LESSON 1: TYPES OF takes place when one person

COMMUNICATION ACCORDING talks to many people, such as a

TO MODE crowd. There is usually a person
who addresses or conveys
information to many recipients.
Mode – In communication this
refers to the way communication E. Mass communication - uses a
is expressed. medium to get their message
across to a larger audience. Ex.
Press conference.
Types of communication
according to mode.
2. Non-verbal Communication
1. Verbal Communication – is
– means conveying information
exchanging information, emotions
without using words. This might
and thoughts through the use of
involve using certain facial
speech or spoken word.
expressions or hand gestures to
make a specific point, or it could
Classification of Verbal involve the use (or non-use) of
Communication: eye contact, physical proximity,
and other nonverbal cues to get a
A. Intrapersonal – Is a message across.
communication that occurs
Internally. It may include self-talk,
acts of imagination, visualization Classification of Non-verbal
or recall, where an individual Communication:
processes their thoughts.
A. Facial expression often reveal a
B. Interpersonal - One-to-one person’s emotional state.
communication takes place when
B. Gestures refer to hand motions
individuals exchange information,
like waving, pointing, shaking, or
such as ideas or opinions, in
crossing fingers
words. Here, two people take
turns sending and receiving C. Paralinguistic - The tone,
information. inflection, pitch, and loudness of
voice convey messages that may
C. Small group – refers to
or may not coincide with the
interactions among three or more
spoken language.
people who are connected
through a common purpose, D. Eye contact is another
mutual influence, and a shared important component of
identity. nonverbal communication. That
said, culture matters when it
D. Public communication - This
comes to understanding its role.
method of communication usually
In Western cultures, eye contact
is a sign of respect and Classification of Visual
confidence. Communication:

E. Proxemics refers to the A. Object: this is used especially

physical distance between in instances where you are talking
people. about a mobile object.

F. Physical Touch, also known as B. Models these are

haptics, touch can be representations of the objects the
communicative, and it can signal speaker is addressing. They
a sense of comfort, familiarity, represent the object on a much
warmth, empathy, and closeness. smaller scale especially for object
that are too large or largely
G. Appearance - clothing,
immobile.
hairstyles, makeup, and other
appearance variables represent C. Graphs are an important visual
another communication medium. aid when showing the relationship
between two different quantities.
H. Posture refers to the
There are numerous types of
positioning of one’s body, which
graphs including line graphs, bar
can include how tall someone
graphs and pie graphs.
stands, whether they cross their
legs when they sit, or how they D. Maps in a geography speech, a
look at someone when walking. map would be the most suitable
item to use. This makes the
I. Chronemics refers to the
audience know exactly where the
relationship between time and
speaker is referring to.
communication. It encompasses
punctuality, checking time, and E. Photographs their main
using time advantage is they are great tools
to explain points
J. Physiological responses refer to
bodily reactions that can’t be
controlled. These include Types of Communication
automatic responses, such as According to Context
sweating, blushing, getting
1. Intrapersonal communication -
goosebumps, shaky voice, or
"intra" is a latin prefix that means
tearing up.
inside or within. The act of
conversing with oneself, or having
3.Visual Communication - A an internal conversation within
form of communication which one's head, is known as
uses image, signs, maps, graphs, intrapersonal communication.
charts, diagrams and illustration. Individuals can better understand
and process their emotions,
thoughts, and behaviors with the
aid of intrapersonal flow is complete, whereas
communication. Conscious and informal communication requires
subconscious thoughts play a very little process time.
vital role in shaping an
4. Information Flow: Information
individual's personality.
through formal communication is
Intrapersonal communication is
only through predefined channels,
an ongoing process that occurs
whereas information through
throughout a person's life.
informal communication moves
Informal communication, unlike freely.
formal communication, doesn’t
5. Secrecy: Secrecy is maintained
follow authority lines. In an
with formal communication,
organization, it helps in finding
whereas informal communication
out staff grievances as people
makes it hard to maintain full
express more when talking
secrecy due to its reliance on
informally. Informal
individuals.
communication helps in building
relationship. Types of formal
communication
1. Memos
Key differences between
2. Intranet
formal and informal
communication 3. Meetings
1. Reliability: Formal 4. Conferences
communication is the more
reliable form, as there is a paper 5. Formal One-on-Ones
trail. Compared to informal
6. Bulletin Boards
communication which has
comparatively less reliability, and 7. Handouts
is very unlikely to have a paper
trail. 8. Letters

2. Speed: Formal communication 9. Presentations

is slower, sometimes feeling 10. Speeches
unbearably slow due to
bureaucracy. On the other hand, 11. Notice Boards
informal communication is very
12. Organizational blogs
quick, often being instantaneous.
13. Emails from managers and
3. Time-Consuming: Formal
leaders
communication requires a
number of different processes Types of informal
before the whole communication communication
Single Strand – a form of informal the great. He studied physics,
communication wherein each logic, math, etc.
person communicates with the
Aristotle model- it is mainly
next in a single sequence.
focused on speaker and speech. It
Cluster - a very common form of can be broadly divided into 5
informal communication, in primary elements: speaker,
cluster networks a person will speech, occasion, audience and
receive information and choose to effect.
pass it on to their cluster network
The Aristotle’s communication
or keep the information to
model is a speaker centered
themselves. Each individual will
model as the speaker has the
pass on the information to the
most important role in it and is
next cluster network
the only one active. It is the
Probability Chain – each individual speaker’s role to deliver a speech
randomly tells another individual to the audience. The role of the
the same piece of information. audience is passive, influenced by
the speech. This makes the
communication process one way,
from speaker to receiver.

