Modals Verbs

can/could/will/would/shall/should/may/might/must/have to/ ought to/ going to

1. To talk about ability > can / can't + V1 { for present ability}
Eg: I can ride a bike. / I can't drive a car.
> could/ couldn't + V1 { for past ability}
Eg: I could swim when I was 8. / I couldn’t teach English in 1999.
> will/ won't + be able to + V1 { for Future ability}
Eg: I will be able to attend PHD in English in 2022./ She won't be able to catch the
train as she wakes up late.
2. To talk about permission > can ( for general permission)( Do by yourself)
Eg: Can I play football with all of you?/ Can I get a phone call?
>could/ may ( for formal / polite permission)
Eg: Could you please allow me to join Field trip from school?
May I go to restroom please?
3. To talk about request > can (for informal) ( to ask someone to do something)
Eg: Can you copy the letter for me?
>could / would / may ( for formal / polite permission)
Eg: Could you please open the window for me?
Would you get along with me?
May I have your hands please?
4.To talk about Obligation and Necessary > must ( for general) { necessary to do something}
Eg: You must study your lesson because there will be exam next week.
>have to/ need to ( include punishment)
Eg: You have to do your homework.
You need to bring some snack to share with your friends for party.
5.To talk about Possibility and Deduction > may/ could /might ( not completely sure )
Eg: The pencil might be broken when it fell down.
>must ( for more sure )
Eg: The glass must be broken when it fell down.
 Level-5: Oxford Discover: Unit-3-Modals
can/could/will/would/shall/should/may/might/must/have to/ ought to/ going to + V1
Usage: To talk about ability
> can / can't + V1 { for present ability}
Affirmative >Eg: I can ride a bike.
Negative >Eg: I can't drive a car.
Questions>Eg: Can you play a guitar?
Yes, I can. / No, I can't.

> could/ couldn't + V1 { for past ability}

> was/were + able to + V1 { for past ability}
Affirmative >Eg: I could swim when i was 18.
I was able to ride a bike in 1999.
Negative >Eg: She couldn't ride a scooter when she was 5.
I wasn't able to teach English in 1999.
Questions>Eg: Could you play a guitar?
Yes, I could. / No, I couldn't.
Were you able to run when you were 2?
Yes, i was. / No, I wasn't.

> will/ won't be able to + V1 { for Future ability}

Affirmative >Eg: I will be able to attend PHD in English in 2022.
Nagative >Eg: She won't be able to catch the train as she wakes up late.
Questions> Will you be able to study in the University in the UK?
Yes, I will. / No, I won't.
 Level-5: Oxford Discover: Unit-4-Modals of Certainty

must/ have to 90% sure that something is true.

Eg: It must be giraffe because it has a long neck.
Eg: It has to be a spider. It has eight legs.
can’t 90 % sure that something isn’t true.
Eg: He can’t be a customer because he wears hat to cover his face.
might (only 20% sure)/ it’s not sure that something is true.
Eg: She might be a guest of our father but I am not sure.

Phonetic Symbols
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
Vowel > a e i o u
partial vowel > y
Consonant > b c d f g h j k l m n p q r s t v w x z
Symbol = word examples
/I/ = it
/ i: / = ee
/e/ = at ( went /send/ tent )
/ae/ = at ( want / cat/ hand)
/^/ = at ( fun/ love/ money / one )
/a:/ =arr (hard / card/ car)
 Adjective and Adverb
Adjective is noun modifier.
1. Before noun > tall boy
eg. dirty clothes / cold drink
2. After V to be > Sub(s) is + adj . Eg : She is happy./ He is angry.
Sub(p) are + adj Eg: We are hungry./ They are tired.
feel / felt + adj. Eg: I feel nervous./ He felt sleepy.

Adverb = Adj + ly
Adverb modifies verb/ adj/ adv/ the whole sentence.
Place of Adveb
Adv of Frequency + Main Verb > I always drink coffee.
verb + Adv (ly) > You must speak politely to the elders.
Adv + Adj > I saw very cute cat on the road.
Adv+ Adv > I can drive the car really well.
Adv, Sentence > Firstly, I wash my face. / I love to drink coffee too.

Adverb of frequency > always/ usually/ often/ sometimes/ occasionally/ rarely/ never
Adverb of frequency ( before Main Verb)
always ( 7 days ) eg: I am always happy.
usually ( 6 days ) eg: He usually eats breakfast.
often ( 4 days )Eg: They often play in the park.
sometimes ( 2 days ) Eg: You are sometimes going out at the weekend.
occasionally ( 1 day in a week) Eg: She occasionally visits her friends.
rarely ( 1 day in a month) Eg: We rarely eat outside.
never ( no day at all) Eg: I have never been to Japan.
Common Adverb > direction/ manner/ place/ time/ reason/ purpose/ condition/comparison/
contrast/qualification ( Preposition + Noun / Relative Pronoun + S+V)
eg. from school/ to home/ by car/ in the kitchen/ on Monday/ to live longer/

Adverb of degree > no(0%) / rarely(10%) / fairly(30%) / quite(50%) / pretty(60%)/

very(75%)/ really(85%) / absolutely(95%) / extremely(100%)
little a little some much
Adverb of quantity > no (Uncountable Noun) ( Affirmative) a lot of( U/C)
few a few any many
(Countable Noun) ( Negative/Question)

Sense Verb + Adjective

Sense Verbs feel, look, smell, sound, taste
To talk about personal opinions and thoughts about things and people.
Subject + Sense verbs + adjective
Eg: 1. I feel sleepy now.
2. You look tired. / She looks hot.
3. The apple smells so good.
4. The new singer sounds nice.
5. This soup tastes delicious.
Subject + Sense verbs + adverb
Eg: 1. He feels well.
2. He feels good.
3. She works well.( adv)
4. She looks beautiful.
5. She plays beautifully.(adv)
 Homophones
Its+noun = possessive Adjective/ possive pronoun
eg: Its tail is fur. Its face is cute.

