10. (5)
e.
lr. (6) 12. (4.s) 13. (il) 14. (3) ls. (12) Single Correct Answer Type
16. (0.5) 17. (,8) 18. (0.2s) 19. (0) 20. (0.75) l. (c) 2. O) 3. O) 4. (c) 5. (d)
6. (d) 7. (a)
Mumplr Connscr Answrns Tvps
Numerical Value Type
l. (a), (b), (c) 2. (a), (c), (d) 3. (a), (b) 1. (2) 2. (s) 3. (l) 4. (6)
4. (a), (b) s. (b), (d) 6. (a), (d)
7. (c), (d) 8. (b), (c) 9. (a), (b), (c)
10. (b), (c) ll. (b), (c), (d) I 2. (a), (b), (d)
JEE (Aovrncro)
13. (a), (c) 14. (b), (c), (d) I s. (a), (b), (d) Single Correct Answer Type
16. (a), (b), (c) t7. (a), (b), (d)
l. (b)

Lrrxro CorpnexENsror{ TYPE Muttiple Correct Answerc Type

l. (a) 2. (b) 3.(c) 4. (a) s. (d) 1. (a), (b), (c), (d) 2. O),(c)
6. (b) 7. (a) t.(c) e. (d) r0. (a) 3. (a), (d) a. (a), (b)
11. (d) 1?. (b) 13. (d) 14. (c) 15. (a) s. O), (c) 6. (b), (c), (d)
t6. (b) 17. (c) 7. (a), (c) 8. (a), O), (d)

Mrrnu Mrrcx Tvpe Matrix ilatch Type

l. (d) 2. (b)r(p),(O 3. (d)
r. (a) -+ (p), (q), (r); O) J
(p), (r), (s); (c) -r (p), G), (s);
(d) -' (p), G), G) Numerical Value Type
2. (a) -+ (q), (s); (b) -+ (p), G); (c) -+ (p), (r); (d) -+ (q), (s) 1. (3) 2. (4)
3. (a)
4. (d)
Testimonials
When ljoined Shatru sir's class, ln the beginning lwasn't too sure ofwhat my shortcomings were in Maths. Sir not only identified them but
also help me fix them. All this took quite some time, but sir was always there to constantly motivate me. He was more like a friend than a
teacherand this made the process of learning very interesting. The variety of problems he provided me with was commendable. His efforts
helped me develop speed and accuracy. He also often discussed with me the different strategies during an exam, and as a resu lt I was able
to choose the best onefor myself
-Avinandan Bose, WBJEE Rank # 1, JEE-Adv Rank fi 104, llT Kanpur

always dreamt of being in the best institute in the best branch. And here I am today pursuing Computer Science (BTech) in llT-8ombay. A
I

large reason for this dream coming true is Shatru Sir. From Day one of his coaching he was very interactive with the class. His motive is to
make every student understand before moving on. This helped me cover a lot in the coaching itself. And in case of doubts he was always
available for clarifying them. He used to keep the atmosphere joyous while teaching which clearly showed his passion to\ rards teaching.
This also enabled everyone to be involved in the class lecture. His friendly behavior enables the students to interact more in class and I used
to enjoy attending his classes. Until the very last day before the exams he kept us motivated by glving us ideas on how to approach the
papers and not to panic under any circumstance. lt were his vital inputs because of which I can pursue my dream today. I am very thankful
to him for all he has done and wish him allthe best for his future endeavors.
-NavneetAgarwal, llT-Eombay (computer Science)

