Introductio
n to Heat
Transfer
Fourier’s Law and Newton’s Law of
Cooling
Modes of Heat Transfer
• Conduction
• Transfer of heat by molecular motion between one part of a body to
another part of the same body or between two bodies in physical
contact with one another
• Heat transfer in a solid or a stationary fluid (gas or liquid) due to the
random motion of its constituent atoms, molecules and /or electrons
• For non conducting solids for example, it is transferred by lattice waves
caused by atomic vibrations
Modes of Heat Transfer
• Two types of Convection
• Natural convection
Heat transfer in the absence of bulk fluid
Convection motion
• Forced convection
Heat transfer in the presence of bulk fluid
motion (there is agitation)
Basic Definitions
Quantity Meaning Symbol Units
Thermal Energy+ Energy associated with microscopic behavior of matter U or u J or J/kg
Temperature A means of indirectly assessing the amount of thermal T Kelvin or Celsius
energy stored in matter
Heat Transfer Thermal energy transport due to temperature gradients
Heat Amount of thermal energy transferred over a time Q J
interval t 0
Heat Rate Thermal energy transfer per unit time q W
Heat Flux Thermal energy transfer per unit time and surface area q” W/m2
The heat transfer
boundary
layer
d Is the stagnant
layer
d ≈ (Ts -TB )
Flux
• Measures how much of a given
quantity flows through a
material per unit area per unit
time.
• Imagine water flowing down
this tube at a volumetric flow
rate of 10 L/s. Dividing this flow
rate by the cross-sectional area
of the tube (A) gives the flux JA
of water moving down the tube
Fourier’s Law
• A rate equation that allows determination of the conduction heat flux from
knowledge of the temperature distribution in a medium
• Its most general (vector) form for multidimensional conduction is:
q k T
Implications:
o Heat transfer is in the direction of decreasing
temperature (basis for minus sign).
o Fourier’s law serves to define the thermal
conductivity of the medium
o Direction of heat transfer is perpendicular to lines
of constant temperature (isotherms).
o Heat flux vector may be resolved into orthogonal
components.
Copyright ©2017-2019 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 7
Surface Heat Transfer Coefficient
• From Fourier’s Law
′ ′
−𝑘 (𝑇 𝐵 − 𝑇 𝛿 )
𝑞 =
𝛿
′ ′
𝑞 = h (𝑇 𝛿 − 𝑇 𝐵 )
• Where
• h is the surface heat transfer coefficient
Heat Flux Components (1 of 2)
• Cartesian Coordinates: T(x, y, z)
T T T
q= k i k jk k (2.3)
x" y z"
qx "
qy qz
• Cylindrical Coordinates: T(r,ϕ,z)
T T T
q= k i k jk k
(2.24)
r" r z"
qr "
q qz
• Spherical Coordinates: T(r, ϕ θ)
T T T
q= k i k jk k (2.27)
r r θ r sinθ
" "
qr qθ "
q
Copyright ©2017-2019 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 9
Heat Flux Components (2 of 2)
• In angular coordinates or , , the temperature gradient is still
based on temperature change over a length scale and hence has units of
C/m and not C/deg.
• Heat rate for one-dimensional, radial conduction in a cylinder or sphere:
o Cylinder
qr = Ar qr = 2πrLqr [W]
or,
qr = Arqr = 2πrqr [W/m]
o Sphere
qr = Ar qr = 4πr 2 qr [W]
Copyright ©2017-2019 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 10
The Heat Transfer Balance Equation
Thermal Energy going into the system – Thermal Energy going out of the
system + Thermal Energy generated in the system = Thermal Energy
accumulated in the system
The Heat Equation
• A differential equation whose solution provides the temperature distribution
in a stationary medium.
• Based on applying conservation of energy to a differential control volume
through which energy transfer is exclusively by conduction.
• Cartesian Coordinates:
(2.19)
Copyright ©2017-2019 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 12
Heat Equation (Radial Systems)
• Cylindrical Coordinates:
1 T 1 T T T
kr 2 k k
q c p (2.26)
r r r r z z t
• Spherical Coordinates:
1 2 T 1 T 1 T T
2 r
kr k k sin
q c p (2.29)
r r r 2 sin 2 r 2 sin t
Copyright ©2017-2019 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 13
Reference
s
• Bergman, Theodore L., et al.
Fundamentals of Heat and Mass
Transfer, Enhanced eText. Wiley Global
Education US, 2018. [VitalSource
Bookshelf]
• O'Hayre, Ryan. Materials Kinetics
Fundamentals. Wiley Professional
Development (P&T), 2015. [VitalSource
Bookshelf].
Copyright ©2017-2019 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 14