It's = It is
eg: It's sweet./ It is sweet.

Your + Noun = possessive Adjective/ possive pronoun

eg: Your father is very creative.

You're = You are

eg: You're handsome.

Their + Noun = possessive Adjective/ possive pronoun

eg:Their school is big.

There = Adverb of place

eg:He lives there.

Here =Adverb of place

eg: Here is your money.

Hear = verb
eg: I can hear you.

who's = Question word (Subject People)

eg:Who's your teacher?
Whose = Question word (Possession)
eg:Whose book is it?

Homonyms
Homonyms are words that are spelled and pronounced the same way but have different
meaning.
eg: face ( n ) part of the body : Look up his face.
face (v) to position oneself / deal with : We have to face the enemies.
rock (n) stone : The rock is hard.
rock (n) type of music: It is too loud to listen to rock music.

It’s + Adjective + Infinitive(to+V1)

Infinitive as subject
It's + Adjective + to + V1
Usage: To give opinion or to say what you think.
It is = It’s
Affirmative Sentences
1. It’s nice to see you.
2. It’s easy to learn English Language.
3. It’s sweet to eat sugar.
4. It’s hard to calculate the big numbers.
5. It’s silly to go out without mask.
6. It was difficult to go somewhere yesterday.
Negative Sentences
1. It isn’t easy to understand the novel.
2. It isn’t sour to drink juice.
3. It isn’t bitter to eat that leaves.
4. It wasn’t sleepy to learn in the class.
5. It wasn’t good to hear the news.
Questions
1. Is it hard to walk in the water?
Yes, it is. / No, it isn’t.
2. Is it bitter to eat chocolate?
Yes, it is. / No, it isn’t.
3. Was it possible to stop the class last month?
Yes, it was. / No, it wasn’t.
4. Was it ok to learn grammar yesterday?
Yes, it was. / No, it wasn’t.
If only / I wish
If only + simple past / I wish + simple past ( for Present )
To talk about imagination ( )
Eg: If only I could swim. ( but I can’t)
If only I had my own house. ( but I don’t)
He wishes he was an engineer. ( but he isn’t)
I wish I were a doctor. ( but he isn’t)
I wish I got a puppy. ( but I don’t)
If only + past perfect / I wish + past perfect ( for Past )
To talk about regret ( )
Eg: If only I had learned to swim. ( but I didn’t)
If only I had done my homework. ( but I didn’t)
If only she hadn’t come out. ( but she did)
He wishes he had worked hard. ( but he didn’t)
I wish I hadn’t eaten those noodle. ( but I did)
You can make questions using wish.
Do you wish you had a new phone? (you don’t have it yet)
Does she wish she had done her homework? (She didn’t finish her homework)

Pronoun
Personal Possessive
Reflexive
Subject Object Adjective Pronoun Pronouns
Pronoun Pronoun Adj+ N (by/of)
1st Person I Me my Mine myself
1st Person We Us our Ours ourselves
2nd Person You You your Yours yourself/yourselves
3rd Person They Them their Theirs themselves
3rd Person He Him his His himself
3rd Person She Her her Hers herself
3rd Person It It its Its itself

Note: It’s = its

its = possessive adjective
it’s = it is

Possessive > ’s = Singular Noun > eg: Katie’s pen

s’ = Plural Noun > eg: Students’ books
But
People ’s / children’s / Uncles’
Pronoun Agreement
some someone / somebody something somewhere
any anyone / anybody anything anywhere
every everyone / everybody everything everywhere
no no one / nobody nothing nowhere
Subject (Singular) + Verb(Singular)
He + is/ studies/ loves/ learns/ goes.
Someone/ Everyone/ No one + loves / hates / gives me.
Subject (Plural) + Verb(Plural)
We + are / study / love / learn / go.
Phillip and Winston( They) + love / hate / give me.

Polite Requests with can/ could/ may/ might

# A request is when you ask for something. #
Modal I/you Verb ……?
Informal Can I/ you go to the park?
Formal Could I/you leave early today?
Formal May I/you take this newspaper?
Very Formal Might I/you borrow some money?

# Might is very formal. We don’t use might often.

polite requests

Could you+ v1, please?

Could you open the door please?
Could you copy the lesson for me please?

Could you tell me + relative pronoun + Sub+ Verb?

Could you tell me where you live?
Could you tell me what time it is?

Do you know + relative pronoun + Sub+ Verb?

Do you know when mother comes back home?
Do you know how to cook the chicken?

Would you mind + Ving?

Would you mind explaining them back to me?
Would you mind booking us a table?

Asking Questions
1. Yes or No Questions
Helping Verbs + Sub + Main Verb + others?
Eg:1. Do you love chocolate?
Yes, I do. / No, I don’t.
2. Have you ever been to other country?
Yes, I have. / No, I haven’t.
3. Can she play the guitar?
Yes, she can. No, she can’t.
4. Are you a teacher?
No, I am not./ Yes , I am.

