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Bahir Dar Institute of technology
Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering
APPLIED ELECTRONICS II
CHAPTER THREE - OPRATIONAL AMPLIFER
BY ABRHAM.A
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Chapter Content
➢Definition of Operational amplifier
➢Type of operational amplifier
✓ Inverting
✓ T-network, summing op-amp
✓ Non-inverting
➢Application of op-amp
➢Difference amplifier
➢Instrumental amplifier
➢Integral op-amp
➢Differentiator op-amp
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CHAPTER THREE – OPRATIONAL AMPLIFER
➢An operational amplifier (op-amps) is an integrated circuit that amplifies the difference
between the two voltages and produces a single output.
➢ The operational amplifier is an extremely efficient and versatile device.
➢ Its applications span the broad electronic industry filling requirements for signal
conditioning, special transfer functions, analog instrumentation, analog computation, and
special systems design.
➢The analog assets of simplicity and precision characterize circuits utilizing operational
amplifiers.
➢Originally, the term, “Operational Amplifier,” was used in the computing field to describe
amplifiers that performed various mathematical operations.
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➢Most op-amps are very inexpensive (less than a dollar) and are available from a wide range
of suppliers.
➢ From a signal point of view, the op-amp has two input terminals and one output
terminal, as shown in the small-signal circuit symbol in Figure 3.1(a).
➢The op-amp also requires dc power, as do all transistor circuits, so that the transistors are
biased in the active region.
➢Also, most op-amps are biased with both a positive and a negative voltage supply, as
indicated in Figure 3.1(b). As before, the positive voltage is indicated by V + and the
negative voltage by V -.
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• Figure 3.1
• There are normally 20 to 30 transistors that make up an op-amp circuit. The typical IC op-
amp has parameters that approach the ideal characteristics.
• For this reason, then, we can treat the op-amp as a “simple” electronic device, which means
that it is quite easy to design a wide range of circuits using the IC op-amp.
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3.2-Ideal Parameters
➢The ideal op-amp senses the difference between two input signals and amplifies this difference to
produce an output signal.
➢The terminal voltage is the voltage at a terminal measured with respect to ground
➢ Ideally, the input resistance Ri between terminals 1 and 2 is infinite, which means that the input current
at each terminal is zero.
➢The output terminal of the ideal op-amp acts as the output of an ideal voltage source, meaning that the
small-signal output resistance Ro is zero.
➢The parameter Aod shown in the equivalent circuit is the open-loop differential voltage gain of the
op-amp.
➢The output is out of phase with respect to v1 and in phase with respect to v2
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❖ Terminal (1) then is the inverting input terminal, designated by the “-” notation, and
terminal (2) is the non inverting input terminal, designated by the “+” notation.
❖ In the ideal op-amp, the open-loop gain Aod is very large and approaches infinity.
❖Since the ideal op-amp responds only to the difference between the two input signals v1 and
v2, the ideal op-amp maintains a zero output signal for v1 = v2.
❖ When v1 = v2 = 0, there is what is called a common-mode input signal. For the ideal op-
amp, the common-mode output signal is zero. This characteristic is referred to as common-
mode rejection.
❖Because the device is biased with both positive and negative power supplies, most op-amps
are direct-coupled devices (i.e., no coupling capacitors are used on the input)
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Figure 3.3-Ideal op-amp equivalent circuit
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Analysis Method
• The ideal op-amp characteristics resulting from our negative feedback analysis are shown in Figure 3.4 and
summarized below.
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3.3 INVERTING AMPLIFER
✓One of the most widely used op-amp circuits is the inverting amplifier.
Figure 3.5-Inverting op-amp circuit
Figure 3.6-Inverting op-amp equivalent
circuit
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Exerecise
1. Consider the ideal inverting op-amp circuit shown in Figure below.
Determine the voltage gain Av = vO/vI for (a) R2 = 200 k Ω, R1 = 20 k Ω;
(b)R2 = 120 k Ω, R1 = 40 k Ω; and (c) R2 = 40 k Ω, R1 = 40 kΩ.
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3.3.1Amplifier with a T-Network
• Consider the op-amp circuit shown in Figure 3.7 with a T-network in the feedback loop.
• The analysis of this circuit is similar to that of the inverting op-amp circuit of Figure 3.5 At the input, we have
3.7 - Inverting op-amp with T-network
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Exersice
• For the op-amp circuit shown in the Figure , determine the gain Av = vO/vI . Compare this
result to the gain of the circuit shown in Figure , assuming all resistor values are equal.
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3.3.2Effect of Finite Gain
• A finite open-loop gain Aod, also called the finite differential-mode gain, affects the closed-loop gain of an
inverting amplifier. We will consider non-ideal effects in op-amps in a later chapter; here, we will determine the
magnitude of Aod required to approach the ideal case As before, we assume an infinite input resistance at
terminals (1) and (2), which means the input currents to the op-amp are zero.
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3.3.3Summing Amplifier
➢To analyze the op-amp circuit shown in Figure 3.9 we will use the superposition theorem and the
concept of virtual ground. Using the superposition theorem, we will determine the output voltage
due to each input acting alone. We will then algebraically sum these terms to determine the total
output.
Figure 3.9 (a) Summing op-amp amplifier circuit and (b) currents and voltages in the
summing amplifier
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• If we set vi 2 = vi 3 = 0, the current i1 is
• Since vi 2 = vi 3 = 0 and the inverting terminal is at virtual ground, the currents i2 and i3 must both be zero.
