Module-0
Basics of Networks
Module-0 Shiva Kumar
Communications in a Connected World(Network Types)
Everything is Online
• How many of us still think about whether or not we are “online”?
• We expect our phones, tablets, laptops, and desktop computers to always connect
to the global internet.
• We use this network to interact with friends, shop, share pictures and experiences
and learn.
• The internet has become such a part of everyday life that we almost take it for
granted.
• Typically, when people use the term internet, they are not referring to the physical
connections in the real world.
• Instead, they think of it as a formless collection of connections. It is the “place”
people go to find or share information.
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Who Owns “The Internet”?
• Any individual or group does not own the internet.
• It is a worldwide collection of interconnected networks cooperating to exchange
information using common standards.
• Through telephone wires, fiber-optic cables, wireless transmissions, and satellite
links, internet users can exchange information in various forms, as shown in the
figure.
• Everything that you access online is located somewhere on the global internet.
• Social media sites, multiplayer games, messaging centers that provide email, and
online courses — all these internet destinations connect to local networks that send
and receive information through the internet.
• Think about all your daily interactions that require you to be online.
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Local Networks
Small Home Networks Small home networks connect a few computers to each other and the internet.
Small Office and Home Office The SOHO network allows computers in a home or remote office to connect to a corporate
Networks network or access centralized, shared resources.
Medium to large networks, such as those used by corporations and schools, can have many
Medium to Large Networks
locations with hundreds or thousands of interconnected hosts.
World Wide Networks The internet is a network that connects hundreds of millions of computers worldwide.
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Mobile Devices
• The internet connects more computing devices than just desktop and laptop computers.
• There are devices all around that you may interact with daily that connect to the internet (mobile
devices, home devices, and a variety of other connected devices).
Smartphone It connects to the internet from almost anywhere. It combines the functions of many different products, such
as a telephone, camera, GPS receiver, media player, and touchscreen computer.
Tablet It also has the functionality of multiple devices like a smartphone. With the additional screen size, they are
ideal for watching videos and reading magazines or books. With on-screen keyboards, users do many
things they used to do on their laptop computer, such as composing emails or browsing the web.
Smartwatch It can connect to a smartphone to provide the user with alerts and messages. Additional functions, such as
heart rate monitoring and counting steps, like a pedometer, can help people who are wearing the device to
track their health.
Smart Glasses A wearable computer in the form of glasses, such as Google Glass, contains a tiny screen that displays
information to the wearer, similar to a fighter pilot's Head-Up Display (HUD). A small touchpad on the side
allows the user to navigate menus while still being able to see through the smart glasses.
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Connected Home Devices
• Many things in your home can connect to the internet to be monitored and configured remotely.
Many home items, such as security systems, lighting, and climate controls, can be monitored and
Security System configured remotely using a mobile device.
Household appliances such as refrigerators, ovens, and dishwashers can connect to the internet, allowing
the homeowner to power them on or off, monitor the appliance's status, and be alerted to preset
conditions, such as when the temperature in the refrigerator rises above an acceptable level.
Appliances
It can be connected to the internet to access content without needing TV service provider equipment. Also,
it can allow a user to browse the web, compose an email, or display video, audio, or photos stored on a
Smart TV computer.
Gaming consoles can connect to the internet to download games and play with friends online.
Gaming Console
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Data Transmission (The Bit)
• Did you know that computers and networks only work with binary digits, zeros, and ones?
• It cannot be easy to imagine that all our data is stored and transmitted as bits.
• Each bit can only have one of two possible values, 0 or 1.
• The term bit is an abbreviation of “binary digit” and represents the smallest piece of data.
For example, a light switch can be either On or Off; in binary representation, these states correspond to
1 and 0, respectively.
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The Bit
• Every input device (mouse, keyboard, voice-activated receiver) will translate human interaction into binary code
for the CPU to process and store.
• Every output device (printer, speakers, monitors, etc.) will take binary data and translate it into human-
recognizable form.