2. Information Questions
Question words + Helping Verbs + Sub + Main Verb + others?
Question Words
Who + do/does/did Object People
Who + Main Verb Subject People
What + do/does/did Object Things
What + Main Verb Subject Things
Where place (after object)
When Time (after object)
Why Reason/Purpose (after object)
Which + Noun Choices(Noun)
Whose + Noun Possession (Someone’s Things/ Thing of someone)
How Manner (after object)
How + Adj Manner (Adjective)
How long Duration (after object)
How often Frequency (after object)
Eg: 1.Where do you go ?
I go to zoo.
2. How long does your class take?
My class takes for 3 hours.
3. How often do you brush your teeth?
I brush my teeth twice a day.
4. Who gives you some ticket money?
My parent gives me some ticket money.
5. Who did you fight with yesterday?
I fought with someone from other class from our school yesterday.

Short Answers
1. Yes or No Questions with short answers
Helping Verbs + Sub + Main Verb + others?
Helping Verbs
Verb to do (do/does/did)
Verb to be (am/is/are/ was/ were)
Verb to have (has/ have/ had)
Modal verb (can/ could/ will/ would/ shall/should/ may/ might/ must/ have to ….)
Eg:1. Do you love chocolate?
Yes, I do. / No, I don’t.
2. Have you ever been to other country?
Yes, I have. / No, I haven’t.
 3. Can she play the guitar?
Yes, she can. No, she can’t.
4. Is this apple sweet?
Yes, it is. / No, it isn’t.
5. Was it difficult to solve the Maths problems?
Yes, it was. / No, it wasn’t.
6. Do you have any money?
Yes, I do. / No, I don’t.

Direct Speech Reported Speech / Indirect Speech

Changes-1 : Check Speaker and Listener
One speaker > said
Speaker and Listener > told
Questions > asked
Changes-2 : Check “ ” :quotation marks
“ Sub + Verb” > that
“ Verb / Please verb” > to + V1
“don’t / please don’t” > not to + V1
“ Yes/No question” > if / wheather
“Information Ques:” > question word
Changes-3 : Check Pronouns
 Speaker > I me my mine myself - Female > She her her hers herself
- Male > He him his his himself
Listener > You you your yours yourself- Female > She her her hers herself
Male > He him his his himself
We us our ours ourselves > They them their theirs themselves

Changes-4 : Check Verb

V1 > V2
V2 > had + V3
Changes-5 : Check Time Expressions
here there
This that
These those
now then
last previous
ago before
next coming
to+ time that + time
tomorrow the next day
yesterday the day before
the day after tomorrow in two days
the day before yesterday two days before
Note ; Change Questions > statement
Take out > Do / Does / Did
Do = V1/ Does = Vs,es > V2
Did = V2 > had + V3
The rest helping verb can be changed.
1.Teacher said, “ You must take your test tomorrow.”
Teacher said that she had to take her test the next day.
2.Winston said to Sean, “ You ate all the food yesterday.”
Winston told Sean that he had eaten all the food the day before.
3. Phillip said to Susan, “ Come with me to go home today.”
Phillip told Susan to come with him to go home that day.
4. Yuki said her students, “ Don’t talk too much in my class now.”
Yuki told her students not to talk too much in her class then.
5. Teacher asked the students, “ Do you have any pencil in your bags?”
Teacher asked the students if they had any pencil in their bags.
6. Mother asked her son, “ Will you eat dinner at home tonight?”
Mother asked her son if he would eat dinner at home that night.
7. Phillip asked her mother, “ Have you cooked chicken curry today?”
Phillip asked her mother if she had cooked chicken curry that day.
8. Terry asked Yuri, “ What did you wear to school yesterday?”
Terry asked Yuri what she had worn to school the day before.
9. Father asked his daughter, “ How will you come back home tomorrow?”
Father asked his daughter how she would come back home the next day.
10. Tom asked Suzi, “ When did you wake up this morning?”
Tom asked Suzi when she had woken up that morning.
11. Wendy said to Emma, “ I have sent you message since Monday.”
Wendy told Emma that She had sent her message since Moday.
12. Nicky said to Karan, “ Come with me to go shopping tomorrow.”
Nicky told Karan to come with him to go shopping the next day.
13. Patrick said to Wendy, “ Don’t copy my lessons.”
Patrick told Wendy not to copy his lessons.
14. Emma said to Kamal, “ I don’t come to school next week.”
Emma told Kamal that she didn’t come to school coming week.
15. Wendy said to Patrick, “ My sister is crying last night.”
Wendy told Patrick that her sister was crying previous night.
16. Kamal said to Karan, “ Please share me your snack.”
Kamal told Karan to share him her snack.
17. Karan said to Nicky, “ I will eat my lunch with you at break time.”
Karan told Nicky that she would eat her lunch with him at break time.
18. Teacher asked the students, “ Do you have any pencil in your bags?”
Teacher asked the students if they had any pencil in their bags.
19. Ms, Susan asked Kamal, “ Have you finished your homework?”
Ms. Susan asked Kamal if he had finished his homework.
20. Ms. Yuki asked Emma, “ What did you eat for breakfast this morning?”
Ms. Yuki asked Emma what she had eaten for breakfast that morning.
21. Kamal asked Tr, “ When will you start your class next week?”
Kamal asked Tr when she would start her class coming week.
22. Father asked his daughter, “ where did you go yesterday?”
Father asked his daughter where she had gone the day before.
23. Karan asked her father, “ Can I go out with my friends today?”
Karan asked her father if she could go out with her friends that day.