LESSON 2: The speaker must organize the

speech beforehand, according to
COMMUNCATION MODELS
the target audience and situation
Models of Communication (occasion). The speech must be
prepared so that the audience be
- Simplified representation of persuaded or influenced from the
the process of speech.
communication.
He believed “Rhetoric” is the
- Provide insights into how study of communication and
messages are formulated, persuasion and different message
transmitted and received or speech should be made for
highlighting the roles of different audiences at different
various components situations to get desired effects or
to establish a propaganda. This
4 BASIC MODELS OF
model was highly used to develop
COMMUNICATION
public speaking skills and create a
1. Aristotle model: propaganda at that time so, it is
less focused on intrapersonal or
Aristotle (384-322B.C) was a interpersonal communication.
Greek philosopher and writer born Have feedback
in stagira, northern Greece. He
was also the teacher of Alexander
Aristotle’s Model of elements. That’s why we’ll
Communication: 3 Key explore each of them one by one.
Elements of Persuasion
THE FIRST ELEMENT OF
Aristotle was one of the first COMMUNICATION: ETHOS
philosophers that worked on the
The first element Aristotle comes
art of speaking. It was his treatise
up with is what he calls ethos.
Rhetoric that founded the basic
Ethos is essentially the speaker’s
principles of rhetorical theory and
credibility to talk about the
spoke openly about the art of
subject that he’s talking about
persuasion. To this day, most
and discuss it openly and with
rhetoricians regard it as the most
certainty.
important single work on
persuasion ever written. That’s THE SECOND ELEMENT OF
why Aristotle’s model of COMMUNICATION: PATHOS
communication is still used to this
day. The second most important
element of communication is
Aristotle’s model of what Aristotle calls pathos. The
communication is also known as literal translation of pathos is
the “rhetorical triangle” or as the emotion. Pathos is essentially the
“speaker-audience-message” speaker establishing an emotional
model. It consists of three main connection with the audience he’s
elements: the speaker, the speaking to.
audience, and the message.
THE THIRD ELEMENT OF
The speaker is the person who is COMMUNICATION: LOGOS
delivering the message. In this
model, the speaker is responsible The third most important element
for creating and delivering the of communication Aristotle points
message effectively. out is logos. Logos refers to the
logical or rational appeal of a
The audience is the group of message. This element focuses on
people who receive the message. the substance of the message
In this model, the audience is and how it is presented to the
considered an essential part of audience.
the communication process
STRENGTHS
The message is the content of
what is being communicated. In emphasizes the importance of
this model, the message should understanding the audience and
be clear, concise, and persuasive. adapting the message to their
needs and interests. The second
His model consists of three bullet advantage this model provides is
points or three main important a clear structure for organizing a
persuasive message, including -Correlation of components of
the use of logos, ethos, and society
pathos. The third strength of this
-Cultural transmission between
model is that it shows the
generation
importance of effective delivery
techniques, such as tone and Lasswell model suggests the
body language, which can message flow in a multicultural
enhance the impact of the society with multiple audiences.
message. The flow of message is through
various channels. And also this
WEAK POINTS AND
communication model is similar to
LIMITATIONS
Aristotle’s communication model.
First, the model is primarily In this model, the communication
focused on persuasion and may component who refers;
not be as useful in non-persuasive
The research area called
communication contexts.
“Control Analysis”,
The second and probably most
Says what is refers to “Content
notable limitation of this theory is
Analysis”,
that the model assumes that
communication is a linear process In which channel is refers to
and does not account for the “Media Analysis”,
dynamic and interactive nature of
communication. To Whom is refers to “Audience
Analysis”
The third limitation is that the
model may not account for With What Effect is refers to
contextual factors that can “Effect Analysis”
influence communication, such as
Created in 1948 by Harold
cultural differences or power
Lasswell, Lasswell’s Model is a
dynamics
linear representation of mass
communication. By posing five
basic questions, Lasswell’s Model
LASSWELL MODEL OF offers a simplified yet insightful
COMMUNICATION perspective on the complexities
of communication: Who? Says
This model is about process of
what?, In which channel?, To
communication and its function to
whom, With what effect?
society.
The model maintains its
Three functions for
applicability and flexibility across
communication:
diverse communication context
-Surveillance of the environment
such as interpersonal, group, and has found use in diverse
mass communication. applications such as:

-Media analysis

Advantage of Lasswell model -Audience-focused strategies

 It is Easy and Simple -Content analysis

 It suits for almost all types -Educational research

of communication

 The concept of effect

The Five Components of
Disadvantage of lasswell Lasswell’s Model
model
Sender – the sender is the
individual who formulates and
disseminates the message.
 Feedback not mentioned
Message – The message
 Noise not mentioned
component of Lasswell’s Model
 Linear Model refers to the message’s content.

