STATISTICS is the science of collecting, organizing, Data collection is the process of gathering and measuring

summarizing and analyzing information to draw information on variables of interest, in an established

conclusions or answer questions. systemic fashion that enables one to answer stated
DATA are factual information used as a basis for research questions, test hypotheses, and evaluate
reasoning, discussion, or calculation outcomes.
Mathematical Statistics The study and development of
statistical theory and methods in the abstract. SOURCE OF DATA
Applied Statistics the application of statistical methods PRIMARY SOURCE provide a first-hand account of an event
to solve real problems involving randomly generated data or time period and are considered to be authoritative.
and the development of new statistical methodology PRIMARY DATA data documented by the primary source.
motivated by real problems. The data collectors documented the data themselves.

PROCESS OF STATISTICS SECONDARY SOURCE offer an analysis, interception or a

1. Identify the research objective restatement of primary sources and are considered to be
2. Collect the information needed to answer the persuasive.
questions. SECONDARY DATA data documented by a secondary
3. Organize and summarize the information source. The data collectors had the data documented by
4. Draw conclusion from the information other sources.

Population is the entire group of people or things you THE PRIMARY DATA CAN BE COLLECTED IN 5 METHODS
want to study, 1. Direct Personal interviews the researcher has direct
Sample is a smaller group selected from that population. contact with the interviewee.
Descriptive statistics allow the researcher to obtain an 2. Interact/Questionnaire Method this methods of data
overview of the data and can help determine the type of collection involve sourcing and accessing existing data that
statistical methods the research should use. were originally collected for the purpose of the study.
Inferential statistics use data to make generalizations and Open-Ended Question respondent is not given any possible
predictions about populations. answers to choose from
Variables characteristics of the individuals within the Closed-ended Question includes a list of response
population. categories from which respondent will select his/her
Qualitative Variable is variable that yields categorical answer.
responses. It is a word or a code that represents a class or 3. Focus Group is a group interview of approximately six to
category. twelve people who share similar characteristics or
Quantitative Variable takes on numerical values common interest.
representing an amount or quantity. 4. Experiment is a method of collecting data where there is
Discrete Variable is a quantitative variable that either a direct human intervention on the conditions that may
finite number of possible values or a countable number affect the values of the variable of interest.
of possible values. 5. Observation is a technique that involves systematically
Continuous Variable is a quantitative variable that has an selecting, watching and recording behaviors of people or
infinite number of possible values that are not countable. other phenomena and aspects of the setting in which they
occur, for the purpose of getting specified information.
LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT
Nominal sometimes called categorical scales or Sample Size is typically denoted by n and it is always a
categorical data. Such a scale classifies persons or positive integer.
objects into two or more categories. Non-Statistical Considerations It may include availability
of resources, man power, budget, ethics and sampling
Ordinal involves data that may be arranged in some frame.
order, but differences between data values either cannot
be determined or meaningless. Criteria in Determining the Appropriate Sample Size
1. Level of Precision called sampling error, the level of
Interval is a measurement level not only classifies and precision, is the range in which the true value of the
orders the measurement, but it also specifies that the population is estimated to be.
distances between each interval on the scale are 2. Confidence Interval It is statistical measure of the
equivalent along the scale from low interval to high number of times out of 100 that results can be expected to
interval. be within a specified range.
Desired Confidence Level
Ratio represents the highest, most precise, level of Z-Score
measurement. It has the properties of the interval level 80% 1.28
of measurement and the ratios of the values of the 85% 1.44
variable have meaning. 90% 1.65
95% 1.96
99% 2.58
3. Degree of Variability depending upon the target population
and attributes under consideration, the degree of variability
varies considerably.

METHODS IN DETERMINING THE SAMPLE SIZE

1. Estimate the Mean or Average sample size required to
estimate the population mean µ to with a level of confidence
with specified margin of error e.
whereares:
σ= standard deviation
e= margin of error

Formula =

2. Estimating Proportion (Infinite Population) sample size

required to obtain a confidence interval for p with specified
margin of error e.
Formula=

3. Slovin’s Formula is used to calculate the sample size n given

the population size and error.
Formula=

4. Finite Population Correction If the population is small then

the sample size can be reduced slightly.
Formula=