Active Passive
(S + V + O) ( O + V + by + S)
Active to Passive
1. Find object and start with object.
2. Change verb > V1 am / is / are + V3
 V2 was / were + V3
am / is / are + Ving am / is / are + being + V3
was / were + Ving was / were + being + V3
has / have/ had + V3 has / have / had + been + V3
Modal + V1 Modal + be + V3
(can/could/will/would/shall/should/may/might/must/have to/going to)
3. If the subject is noun, use (by+Sub) after verb
4. Rearrange the adverb ( Direction – Manner – Place – Time – Reason – Purpose)
Note: by+Sub = Manner
Active Statement : Sub + Verb + Object + D + M + P + T + R + P
Eg: I have sent my message to my sister.
Passive Statement : Object + Verb + D + M + by Sub + P + T + R + P
Eg: My message has been sent to my sister.

1. Direction ( from/to/out of + Noun) > eg: from the school/ to the cinema / out of the glass
2. Manner ( with/by/ in+ Noun) > eg: with my friend/ by car/ in a hurry
Note : Manner + by Sub
3. Place ( in/on/at/near/behind/in front of + Noun) > eg: in the park/ on the table/ at home/ near
the school/ behind the library)
4. Time ( in/on/at/before/after/during+ Time) > eg: in 2022/ on Sunday/ at 7 o’clock/ before the
class/ after the rainy season/ during school hour)
5. Reason ( to+v1/ because + Sub + Verb/ since+ Sub + Verb) > eg: to get well/ because I am
busy/ since she is young)
6. Purpose ( for + Noun) > eg: for my mother.

Eg. People love to use social media in their free time.( Active )
Social media is loved to use in their free time.
Max has sent the text message to his girlfriend at night without showing others.( Active)
The text message has been sent to his girlfriend by Max at night without showing others.
 Maria was listening to favourite music using earphones with her friend at school.( Active)
Favourite music using earphones was being listened with her friend by Maria at school.
Conditional Clauses ( )

1.Zero conditional clause If + V1 , Sub + V1 ( for present condition)

Eg: If I am hungry, I eat noodle. / I eat noodle if I am hungry.
If my father comes back home, we eat dinner together.
We eat dinner together if my father comes back home.

2. First conditional clause If + V1 , Sub + will +V1 ( for future condition)

Eg: If it is sunny, we will go out to play football.
We will go out to play football if it is sunny.
If she has money, she will buy snacks./ She will buy snacks if she has money.

3. Second conditional clause If + V2 , Sub + would +V1 ( for unreal condition /

Imagination)
Eg: If I went to pagoda, I would wear Myanmar traditional clothes.
I would wear Myanmar traditional clothes if I went to pagoda.
If I won the lottery, I would buy a new house at the beach.
I would buy a new house at the beach if I won the lottery.

4. Third conditional clause If + had + V3, Sub + would + have +V3 ( for unreal
condition in the past / Regret)
Eg: If I had studied hard, I would have passed the exam.
I would have passed the exam if I had studied hard.
If I had listened to my parents, I would not have lost the way back home.
I would not have lost the way back home if I had listened to my parents.
If I had switched off the light, my mother would not have scolded me.
 Article ( a / an / the )

Indefinite Articles ( a/an) Definite Articles (the)

*Before singular countable noun *Before singular/plural/countable/
uncountable
*Before noun for the first time *Before noun for the second time
*Use ‘a’ before consonant sound *specific and unique noun (the
moon, sky, sun)
*Use ‘an’ before vowel sound (a/e/i/o/u) *Before body of water (the sea, the
river, the ocean)
*For job (a student/ an engineer) *Before superlative Degree (the
tallest, the most expensive)
*Before Adj+Noun *Before hotels, pubs, theaters,
(a clever student, an interesting story) museums, newspaper.

1. Countable လား ၊ uncountable လားဆုံးဖြတ်။

2. singular လား ၊ plural လားဆုံးဖြတ်။
3. ‘အ’ အသံ ထွတ်၊ မထွတ် ဆုံးဖြတ်။
4. နောက်မှာတိကျအောင် ညွှန်းထားသော which, that, who ပါ၊ မပါကြည့်-ပါ
ရင်- the
-မပါရင်-a/an

No Article ( a / an / the )
1. Before most country names and towns.
(But the USA, the UK, the United states)
 2. Before people names and surnames.
(But the Smiths / the Johns for family names)
3. Before names of cities, street, and island.
( Chindwin road, Shwepyithar, Yangon)
4. Before plural nouns when talking about things in general.
( I like animals. / Visitors come.)
5. Before the word: this / that / these / those / breakfast / lunch / dinner/ school subject /
sports.
( I like to play football. / English is my favourite subject. / This is my cat. / I eat breakfast.
6. Before the word (home, school, hospital, bed, church, work) the purpose for which they
exit.
I am at hospital. (to cure)
I go to the hospital. (to meet a friend)
7. Before the abstract nouns.
(Memory can bring you back./ Love is important.)

Defining Relative Clauses with who and that

Form: Noun + who/that + S +V

Usage: To give important information about the noun.
(for people – who/ for things - that)
eg . Picasso was an artist who collected masks.
Picasso collected masks that inspired for his painting.