Channel – pertains to the

medium used to convey the
Purpose of the Model message.
Lasswell’s Model was specifically Receiver – is the target
designed to analyze mass audience,
communication and media
propaganda, particularly during Effect – The effect component of
the post-World War II era. The Lasswell’s Model concerns the
model comprises five message’s impression on the
components: recipient

-Sender (who?)

-Message (says what?) Applications and Influence on

Subsequent Theories
-Channel (in which channel?)
Its focus on the essential
-Receiver (to whom?) elements of the communication
process allows researchers and
-Effect (with what effect?)
practitioners to assess the
Due to its emphasis on these efficacy of various media
crucial elements, Lasswell’s Model channels and their capacity to
reach and sway target audiences.
Lasswell’s Model emphasizes the framework in communication
importance of media analysis, studies and has inspired the
and strategies focused on the development of more
audience in communication. By comprehensive communication
examining the following models that incorporate feedback
components, the model provides and account for the complexities
a comprehensive understanding of real-life communication.
of the communication process:
Sender, Message, Channel, - Oversimplification and
Receiver, Effect Adaptability

Enhancing Lasswell’s Model:

Integrating Noise and
The Evolution of Feedback
Communication Models
To address the criticisms and
Lasswell’s Model has paved the limitations of Lasswell’s Model,
way for the evolution of certain communication scholars
communication models, creating suggest refining the model by
more comprehensive and incorporating noise and feedback
interactive models. By providing a by incorporating these additional
structured framework for components, the model can
understanding the communication better account for the
process, Lasswell’s Model has complexities of real-life
inspired the development of communication and provide a
models that account for the more accurate representation of
complexities and nuances of the communication process.
communication in various
contexts. Adding Noise

Adding noise as an additional

component acknowledges that
Criticisms and Limitations of communication is not always
Lasswell’s Model perfect and can be affected by
various factors. Noise can be
- Uni-directional Nature and
described as any internal or
Lack of Feedback
external factor that impedes
Critics argue that the linear communication, such as
model’s one-way nature ignores physiological, physical,
real-life complexities and lacks a psychological, or Semantic
feedback mechanism. As a result, factors.
the linear model may not
Incorporating Feedback
accurately represent. Despite
these criticisms, Lasswell’s Model Incorporating feedback into the
has remained a foundational model makes it more interactive
and dynamic, allowing for 4. Decoder - how an audience
adjustments and accounting for member is able to understand,
ongoing interaction between and interpret the message.
sender and receiver.
5. Receiver/ Destination – the
person the message was intended
for.

7. Feedback — the response,

SHANNON AND WEAVER
reaction, or information given by
Shannon and Weaver model is a the recipient of a message to the
linear communication theory that sender.
explains how messages are sent
(The ‘feedback’ step was not
and received. The "Shannon
originally proposed by Shannon
theory," was first proposed in
and Weaver in 1948. Norbert
1948 by Claude Shannon and
Weiner came up with the
Warren Weaver. Both from the
feedback step in response to
United States, Shannon was a
criticism of the linear nature of
mathematician, and Weaver was
the approach. ‘Linear’ means that
an electrical engineer. The model
the messages are only going one
is often attributed to Shannon's
way.)
contributions to the field. It is also
known as the "mother of all 8. Noise is classified as anything
models" due to its widespread that might distort the message.
popularity.
9. Barriers that may cause
breakdown in communication

It is a mathematical theory that

breaks down human
1. Mental or Psychological
communication into different key
Noise
concepts
These refer to social and personal
1. Sender (Information
issues of a speaker towards
Source) – the person who
communicating with others.
decides on and creates the
message. 2. Cultural Barrier
2. Encoder/ Transmitter – the Which pertain to communication
element that translates the problems encountered by people
message into a signal. regarding their intrinsic values
beliefs and traditions in conflict
3. Channel / medium — the way
with other people's culture affect
the signal is delivered/carried.
the way they communicate and
relate to others.
3. Physical Noise Weaver’s Model of
Communication (1949). He
it is the sound that makes it
described factors affecting the
difficult to hear someone's
individual components in the
message such as uncontrolled
communication making the
sounds like karaoke near you or
communication more efficient.
siblings that are fighting.
The model also focuses on
4. Physiological Noise
encoding and decoding which
This noise prevents you from happens before sender sends the
giving your full attention to message and before receiver
someone. A common example for receives the message
this is hunger, stress, tiredness, respectively.
or sickness.
Berlo’s Model has mainly, four
5. Semantic Noise components to describe the
communication process. They are
Occurs when the communicator sender, message, channel and
finds a hard time to receiver. Each of the component
sympathetically understand what is affected by many factors.
the speaker is saying. This Bhandari, S. (2024, April 8)
includes the language, dialects,
vernaculars and the grammatical
structure of a message.
Berlo’s model includes a
6. Factual Noise number of factors under each
of the elements:
Which is the most common
barrier among all. It is a form of Source: The source is situated
interference that occurs when you where the message originates.
are having a hard time to recall
Communication skills – It is the
small details, missing and
skill of the individual to
omitting the main points of the
communicate. For example, the
information.
ability to read, write, speak, listen
etc.

Attitudes – This includes

attitudes towards the audience,
BERLO'S SMCR MODEL OF subject and towards oneself. For
COMMUNICATION example, for the student, the
attitude is to learn more and for
In 1960, David Berlo postulated
teachers, it is to help teach.
Berlo’s Sender-Message-Channel-
Receiver (SMCR) model of Knowledge– Communicating also
communication from Shannon means that the person needs to
be knowledgeable about the structure the message into
subject or topic. various parts.