Current i1 does not flow through either R2 or R3, but the entire current must flow through the feedback resistor
RF, as indicated in Figure 3.10. The output voltage due to vI 1 acting alone is
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Exercise
• Find the output voltage vo and io in the summing op-amp circuit
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3.4 Non Inverting Amplifier
➢The input signal vI is applied directly to the non-inverting terminal, while one side of
resistor R1 is connected to the inverting terminal and the other side is at ground.
➢Previously, when v2 was at ground potential, we argued that v1 was also essentially at
ground potential, and we stated that terminal (1) was at virtual ground.
➢The same principle applies to the circuit in Figure 3.10, with slightly different terminology.
➢The negative feedback connection forces the terminal voltages v1 and v2 to be essentially
equal. Such a condition is referred to as a virtual short.
➢This condition exists since a change in v2 will cause the output voltage vO to change in
such a way that v1 is forced to track v2. The virtual short means that the voltage difference
between v1 and v2 is, for all practical purposes, zero
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The input signal vI is connected directly to the non-inverting terminal; therefore, since the input current
is essentially zero, the input impedance seen by the source is very large, ideally infinite.
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Exercises
• Find the output voltage Vo in fig a,b,c?
Figure a
Figure b
Figure c
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3.4.1Voltage Follower
➢An interesting property of the non-inverting op-amp occurs when R1 = ∞, an open circuit.
➢ The closed-loop gain then becomes ----Av = vo/vi = 1
➢Since the output voltage follows the input, this op-amp circuit is called a voltage follower.
➢ The closed-loop gain is independent of resistor R2 (except when R2 = ∞),
➢so we can set R2 = 0 to create a short circuit.
𝑉𝑜
Av= =1
𝑉𝑖
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➢At first glance, it might seem that this circuit, with unity voltage gain, would be of little value.
However, other terms used for the voltage follower are impedance transformer or buffer.
➢ The input impedance is essentially infinite, and the output impedance is essentially zero.
➢shows a voltage follower inserted between the source and the load. Since the input impedance
to the noninverting terminal is usually much greater than 100 kΩ, then vo ∼ = vi and the
loading effect is eliminated.
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Finte gain in Non inverting amplifer
• Show as the formula ..(quiz 2%)
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3.5 Op amp Application
3.5.1-current to voltage control-[Reading Assignment
3.5.2--voltage to current control-[Reading Assignment
3.5.3 Difference Amplifier
3.5.4 differentiator and integral Amplifer
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3.5.3 Difference Amplifier
➢An ideal difference amplifier amplifies only the difference between two signals; it rejects
any common signals to the two input terminals.
➢For example, a microphone system amplifies an audio signal applied to one terminal of a
difference amplifier, and rejects any 60 Hz noise signal or “hum” existing on both terminals.
➢ The basic op-amp also amplifies the difference between two input signals . Consider the circuit
shown in Figure , with inputs vi 1 and vi 2. To analyze the circuit, we will use superposition and the virtual short
concept.
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shows the circuit with input vi2 = 0. There are no currents in R3 and R4; therefore,v2a = 0. The resulting circuit is
the inverting amplifier previously considered, for which-
Figure 9.24(c) shows the circuit with vi1 = 0. Since the current into the op-amp is zero, R3 and R4 form a voltage
divider. Therefore,
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➢ From the virtual short concept, v1b = v2b and the circuit becomes a non-inverting amplifier, for which
▪ Since the net output voltage is the sum of the individual terms, we have
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A property of the ideal difference amplifier is that the output voltage is zero when vI 1 = vI 2.
which indicates that this amplifier has a differential gain of Ad = R2/R1. This factor is a
closed-loop differential gain, rather than the open-loop differential gain Aod of the op-amp
itself.
As previously stated, another important characteristic of electronic circuits is the input
resistance
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➢The input resistance is then defined as
➢Taking into account the virtual short concept, we can write a loop equation, as follows:
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Exercise
• Determine the output voltage for the circuit of Figure below
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Instrumentation Amplifier
➢ High input resistance differential input amplifiers are suitable for use in differential measurement applications
and the associated circuits are referred to as instrumentation amplifiers such as that shown in Figure below.
➢ Note that two non-inverting amplifiers, A1 and A2, are used as the input stage, and a difference amplifier, A3 is
the second, or amplifying, stage.
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We begin the analysis using the virtual short concept. The voltages at the inverting terminals of
the voltage followers are equal to the input voltages. The currents and voltages in the amplifier
are shown in Figure . The current in resistor R1 is then
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Examples
• Calculate the output voltage expression for the circuit of Figure below
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3.3.5Integrator and Differentiator
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➢Note that if vi(t) is a finite step function, output Vo will be a linear function of time.
➢The output Vo will be a ramp function and will eventually saturate at a voltage near either
the positive or negative supply voltage.
3.5.6 Differentiator
➢The second generalized inverting op-amp uses a capacitor for Z1 and a resistor for Z2, as
shown in Figure .The impedances are Z1 =1/sC1 and Z2 = R2, and the voltage transfer
function is :
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➢Differentiator circuits are more susceptible to noise than are the integrator circuits.
➢ Input noise fluctuations of small amplitudes may have large derivatives.
➢ When differentiated, these noise fluctuations may generate large noise signals at the output,
creating a poor output signal to noise ratio.
➢This problem may be alleviated by placing a resistor in series with the input capacitor.
➢This modified circuit then differentiates low-frequency signals but has a constant high-
frequency gain.
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