Defining Relative Clauses For Object and Places

Form 1: Noun(object) + which/ that + Sub + verb

Form 2: Noun(place) + where + Sub +Verb

Usage: To talk about object  use the relative pronoun “that or which”.
To talk about places  use the relative pronoun “where”.
1. I bought a cake which is made of cheese.
2. Su Su saw a car that drove very fast near her.
3. We will go to zoo where is in Yangon.
4. This is a cake which I like the most.
5. That was a dog that bit me last month.
6. Nagapali is where I want to go in summer.

Defining Relative Clauses With Whose

Whose = possession
Usage  To give important information about the noun (possession/ own/ belong to)
eg. I bought a pen. My pen is purple.
Tr. bought a pen which is purple.

Q ; Sai Sai is a singer. His songs are popular.

A ; Sai Sai is a singer whose songs are popular.

Q ; Lisa was the girl. Her snowflake pictures were the talk of the town.
A ; Lisa was the girl whose snowflake pictures were the talk of the town.

Nondefining Relative Clauses

,who/which/ that .. + Sub + Verb,
To give extra information
eg: Phillip, who is very talkative in the class, is Miss Susan’s brother.
The tree, which grows in our garden, blooms flowers.
The pencil, that I use, is black.
Yangon, where I was born, is commercial city.
 There is/are/was/were
Affirmative Sentences
Singular Noun > There is  for Present Tense
Singular Noun > There was  for Past Tense
Plural Noun > There are  for Present Tense
Plural Noun > There were  for Past Tense
Eg: See! There is a cat under the table. ( Singular Noun / Present)
There was an ant on my cake yesterday. ( Singular Noun / Past)
There are many students in my class at school. ( Plural Noun / Present)
There were many books in my bag this morning. ( Plural Noun / Past)

Negative Sentences
Singular Noun > There isn’t  for Present Tense
Singular Noun > There wasn’t  for Past Tense
Plural Noun > There aren’t  for Present Tense
Plural Noun > There weren’t  for Past Tense
Eg: See! There isn’t a cat under the table. ( Singular Noun / Present)
There wasn’t an ant on my cake yesterday. ( Singular Noun / Past)
There aren’t many students in my class at school. ( Plural Noun / Present)
There weren’t many books in my bag this morning. ( Plural Noun / Past)

Yes/ No Questions
Singular Noun > Is there  for Present Tense
Singular Noun > Was there  for Past Tense
Plural Noun > Are there  for Present Tense
Plural Noun > Were there  for Past Tense
Eg: Is there a cat under the table? ( Singular Noun / Present)
Yes, there is. / No, there isn’t.
Was there an ant on your cake yesterday? ( Singular Noun / Past)
Yes, there was. / No, there wasn’t.
Are there many students in your class at school? ( Plural Noun / Present)
Yes, there are. / No, there aren’t.
Were there many books in your bag this morning? ( Plural Noun / Past)
Yes, there were. / No, there weren’t.

Phrasal Verbs ( Verb + proposition)

Literal Idiomatic
( nearly the same meaning) ( totally different meaning)
1. go up 1. give up ( stop doing)
2. move back 2. take off ( leave the ground)
3. take away 3. put out (extinguish)

Tag Questions
Usage: Tag questions are used when asking for agreement and confirmation.
Positive Statement + Negative Question tag

Sub + verb + Obj , Negative Verb + Sub?

eg. You are a student, aren’t you?
He is bored, isn’t he?
They studied Japanese Language, didn’t they?
Terry goes to school, doesn’t he?
We eat them all, don’t we?
 Negative Statement + positive Question tag

Sub + H.V + not +verb + Obj , Verb + Sub?

eg. You aren’t a student, are you?
He isn’t bored, is he?
They didn’t study Japanese Language, did they?
Terry doesn’t go to school, does he?
We don’t eat them all, do we?

So Adj that / Such + noun phrase + that

Usage: To talk about the result of something.

Note; noun phrase : a/an/ the + Adj + noun
Eg: Timmy is so tall that he can touch the ceiling.
Honey is so sweet that it can make me coughing
This is such a good film that I can’t wait to watch.
Diamonds are such expensive elements that we can’t affort to buy.

So and Neither
Agreeing with positive Agreeing with negative
If someone says something POSITIVE and If someone says something NEGATIVE and
we agree with them, we can use SO we agree with them, we can use NEITHER
So + Aux+ Subject Neither + Aux+ Subject
So am I Neither am I
So do I Neither do I
So did I Neither did I
So was I Neither was I
So will I Neither will I
So have I Neither have I
 Me too Me Neither

Tenses

Past Present Future

Simple Simple Simple
( S+ V2 ) ( S + V1/Vs,es) ( S+ will + V1)
Continuous Continuous Continuous
( was/were+ Ving) ( am/is/are+ Ving) ( will + be + Ving)
Perfect Perfect Perfect
( had+V3) ( has/have + V3) ( Will + have + V3)
Perfect Continuous Perfect Continuous Perfect Continuous
( had + been + Ving) ( has/have + been + Ving) (will+ have+ been + Ving)