Social system – The social Code– The code of the message

system includes the various refers to the means through
aspects of society like values, which it is sent and in what form.
beliefs, culture, religion and a It could be, for example,
general understanding of society. language, body language,
It is where the communication gestures, music, etc. Even culture
takes place. is a code.

Culture: Culture of a particular Channel– It refers to the five

society also comes under the sense organs. The following are
social system. the five senses:

According to this model, people Communication occurs through

can communicate only if the one or more of these channels:
above requirements are met in
Hearing: The use of ears to
the proper or adequate
receive the message. Seeing:
proportion.
Visual channel.
Encoder: The sender of the
Touching: The sense of touch
message, from where the
can be used as a channel to
message originates, is referred to
communicate
as the encoder. So the source
encodes the message here. Smelling: Smell also can be a
channel to communicate
Content – The body of a
message, from the beginning to Tasting : The tongue is a
the end, comprises its content. muscular organ used in the act of
eat and taste food
Elements – It includes various
things like language, gestures, Decoder : The person who
body language, etc. They receives the message and
constitute all the elements of a decodes it is referred to a
particular message decoder.
Treatment – It refers to the Receiver: The receiver needs to
packing of the message and the think all the contents and
way in which the message is elements of the source, so as to
conveyed or the way in which it is communicate/responds to sender
passed on or delivered. effectively.;
Structure– The structure of the Berlo’s model believes that for
message refers to how it is effective communication to take
arranged; the way people place, the source and the receiver
need to be on the same level. barriers are broken down with the
Only then communication will use of internet and mobile
happen or take place properly. technology with distance and
isolation no longer being relevant.
Hence, the source and the
receiver should be similar. The effects of globalization on
global communication
-global communication has
increased the ways in which we
can learn new information and
LESSON 4: GLOBALIZATION communicate with other people
WHAT IS COMMUNICATION?
across the globe.
- The term
“communication” stems from the
Latin word “communis” mean
common. GLOBALIZATION EFFECTS
-According to Leagans 1. Access to a wider variety of
(1961) communication is the foods.
process which two or more people 2. More education
exchange ideas, fact, feelings, or opportunities for people in
impression in ways that each developing countries.
gains a common understanding of 3. Scientific research carried
the meaning intent and use of out by a longer community of
message. people.
4. More international
WHAT IS GLOBALIZATION? cooperation in regards to
-Globalization is a term controlling warming.
used to describe how trade and 5. Lowering production cost of
technology have made the world products.
into a more connected and
interdependent place. Also Example of Global
capture in its scope the economic Communication
and social changes that have Global communication can
come about as a result take various forms including
Global advertisement, political
GLOBALIZATION speeches, journalistic news
COMMUNICATION stories, social media post, press
-can be defined as the releases, books and traditional
process of exchanging print publications.
information and ideas across
national borders, utilizing various Creating business opportunities in
channels and platform such as the Philippines and abroad-
social media, language, requires careful planning, market
migration, and work. research, and understanding of
the local business environment.
Globalization affect global
Here are some steps to help you
communication by enabling
in creating business opportunities
business to pursue new and
in both the Philippines and
unexplored opportunities across
abroad:
the world. Similarly cultural
 both in the Philippines and
1. Market Research: Conduct internationally.
thorough market research to
identify potential business 7. Adapt to Local Culture:
opportunities in the Philippines Understand the cultural nuances
and target countries abroad. and business practices in the
Understand the demand, Philippines and target countries
competition, and regulatory abroad. Adapting your business
environment in each market. model to local preferences can
help you succeed in new markets.
2. Identify Niche Markets:
Look for underserved or emerging 8. Legal and Regulatory
niche markets where you can Compliance: Ensure that you
offer unique products or services. comply with local laws and
This can help you stand out from regulations in the Philippines and
competitors and attract abroad. This includes obtaining
customers. necessary permits, licenses, and
registrations.
3. Networking: Build a strong
network of contacts in the 9. Risk Management: Assess
Philippines and abroad. Attend and mitigate risks associated with
industry events, trade shows, and doing business in different
networking events to connect markets. This can include political
with potential partners, suppliers, instability, currency fluctuations,
and customers. and economic uncertainties.