• Within the computer itself, all data is processed and stored as binary.
• Computers use binary codes to represent and interpret letters, numbers, and special characters with bits.
• A commonly used code is ASCII, where each character represents eight bits.
• For example:
• Capital letter: A = 01000001
• Number: 9 = 00111001
• Unique character: # = 00100011
• Each group of eight bits, such as the representations of letters and numbers, is known as a byte.
• The use of codes can represent almost any type of information digitally, including computer data, graphics,
photos, voice, video, and music.
https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~pattis/15-1XX/common/handouts/ascii.html
https://www.rapidtables.com/convert/number/decimal-to-binary.html
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Common Methods of Data Transmission
• After the data transforms into bits, it converts into signals sent across the network media to its destination.
• Media refers to the physical medium on which the signals are transmitted.
• Examples of media are copper wire, fiber-optic cable, and electromagnetic waves through the air.
• A signal consists of electrical or optical patterns transmitted from one connected device to another.
• These patterns represent the digital bits (the data) and travel across the media from source to destination
as either a series of pulses of electricity, vibrations of light, or radio waves.
• Signals may be converted many times before reaching the destination, as corresponding media changes
between source and destination.
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Common Methods of Data Transmission
• There are three standard methods of signal
transmission used in networks:
• Electrical signals - Transmission is achieved by
representing data as electrical pulses on copper
wire.
• Optical signals - Transmission is achieved by
converting the electrical signals into light pulses.
• Wireless signals - Transmission is achieved by
using infrared, microwave, or radio waves through
the air.
• Most homes and small businesses transmit network
signals across copper wires (cables) or Wi-Fi-enabled
wireless connections.
• More extensive networks employ fiber-optic cables to
carry signals for longer distances reliably.
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Bandwidth
• Bandwidth is the capacity of a medium to carry data
• Common bandwidth measurements are as follows:
• Thousands of bits per second (Kbps)
• Millions of bits per second (Mbps)
• Billions of bits per second (Gbps)
• The table shows the commonly used units of measure for bandwidth
Unit of Bandwidth Abbreviation Equivalence
Bits per second bps 1 bps = fundamental unit of bandwidth
Kilobits per second Kbps 1 Kbps = 1,000 bps = 103 bps
Megabits per second Mbps 1 Mbps = 1,000,000 bps = 106 bps
Gigabits per second Gbps 1 Gbps = 1,000,000,000 bps = 109 bps
Terabits per second Tbps 1 Tbps = 1,000,000,000,000 bps = 1012 bps
• Like bandwidth, throughput is the measure of the transfer of bits across the media over a given
period.
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Client and Server Roles
• All computers connected to a network that participate directly in network communication are
classified as hosts.
• In modern networks, computer hosts can act as a client, a server, or both.
Type Description
The email server runs email server software.
Email Clients use mail client software, such as Microsoft Outlook, to access email on the server.
The web server runs web server software.
Clients use browser software, such as Windows Internet Explorer, to access web pages on the server.
Web
The file server stores corporate and user files in a central location.
The client devices access these files with client software such as the Windows File Explorer.
File
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Network Infrastructure Symbols
• All computers connected to a network that participate directly in network communication are classified as hosts.
• In modern networks, computer hosts can act as a client, a server, or both.
• The network infrastructure contains three categories of hardware components.
• End Devices
• Intermediary Devices
• Network Media
• The following icons are used in network topologies to identify a networking
component.
• Network topology symbols that are used to identify different network
components including:
• Intermediate devices (e.g., router, wireless router, switch, and wireless
access point)
• End devices (e.g., laptop, printer, smartphone, and IP phone)
• Network Media (e.g., LAN Ethernet media, WAN media, wireless media,
and cloud)
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Transmission Media
•Transmission media is a communication channel that carries the information from the
sender to the receiver. Data is transmitted through the electromagnetic signals.
Twisted Pair Cable
Coaxial Cable
Fibre Optic
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THANK YOU
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