Present Perfect Tense

Past Present Future

Form: has/have + V3
Usage: 1: To talk about the actions that have done in your life up to now ( Experience)
2: To talk about the actions that started in the past and have finished before the present.
The result is still effected on the present.
Time expression: just/ already/ recently/ ever/ never/ yet/ since + starting time / for+ duration
Practice: Affirmative Sentences/ Positive sentences ( ‌အဟုတ်၀ါကျ)
Eg: I have just finished my homework.
She has already eaten her breakfast.
Terry has ever been to Bagan.
I have played the guitar since I was 12 years old. / for four years.
Negative sentences ( ‌အ -၀ါကျ)
S + has/have + not + V3 / S + has/have + never + V3
usage-2 usage-1
has+not = hasn’t / have + not = haven’t
Eg. I haven’t finished my homework yet.
She hasn’t eaten her breakfast yet.
Terry has never been to Bagan yet.
I have never played the piano yet.
Interrogative sentences / Questions( ‌အ -၀ါကျ)
I. Yes/ No question ( )
Has/have + Sub + V3 + others?
Have you finished your homework yet?
Yes, I have./ No, I haven’t.
Has she eaten her breakfast yet?
Yes, she has./ No, she hasn’t.
Has Terry ever been to Bagan?
Yes, he has./ No, he hasn’t.
Have you ever played the guitar?
Yes, I have./ No, I haven’t.
II. Information Question ( )
Question word + has/have + Sub + V3 + others?
Eg: How long have you played the guitar?
I have played the guitar since I was 12 years old./ for four years.
What have you done ?
I have finished my homework.
When has she eaten her breakfast?
She has eaten her breakfast since 8 o’clock.
Present Perfect Continuous Tense

Past Present Future

Form: has/have + been + Ving
Usage: 1: To talk about the actions that started in the past and is continuing now.
Time expression: since + starting time / for+ duration / all morning / all day/ the whole
morning
Practice: Affirmative Sentences/ Positive sentences ( ‌အဟုတ်၀ါကျ)
Eg: We have been learning English language since 8 o’clock. / for 2 hours/ all morning.
I have been using my phone all day.
He has been playing game all the time.

Negative sentences ( ‌အ -၀ါကျ)

S + has/have + not +been + Ving
has+not = hasn’t / have + not = haven’t
Eg. We haven’t been learning English language since 10 o’clock./ for 2 hours/ all morning.
I haven’t been using my phone all day.
He hasn’t been playing game all the time.
Interrogative sentences / Questions( ‌အ -၀ါကျ)
I. Yes/ No question ( )
Has/have + Sub + been + Ving + others?
Eg: Have you been learning English language since 10 o’clock?
Yes, I have./ No, I haven’t.
Have you been using your phone all day?
Yes, I have./ No, I haven’t.
Has he been playing game all the time?
Yes, he has./ No, he hasn’t.

II. Information Question ( )

Question word + has/have + Sub + been + Ving + others?
Eg: How long have you been learning English language?
We have been learning English language since 10 o’clock./ for 2 hours/ all morning.
What have you been using all day?
I have been using my phone all day.
When has he been playing game?
He has been playing game all the time.

Simple Present Tense

Past Present Future

Form: Sub( plural) + V1
Sub ( singular) + Vs,es
Usage : 1: Universal Truth ( )
eg: The sun raises from the East.
The sun sets to the West.
Water flows from higher place to lower place.
 2: General Truth -85% sure ( )
eg: The dogs eat bones.
Mothers love their children.
The cat eats fish.
3: Habitual Actions ( )
eg: I always drink coffee in the morning.
He gets up at 6:00 A.M every morning.
We learn English Language four times a week.
4. Permanent Situation ( )
Eg: I live in Yangon.
I attend the class at Myanmar School.
My father works at the company for 10 years.
5. To talk about facts ( )
eg: Dodo is an extinct animal.
Cakey sells chocolate cake.
Tigers eat fresh meat.
Time Expression: today, tonight, every + time, always, often, usually, sometimes, ….
Practice: Affirmative Sentences/ Positive sentences ( ‌အဟုတ်၀ါကျ)
eg: I love to eat noodle in the evening.
Teacher teaches us English today.
We read news from Facebook.
Negative sentences ( ‌အ -၀ါကျ)
V1 + not = do not + V1 = don’t +V1
Vs,es + not = does not + V1 = doesn’t +V1
am + not = I’m not
is + not = isn’t Adjective / Noun
are + not = aren’t
eg: I don’t love to eat noodle in the evening.
 Teacher doesn’t teach us English today.
We don’t read news from Facebook.
Interrogative sentences / Questions( ‌အ -၀ါကျ)
I. Yes/ No question ( )
Do /Does + Sub + V1 + others?
eg: Do you love to eat Noodle in the evening?
Yes, I do. / No, I don’t.
Does teacher teach us English today?
Yes, she does. / No, she doesn’t.
Do you read news from Facebook?
Yes, I do. / No, I don’t.
II. Information Question ( )
Question word + do/ does + Sub + V1+ others?
eg. What do you love to eat in the evening?
I love to eat noodle in the evening.
What does teacher teach us today?
Teacher teaches us English today.
From where do you read news?
We read news from Facebook.
Simple Past Tense