4. Partnerships: Consider 10. Continuous Learning: Stay

forming partnerships with local updated on market trends,
businesses or distributors in the consumer preferences, and
Philippines and target countries technological advancements in
abroad. This can help you the Philippines and target
leverage their local expertise and countries abroad. Continuous
resources. learning and adaptation are key
to sustaining business growth.
5. Government Support:
Explore government programs EFFECT OF GLOBALIZATION
and incentives that support ON GLOBAL COMMUNICATION
foreign investment and business
development in the Philippines
and other countries. This can COMMUNICATION ACROSS
include tax incentives, grants, CULTURE
and subsidies. is a field of study
investigating how people from
6. E-commerce: Consider differing cultural backgrounds
expanding your business communicate, in similar and
opportunities through e- different ways among
commerce platforms. This can themselves, and how they
help you reach a wider audience endeavor to communicate across
cultures. "Across Culture" means
involving two or more different
cultures and their ideas and Interconnectedness: The world
customs. is becoming more interconnected,
with people, cultures, and
CULTURE economies becoming increasingly
- values, attitudes, beliefs, interdependent.
orientation, and underlying
assumptions prevalent among Instantaneous
people in a society. (Samovar, Communication: New media
Porter, Er Macdaniel, 2009) technologies enable
instantaneous communication
IMPORTANCE and information sharing across
 essential soft skill because it vast distances, breaking down
can make or break personal and barriers of geography.
business relationships
 critical for improving Cultural Exchange: The global
international relations and village facilitates the exchange of
furthering a vision of achieving cultural ideas, music, art, and
global peace. traditions, leading to a more
 capacity to communicate with multicultural and diverse world.
people from diverse cultures
Globalization of Markets: The
HOW CULTURE AFFECT global village has enabled the
COMMUNICATION? globalization of markets, with
It affect communication styles in businesses and consumers able to
aspects such as phrases, words, interact and trade on a worldwide
gestures, and languages used. scale.
Culture can also affect how
people deliver information and The Role of Communication
their attitudes towards conflict. and Information Technologies:
The development of various
communication and information
technologies has been a key
The Creation of Global Village driver in the creation of the global
village. Some of the critical
concept of the "global village" technologies include:
was coined by Canadian media
theorist Marshall McLuhan in the The Internet: The global
1960s. It describes the network of interconnected
phenomenon of the world computers has enabled instant
becoming increasingly communication, information
interconnected and sharing, and e-commerce on a
interdependent as a result of the worldwide scale.
rapid development and
propagation of media Social Media: Platforms like
technologies around the world. Facebook, Twitter, and WhatsApp
have facilitated the rapid
Key Aspects of the Global exchange of information, ideas,
Village:
and cultural content across profession, culture, and other
borders. salient features of your listeners
or readers.
Implications and Challenges
Recognize the characteristics of
of the Global Village:
While the global village has your audience to tailor your
brought many benefits, it also message, ensuring it resonates
presents some challenges, such with their interests and
as: understanding.
Digital Divides: Not everyone
has equal access to the 3. Know your topic.
technologies that enable the
You communicate essentially
global village, leading to digital
divides within and between because you want to share
countries. something. In speaking situations,
Privacy and Security speakers are invited because they
Concerns: The have something to share.
interconnectedness of the global
village raises issues around data 4. Adjust your speech or
privacy, cybersecurity, and the
writing to the context of the
potential for misuse of personal
information. situation.
The environment in which your
speech or writing is to be
delivered determines the kind of
language you will use.
LESSON 3: GENERAL 5. Work on the feedback given
PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE to you.
COMMUNICATION Once you receive comments from
the listeners/readers, work on
1. Know your purpose in them. Embrace constructive
communicating. criticism as a valuable tool for
- Understand the primary reason improvement, helping you refine
behind your message, whether your communication skills over
it’s to inform, entertain, or time.
persuade, which helps clarify your
intent.
PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE
2. Know your audience. ORAL COMMUNICATION
In both speaking and writing, you
should know your audience as it 1. Be clear with your purpose.
will dictate the speaking or - Articulate your goals explicitly to
writing style you are going to enhance understanding and focus
employ. Consider the age, in your communication.
educational background,
2. Be complete with the 3. Be concrete.
message you deliver. Support your claims with enough
- Make sure that your claims are facts. Your readers will easily
supported by facts and essential know if you are bluffing or
information deceiving them because there is
nothing to substantiate your
3. Be concise. claims
- You do not need to be verbose
or wordy with your statements.
4. Be correct.
Brevity in speech is a must.
It is important that you observe
4. Be natural with your grammatical correctness in your
delivery. writing. Pay attention to
- Punctuate important words with grammatical accuracy and
the appropriate gestures and spelling to maintain
movements. Exude a certain professionalism and credibility.
degree of confidence even if you
do not feel confident enough. 5. Be coherent.
Your writing becomes coherent
5. Be specific and timely with
only when you convey a logical
your feedback.
message. The ideas should be
- Inputs are most helpful when
connected to each other and
provided on time.
related to the topic

PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE 6. Be complete.