It was in class 11when lAaronyak DewanjiBot enrolled in Shatrudha sir's classes. He is a very motivational and persistent teacher, and was
not perturbed byteaching virtually. ln fact, I never noticed any di_erence between Sir's o-ine and online classes, I even felt lwas sitting in a
classroom sometimes. Sir would encourdge each and everyone in the class to participate and speak up and he gave individual care to each
student's strength and weaknesses. He made sure that every minute of those Zoom meetings was put to use, and his daily assignments
were very helpful. When JEE Advanced got postponed Sir took extra classes and made sure that all his students were not forgetting the
concept. My mother frequently told me that I am not llT material. (And I agreed.) 5he also used to callShatrudha sir on the phone and told
him about how I didn't want to study and always played video games. Sir was always very patient in hearing out. Sir convinced my mother
that I had the capacity to go to llT. His exact words were 'llT bhejhna hai usko' (We have to send him to llT). He started pushing me very hard
and often called to keep track of how eveMhing was going on. And finallyallthe motivation and persistence was fruitful .
Thank you sir.
-Aaronyak oewanji, llT KGP

ljoined Shatru sir in class 12 as a confused and unsure 17 y/o. He is literally one ofthe best teachers I have ever met. He knew exactly what I
was capable of and would go above and beyond in terms of e_ort to help me acheive my true potential. Not only an extremely amazing
teacherwho made you fall in love with the concepts( One ofthe BEST lectures ofJEE Combinatorics in my opinion I have ever attended was
his class!!) but also a big brother with whom you can share your life's personal problems and alsojoke about things. I would literally call him
at random times regarding various "fears" and "stress factors" of mine and he would always give me just the right advice I need in that
moment! ltruly feel extremely luckyto have met such an amazing teacher/guidefriend !!
Thank you for eveMhing sir!l
Debadrito Roy, llsc Banglore

A "teacher" is an understatement for shatru sir. He is a three dimensional being - A teacher, a friend
and a guide. ljoined sir,s institute in
class 11with the hopes ofioining an llT' And now after 2.5 years offun-filled classes, where having
fun went;t par with academics, it,s safe
to sav I have been able tofulfillthat dream. Sir's fluid technique ofteachingthe concepts,
innumelble sums ofall levels of di_culty, various
trick, exam strategies and doubt-clearing sessions were certainly of the upmost help. AlFin-all
sir is the perfect teacher
a JEE aspirant
needs'Notto mention sir's motivationalspeecheswhich helped us immenselywheneverwe
felt down orwere nervous before exams.
-Srinjoy Ghosh, llT Roorkee

shatru sir is a brilliant teacher and he makes a complex subject

like mathematics easy and enjoyable. He kept
and never hesitated in clearing our any of doubts. Under us motivated throughout
his guidance we practiced a lot of problems from
which helped us a lot in competitive exams. Being his student each topic within a time
was truly a great experience.
_Areesh_Ul_Eimaan,
lst Kolkata
shatru sir has always been a great mentoi.friend
and teacher. Treating the crass to some patties
jokes in the middle' he always after a rong crass or cracking some
manages to lift the student s spirrts.
student has unde^tood the concept well ilixptain, .orpt"* topi.. ,"r, in,u,ir"rv .na
sometimes the cr"i, rrorrJ i".or" so aakes sure every
arwavs kept motivating us and pushed interesting that i'woutJ tose tncr
of time. shatru sir
us to achieve iur b"ii. i," irr?." ,ne fa, in rove with math.
_Dewang Kr Agarwal,
All lndia Topper, tSC_2019
 ABOUT MATHS FACUNY

a_ Shatru_d}.1 Prasad

A graduate of llT Madras, started a teaching

stint when he was himself a
student. This experience of his brought him to
terms with the ground
faces' He is a potent combi-
reality of real problems and issues, an aspirant
because of his age and
nation of two things. He is young and old' Young
in Maths are Kinetic
old because of his long years into teaching' His classes
spectrum to the end in any
Energy replete. He can traverse from end ofthe
quantities deftly
topiiseamlessly. He punches power in suitably calibrated
perspective' lfs about
and effectively, making him perfect from a student
of the country'
time, that his services reach out to every nook and corner
regularly holds
with students being the biggest beneficiaries' Shatrudha
force' A perfect
counselling sessions tor parents and is a great driving
combinationofTeacher,GuideandMotivator.Hundredsoftestimonials
written by his ex-students strengthen all the above claims'

mABATHOn
ACADEMY
Every Problem ueets solution!

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