Past Present Future

Form: Sub( Singular/Plural) + V2
Regular Verb Irregular Verb
V1+ ed = V2 V1+ ed = V2
eg: look > looked eg: swim > swam
play > played eat > ate
study > studied teach > taught
Usage : 1: To talk about the complete actions in the past.
2: To tell the story/ novel/ film
Time Expression: ago, last, in the past, yesterday, in 2010, this morning…..
Practice: Affirmative Sentences/ Positive sentences ( ‌အဟုတ်၀ါကျ)
eg: I went to cinema with my friend last year.
Tom played guitar this morning.
They stayed in the tent when the light went out.
Negative sentences ( ‌အ -၀ါကျ)
V2 + not = did not + V1 = didn’t +V1
was + not = wasn’t Adjective / Noun
were + not = weren’t
eg: I didn’t go to zoo yesterday.
He didn’t play the piano last week.
She wasn’t happy this morning.
We weren’t hungry last night.
Interrogative sentences / Questions( ‌အ -၀ါကျ)
I. Yes/ No question ( )
Did + Sub + V1 + others?
eg: Did you go to school yesterday?
Yes, I did. /No, I didn’t.
Did he play the guitar yesterday?
Yes, he did. / No, he didn’t.
Were you hungry last night?
Yes, we were. /No, we weren’t.
Was she happy this morning?
Yes, she was. / No, she wasn’t.
II. Information Question ( )
Question word + did + Sub + V1+ others?
 eg. Where did you go yesterday?
I went to cinema with my friend yesterday.
When did he play the guitar?
He played the guitar this morning.
Why was she sorry yesterday?
She was sorry because she lost her money.

Present Continuous Tense

Past Present Future

Form: am / is / are + Ving
Usage : 1: To talk about things that are happening now.
2: To talk about the future arrangement ( specific time or place)
Time expression: now, at the moment, ! (exclamation mark) , right now, just now, at present,
these day, currently…
Practice: Affirmative Sentences/ Positive sentences ( ‌အဟုတ်၀ါကျ)
Eg: I am listening to teacher now.
She is talking on the phone right now. Usage-1( happening now)
Look! He is copying the lessons.
I am watching movie this weekend because I have bought ticket.
We are going to Mandalay coming Monday as we packed our things. usage -2
He is building the new house in July. ( Future arrangement)
Negative sentences ( ‌အ -၀ါကျ)
am + not = I’m not + Ving
is + not = isn’t + Ving
are + not = aren’t + Ving
Eg: I am not listening to teacher now.
He isn’t building the new house in July.
She isn’t talking on the phone right now.
We aren’t going to Mandalay coming Monday.
Interrogative sentences / Questions( ‌အ -၀ါကျ)
I. Yes/ No question ( )
Am/ Is / Are + Sub + Ving + others?

Eg: Are you listening to teacher now?

Yes, I am./ No, I am not.
Is he building the new house in July?
Yes, he is. / No, he isn’t.
Is she talking on the phone right now?
Yes, she is./ No, she isn’t.
Are you going to Mandalay coming Monday?
Yes, we are. / No, we aren’t.
II. Information Question ( )
Question word + am/ is / are + Sub + Ving + others?
Eg: What are you doing now?
I am listening to teacher now.
What is she doing now?
She is talking on the phone right now.
Why are you watching movie this weekend?
I am watching movie this weekend because I have bought ticket.
What is he building in July?
He is building the new house in July.

Past Continuous Tense

Past Present Future

Form: was / were + Ving
Usage : 1: To talk about things that were happening at some point in the past.
2: To talk about the past habits and parallel actions ( specific time or place)
Time expression: at that moment, at that time, while, when, as……
Practice: Affirmative Sentences/ Positive sentences ( ‌အဟုတ်၀ါကျ)
Eg: I was listening to teacher at that time
She was talking on the phone right at 7 o’clock yesterday. Usage-1(happening at some )
I was watching movie when my father came back home. usage -2
While we were going to Mandalay, my friend visited my home. (parallel actions)
My mom was always cooking for us. (past habit)
Negative sentences ( ‌အ -၀ါကျ)
was + not = wasn’t + Ving
were + not = weren’t + Ving
Eg: I was not listening to teacher at that moment.
He wasn’t building the new house at that time.
 She wasn’t talking on the phone when her Dad came back home.
We weren’t going to Mandalay when my friend visited my home.
Interrogative sentences / Questions( ‌အ -၀ါကျ)
I. Yes/ No question ( )
Was / Were + Sub + Ving + others?

Eg: Were you listening to teacher at that time?

Yes, I was./ No, I wasn’t.
Was he building the new house in July?
Yes, he was. / No, he wasn’t .
Were you doing homework last Monday?
Yes, we were. / No, we weren’t.
II. Information Question ( )
Question word + was / were + Sub + Ving + others?
Eg: What were you doing at that time yesterday?
I was listening to teacher at that time yesterday.
What was she doing at that moment?
She was talking on the phone at that moment.
Why were you watching movie at that time?
We were watching movie at that time because it was raining.

Future Tense
Form : will + V1 > for future facts but not sure (50% sure and things you believe)
am/ is/ are + going to + V1 > for future plan ( 85% sure and things you see)
am/ is/ are + Ving > for future arrangement ( 95% sure and specific time and place)

Time Markers: tomorrow, soon, next, coming, this evening

Practice: Affirmative Sentences/ Positive sentences ( ‌အဟုတ်၀ါကျ)
Eg: I will go to Cinema tomorrow. Future facts ( believe)
My Mom will buy a new watch next month.
I am going to bake the pan cake coming Saturday.
There are dark clouds. It is going to rain this afternoon. Future plan ( see )
We are going to bring a bear to FLES tomorrow.
I am watching movie this evening in SPT. Future arrangement
Terry and his Dad are playing in the park tomorrow morning. ( specific place & time)

Negative sentences ( ‌အ -၀ါကျ)

will + not = won't
am + not = am not
is + not = isn't
are + not = aren't
I won't go to Cinema tomorrow.
My Mom won't buy a new watch next month.
I am not going to bake the pan cake coming Saturday.
It isn't going to rain this afternoon.
We aren't going to bring a bear to FLES tomorrow.
I am not watching movie this evening.
Terry and his Dad aren’t playing in the park tomorrow morning.
Interrogative sentences / Questions( ‌အ -၀ါကျ)
I. Yes/ No question ( )
1:Will + Sub + V1 + others ? /
2: Am/Is/are + Sub + going to + V1 + others? /
3: Am/Is/Are + Sub + Ving + others?
Will you go to Cinema tomorrow?
Yes, I will. No, I won't
Will my Mom buy a new watch next month?
Yes, she will. No, she won't.
Are you going to bake the pan cake coming Saturday?
Yes, I am. No, I am not.
Is it going to rain this afternoon?
Yes, it is. No, it isn't.