WRITTEN COMMUNICATION: Include all necessary and relevant
THE 7Cs information so that the audience
will not be left wanting of any
1. Be clear. information.
Always be guided by your
purpose in communicating.
7. Be courteous.
Ensure your writing is easily
The tone of your writing should be
understandable, minimizing
friendly. Avoid any
ambiguity and enhancing
overtone/undertone or insinuation
message retention.
to eliminate confusion and
misinterpretation.
2. Be concise.
Always stick to the point and do ETHICS OF COMMUNICATION
not beat or run around the bush.
Be brief by focusing on your main Be guided by the following to
point. achieve ethical communication:
1. Establish an effective value It will, therefore, pave the way for
system that will pave the way for the attainment of the desired
the development of your integrity results leading to the success of
as a person. One's behavior and an individual or the entire
decision-making style affect, in company. Success in decision-
turn, the operations of an making will likewise impact the
organization. Develop a strong company's reputation.
ethical foundation that guides
your communication and decision-
making processes. COMMUNICATION MODE
Communication mode refers to
2. Provide complete and accurate the channel through which one
information. Whether it is needed expresses his/her communicative
or not, the data you provide intent. It is the medium through
should always be contextualized which one conveys his/her
and correct. Ensure all thoughts.
information shared is truthful and
contextually relevant, promoting 1. Face-to-face interaction.
trustworthiness. It is an informal or casual
conversation between two or
3. Disclose vital information more people. People engage in
adequately and appropriately. social conversations to establish
Never conceal or hide information relationships or maintain them.
that are necessary for purposes of Engaging directly allows for
transparency. Share necessary nuanced communication through
information openly to maintain non-verbal cues, fostering deeper
transparency and integrity in your connections.
communications. 2. Video Web cameras are used
so that two or more people who
cannot interact face-to-face can
Rule: communicate. If there are no
Observing a code of ethics is technical glitches encountered,
essential as it determines the this could be a very effective
kind of behavior that is proper mode of communication
and desirable over one that is especially for people separated by
displeasing and offensive. A code distance. Utilizing video
of ethics sets the standards to be technology creates a visual link
observed by a person or a that enhances engagement and
company that will create a good can simulate in-person
reputation or a positive image not interactions.
only for an individual but also for 3. Audio.
the organization. Audio means transmitted sound.
Thus, in this mode of
communication, only the voice of the speakers in the form of
the speaker is heard. Ordinarily, problematic reference and
someone's voice is heard through ambiguous semantics in which an
the telephone or an answering utterance is open to different
machine when the other party is interpretations.
not able to answer a call. This -Ambiguity
mode focuses solely on vocal
communication, emphasizing tone •slips of the tongue and
and inflection to convey emotion mishearing which may be due to
and clarity. utterances spoken quickly and
4. Text-based communication unclearly.
such as e-mail, text messaging, -Performance-related
and instant messaging. Social misunderstanding
Networking sites such as
Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram •grammatically incorrect
likewise offer text-based sentences
interaction. -Language-related
misunderstanding

•gaps in content rather than

LESSON 5: language.
- Gaps in world knowledge
Top Ten Tips for Effective
Cross-Cultural Communication •turns and turns within sequences
produced by the participants
1. Maintain etiquette themselves, and the orientation
2. Avoid slang of the participants as well as the
3. Speak slowly repair moves that follow the
4. Keep it simple displayed understanding.
5. Practice active listening -Local context
6. Take turns to talk
7. Write things down •It is not unusual to experience
8. Avoid closed questions some level of discomfort in
9. Be careful with humour communicating with individuals
10. Be supportive from other cultures or co-cultures.
-Anxiety
•Intercultural communication
refers to the communication • In intercultural communication,
between people from two assume differences in
different cultures. communication style will exist
- intercultural communication that you may be unaware of. It is
important to avoid interpreting
•lack of explicitness on the part of another individual's behavior
through your own cultural lens. LESSON 6: Varieties and
-Assumption of Similarities
Registers of Spoken and
• assumes our culture or co-
Written Language and
culture is superior to or more
important than others and Exploring Texts Reflecting
evaluates all other cultures
against it. Different Cultures
-Ethnocentrism
Language is a tool for
• Stereotypes can be based on communication and it is relevant
race, ethnicity, age, gender, in culture for it serves as a
sexual orientation almost any dynamic reflection of it. This
characteristic. embodies diverse register and
-Stereotypes varieties that shapes
communication. Spoken language
and written language can
•is a negative attitude and feeling represent culture, it might be in
toward an individual based solely formal and informal form.
on one's membership in a
particular social group, such as By examining these
variations, people can gain
gender, race, ethnicity, knowledge on how language
nationality, social class, religion, influence and reflects culture.
sexual orientation, profession, Pronunciation, vocabulary and
etc. idioms varies on the culture that
- Prejudice ta country have.

•stand as a towering barrier in

the field of intercultural CULTURAL TEXT
communication. These challenges
Cultural text is a
extend beyond just speaking
combination of two words which
different languages.
are cultural and text. Cultural
-Language Differences
means anything related to a
belief, habits or behaviors,
•Differing communication styles
traditions and customs of a
to contrasting beliefs about time
particular group of people, (Text
and space, culture to culture, the
Definition & Meaning‫ ׀‬Britannica
range is vast.
Dictionary,n.d.-b).
-Cultural Differences
On the other hand,
Kilgannon (2021) define text as
anything that conveys meaning to
the person who examines it. It’s
not limited to written materials
such as book, magazines, and developed, shaped by cultural,
newspaper but movies, TV shows, historical, and social contexts.
songs, maps, advertisements, and This phenomenon reflects the
paintings are also considered as adaptation of English to meet the
text. Text is a visual needs of various societies,
representation that conveys resulting in unique linguistic
meanings. characteristics.

According to Smith (2016), The field of World Englishes

cultural text is a way to share began gaining prominence in the
cultural information that’s beyond mid-20th century, with the
the picture itself and it might be linguist named Braj Kachru that
an object, behavior, or actions plays an important role in this. In
that reveals a cultural meaning. 1965, Kachru published “The
Examples of cultural text are the Indianness in Indian English,”
following: highlighting how English was
nativized in India. He introduced
the term "World Englishes" and
Literature-Noli Me Tangere by proposed a model consisting of
Jose Rizal (Spaniard’s colonialism three concentric circles in 1984.
and social statues)

Music- Bayan Ko (Nationalism)

Films- Heneral Luna (Philippine

Revolution)  Inner Circle:
Art- Spolarium by Juan Luna Countries where
(Spanish colonial oppression in English is the primary
the country) language. The Inner
Fashion- Barong Tagalog Circle is made up the
(symbolizes national pride) traditional bases of English
and its speakers are the
Religious Text- The Bible
ones in charge of providing
(represents Christianity)
the norms. These places are
Architecture- Bahay Kubo (simple where the norms are
living of Filipinos) created and from which
they spread to the other
circles. Some of the
THE WORLD OF ENGLISHES countries that conform the
Inner Circle are USA, UK and
Canada.
World Englishes means to
the diverse varieties of English
that have had been globally  Outer Circle:
 Countries with a sentence structure (Unique
colonial history where grammatical constructions
English is widely used. influenced by local languages).
The Outer Circle represents Larry E. Smith's work in 1992
the places where they emphasized the concept of
speak official non-native intelligibility among different
varieties of English because English varieties. He proposed
of their colonial history. The three key terms which are
speakers of these places intelligibility, comprehensibility
are the ones who challenge and interpretability:
the norms and develop
them. They are
mainly ESL. Some of the World Englishes reflects the
countries that belong to this dynamic nature of the English
circle are India, Pakistan language as it adapts to different
and Egypt. cultural contexts. Understanding
these varieties fosters
appreciation for diverse linguistics
 Expanding Circle: and promotes an effective
communication in an increasingly
Countries where
globalized world. As English
English is used for
continues to evolve, recognizing
international
its pluralistic nature is relevant for
communication but lacks
both teaching and research in
colonial ties. The Expanding
language studies.
Circle is made up
by EFL speakers where
English is not usually B. FORMAL AND
spoken. In this circle the INFORMAL
speakers have to follow the LANGUAGE
rules established by the
Formal language
Inner Circle and developed
or challenged by the Outer Is the words and grammar
one. Some examples of used in formal situations? People
countries that belong to this use formal language mostly in
circle are China, Russia and written communication in
Brazil. professional or academic settings.
It is used when writing for
The characteristics of world professional or academic
Englishes varies in lexicon purposes like graduate school
(Different terms for the same assignments. Formal language
concept), pronunciation and does not use colloquialisms,
spelling (Variations in accent and
spelling norms) and its syntax and
contractions or first-person The symbol (r) indicates
pronouns such as “I” or “We.” that British pronunciation will
have /r/ only if a vowel sound
Some of the common
follows directly at the beginning
situations where you can use
of the next word, as in far away;
formal language are job
otherwise the /r/ is omitted. For
interviews, in business emails,
American English, all the /r/
when talking to superiors, in
sounds should be pronounced.
academic writing, in reports and
presentations, and when you are
communicating with someone
Outer varieties of English,
you don’t know well, often in a
often found in countries where
professional or business situation.
English is a second language,
Informal language have unique pronunciation rules
influenced by local languages and
It is used when
cultures. Here are some common
communicating with friends or
features:
family either in writing or in
conversation. It is used when 1. Absence of Dental
writing personal emails, text Fricatives: Sounds like /θ/
messages and in some business (as in “think”) and /ð/ (as in
correspondence. You can use “this”) are often replaced
informal language when you are with /t/ or /d/1.
communicating with people you 2. Monophthongal Realisation:
know well in relaxed situations, Diphthongs like the vowels
when talking to friends and peers, in “face” and “goat” are
in everyday conversations, in often pronounced as single,
team meetings, and when you pure vowels1.
are socializing. 3. Syllable-Based Rhythm:
Unlike stress-timed English
varieties, outer varieties
 Varieties of English: often have a more syllable-
Pronunciation timed rhythm, where each
syllable is given equal
Native speakers around the
emphasis1.
globe all have their own unique
ways of speaking. There are 4. Spelling Pronunciation:
dozens of accents, slang Words are pronounced
words and varieties of English in more closely to their
the world, which can make it spelling, which can lead to
different vowel and
difficult to understand them all.
consonant sounds
compared to native
varieties 1
  Varieties of English in Casual English: “Hey, can
Vocabulary you give some details about what
you guys do?”
According to Smith (2017),
“The English language has
evolved differently in various
regions, leading to distinct Formal English: “We
varieties that reflect cultural cordially invite you to participate
and social influences.” This in our upcoming event.”
shows the differences in word
Casual English: “Wanna join
choices, terms, and
us for the event soon?”
expressions across different
cultures and situations where
English is used. These
differences are shown in the Examples of Varieties in
use of varying vocabulary in Different Cultures
formal and informal language. English vocabulary also
differs across cultures. Smith
(2017) explains, “American
In formal scenarios English English, British English, and
vocabulary is precise, Australian English have
structured, and follows developed unique lexicons due to
grammar rules. Meanwhile, historical, social, and cultural
informal settings are usually factors.”
more relaxed, allowing the use
of colloquial language, slang, The "Inner Circle" includes
and regional expressions. “The countries where English is the
distinction between formal and native language and is deeply
informal language is often rooted in cultural identity. Here
marked by vocabulary choice, are some examples of English
with formal language favoring vocabulary and expressions that
more standardized and less have developed uniquely within
regional marked words” Inner Circle countries:
(Wardhaugh and Fuller, 2015)