Are you going to bring a bear to FLES tomorrow?

Yes, we are. No, we aren't.
Are you watching movie this evening?
Yes, I am./ No, I am not.
Are Terry and his Dad playing in the park tomorrow morning?
Yes, they are. / No, they aren’t.
II. Information Question ( )
1:QW + will + Sub + v1+ others? /
2: QW + am/is/are + Sub +going to + V1 + others?
3: QW + am/is/are + sub + Ving + others?
Where will you go tomorrow?
I will go to cinema tomorrow.
What are you going to do coming Saturday?
I am going to bake the pan cake coming Saturday.
What are you doing this afternoon?
I am watching movie this afternoon.

Future Continuous
 Past Present Future

Form > will + be+ ving

Usage > action that will be happening in the future
Time marker> when, this time tomorrow, this time next week, next day, next week, next
month
Affirmative > will + be+ ving
eg; I will be looking for a good news.
He’ll be doing his homework.
My parents will be going to their relative home.

Negative > won't + be + ving (will not = won’t)

eg; I won’t be looking for a good news.
He won’t be doing his homework.
My parents won’t be going to their relative home.

Yes / No Questions > Will + Sub + be + ving + others?

Yes, Sub + will. / No, Sub + won't.
eg; Will you be looking for a good news?
Yes, I will. / No, I won’t.
Will he be doing his homework?
Yes, he will. / No, he won’t.
Will your parents be going to their relative home?
Yes, they will. / No, they won’t.

Information Questions> QW + will + Sub + be + ving + others?

Sub + will + be+ ving + ......
eg; What will you be looking for?
 I will be looking for a good news.
What will he be doing?
He will be doing his homework.
Where will your parents be going?
They will be going to their relative home.

Past Perfect Tense

Past Present Future

Form > had + V3
Usage > To talk about First action that had happened in the past before the Second action
happened in the past.
 To talk about the action that started in the past and finisheddd at a moment in the
past.3
Time markers > when, after, before, until
Affirmative sentences > had + V3
eg; I had gone out before my dad arrived home.
Terry had eaten all his food until he took ferry.
She learned all words to learn after teacher had given them.
Negative sentences > hadn’t + V3 / had never V3
eg; I hadn’t gone out before my dad arrived home.
Terry hadn’t eaten all his food until he took ferry.
She didn’t learn all words to learn after teacher hadn’t given them.
Yes / No Questions > Had + Sub + V3 + others?
eg; Had you gone out before your dad arrived home?
Yes, I had. / No, I hadn’t.
 Had Terry eaten all his food until he took ferry?
Yes, he had. / No, he hadn’t.
Had she learned all words to learn ?
Yes, she had. / No, she hadn’t.
Information Questions> QW + had+ Sub + V3 + others?
eg; Where had you gone out before your dad arrived home?
I had gone out to my friend before my dad arrived home.
What had Terry eaten until he took ferry?
Terry had eaten all his food until he took ferry.
Past Perfect Continuous Tense

Past Present Future

Form: had+ been + Ving
Usage: 1: To talk about ongoing actions in the past that happened before something in the past
Time expression: since + starting time / for+ duration / all morning yesterday / the whole
morning yesterday.
Practice: Affirmative Sentences/ Positive sentences ( ‌အဟုတ်၀ါကျ)
Eg: We had been learning English language since 10 o’clock./for 2 hours/all morning
yesterday.
I had been using my phone when my father came back home.
He had been playing game the whole day yesterday.

Negative sentences ( ‌အ -၀ါကျ)

S + had + not +been + Ving
had+not = hadn’t
Eg. We hadn’t been learning English language since 10 o’clock./for 2 hours/all morning
yesterday.
I hadn’t been using my phone when my father came back home.
 He hadn’t been playing game the whole day yesterday.
Interrogative sentences / Questions( ‌အ -၀ါကျ)
I. Yes/ No question ( )
Had + Sub + been + Ving + others?
Eg: Had you been learning English language since 10 o’clock./for 2 hours/all morning
yesterday?
Yes, I had./ No, I hadn’t.
Had you been using your phone when my father came back home?
Yes, I had./ No, I hadn’t.
Had he been playing game the whole day yesterday?
Yes, he had./ No, he hadn’t.

II. Information Question ( )

Question word + had + Sub + been + Ving + others?
Eg: How long had you been learning English language?
We had been learning English language since 10 o’clock./ for 2 hours/ all morning.
What had you been doing when my father came back home?
I had been using my phone when my father came back home.
When had he been playing game?
He had been playing game the whole day yesterday.

Used to + V1
To talk about the past habits but you don’t do it anymore again.
Eg. I used to play football when I was young.
Kann used to go out with friends at night.
My father used to smoke when he was until 50.