Examples of English American English vs. British

Vocabulary in Formal vs. Informal: English Examples:

American British English

Formal English: “I would like English
to request some information 1.) Flashlight 1.) Torch
regarding your services.”
2.) Sweater 2.) Jumper
3.) Fries 3.) Chips o Comfort room (CR):
Restroom or
bathroom.
American English vs. Australian o Salvage: To kill or
English murder (a term with a
very different
American Australian meaning from its
English English original English
usage).
1.) Sunglasses 1.) Sunnies
o High blood:
2.) Cooler 2.) Esky Hypertension or being
very angry.
4. Singapore:
The “Outer Circle” refers to
countries where English is used as o Kiasu: Fear of missing
a second language and has out (from Hokkien
dialect).
become institutionalized due to
historical colonization. Here are o Blur: Confused or not
some examples of English aware.
vocabulary and expressions that
o Chope: To reserve a
have evolved uniquely in Outer
seat, often using a
Circle countries: tissue packet.
1. India:
o Prepone: To These examples illustrate
reschedule to an
how English has adapted to local
earlier time (opposite
contexts and cultures in Outer
of postpone).
Circle countries.
o Timepass: An activity
done to pass the time. Holmes and Wilson (2017)
discuss how formal registers are
o Co-brother: Brother- often associated with contexts
in-law (husband’s like professional, official, or
brother).
academic settings, where there is
2. Nigeria: a need to adhere to social norms.
Meanwhile, informal registers
o Dash: To give
have more freedom as they can
something for free.
include the use of slang and
o Chop: To eat or regional expressions.
consume.
o Go-slow: Traffic jam.
3. Philippines:
  Varieties of English: Another fascinating ‘Inner
Idioms Circle Idiom’ is ‘bite the bullet.’
This phrase is often used to
encourage someone to face a
The ‘Inner Circle Idiom’ difficult or unpleasant situation
refers to a group of idiomatic with courage and determination.
expressions that are widely used For instance, if you’re nervous
by native English speakers. These about an upcoming exam, a
idioms are deeply ingrained in the friend might say, ‘Just bite the
language and are considered a bullet and give it your best shot!’
part of the ‘inner circle’ of
Example 3: ‘Piece of Cake’
expressions.
We can’t talk about ‘Inner
The ‘Inner Circle Idiom’ refers to a
Circle Idioms’ without mentioning
group of idiomatic expressions
‘piece of cake.’ This expression is
that are widely used by native
English speakers. These idioms used to describe something that
is extremely easy or effortless.
are deeply ingrained in the
For example, if a task seems
language and are considered a
simple, you might say, ‘Oh, that’s
part of the ‘inner circle’ of
a piece of cake!’
expressions.

Let’s explore the usage of

the ‘Inner Circle Idiom’ through Rremember that idioms are
some illustrative examples. By not just phrases; they’re windows
understanding how these idioms into a language’s culture and
are employed in sentences, we heritage. By immersing ourselves
can grasp their meaning and in these expressions, we not only
context more effectively. enhance our language skills but
also gain a deeper appreciation
for the richness of English.
Example 1: ‘Break a Leg’
The “Outer Circle” refers to
One of the most well-known countries where English is not the
‘Inner Circle Idioms’ is ‘break a native language but has a
leg.’ While it may sound significant role due to historical
perplexing, it’s actually an colonization. Examples include
expression of good luck, often India, Nigeria, the Philippines, and
used in the performing arts. So, if Singapore1.
someone tells you to ‘break a leg’
Here are some idioms used in
before a presentation, they’re
these regions:
wishing you success!
1. India:
Example 2: ‘Bite the Bullet’
 o “Spill the beans”: o “Break the ice”: Make
Reveal a secret. people feel more
comfortable.
 Example: “She
accidentally  Example: “He
spilled the told a joke to
beans about the break the ice at
surprise party.” the meeting.”
o “Burn the midnight 4. Singapore:
oil”: Work late into
o “A blessing in
the night.
disguise”: Something
 Example: “He that seems bad at
had to burn the first but turns out to
midnight oil to be good.
finish the
 Example:
project.”
“Losing that job
2. Nigeria: was a blessing
in disguise; it
o “Cut your coat
led me to a
according to your
better
cloth”: Live within
opportunity.”
your means.
o “The ball is in your
 Example: “You
court”: It’s your
should cut your
decision or
coat according
responsibility to do
to your cloth
something.
and avoid
unnecessary  Example: “I’ve
expenses.” done my part;
now the ball is
in your court.”
3. Philippines: These idioms reflect the
o “Hit the nail on the unique blend of local culture and
head”: Do or say English language influences in
something exactly these regions
right.
 Example: “Her
comment about The relationship between
the issue hit the language and culture are closely
nail on the connected. Language reflects the
head.” culture it comes from, with
different varieties and styles of
speaking or writing. By looking at
both formal and informal
language, and how it is used in
different cultures, we see how
language changes based on the
situation. The examples given,
like idioms, pronunciation,
vocabulary differences, and
cultural texts, help us understand
how language adapts to local
traditions. Overall, learning about
these differences helps us better
understand how people
communicate and express their
cultural identities through
language.