DESIGN AND CONTROL OF ELECTRIC VEHICLE

MINI PROJECT REPORT (VII SEMESTER)

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree

Of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

In

ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

By

PARINIKA SINGH SIDDHANT JHA RIYA SHARMA SAHIL LAMBA

Enrollment No: Enrollment No: Enrollment No: Enrollment No: 40211504918
02611504918 03611504918 40111504918

Guided by
NEERAJ KUMAR ASST. PROFESSOR

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

BHARATI VIDYAPEETH’S COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, NEW DELHI
 CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION

It is hereby certified that the work which is being presented in the B. Tech Mini Project
Report entitled " DESIGN AND CONTROL OF ELECTRIC VEHICLE " in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology
and submitted in the Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering of Bharati
Vidyapeeth’s College of Engineering, New Delhi (Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh
Indraprastha University, Delhi) is an authentic record of our own work carried out
during a period from AUGUST , 2020 to MAY , 2021 under the guidance of NEERAJ
KUMAR, ASST. PROFESSOR, EEE DEPARTMENT.

The matter presented in the B. Tech Mini Project Report has not been submitted by me
for the award of any other degree of this or any other Institute.

(NEERAJ KUMAR), Dr.KUSUM LAVDI

THARANI
Asst. Professor Head, EEED
EEE Department
 SYNOPSIS

With the advancing technology, it has taken a drift in the automobile industry with the
introduction of Electric Vehicles. Electric Vehicles provide to humanity as a sustainable
mode of transport, by not deteriorating the environment.
Electric Vehicle comprise of various models, which are interconnected for working of the
vehicle.
Electric Car propelled by Electric Motors and uses electrical energy stored in batteries.
Unlike vehicles with combustion engines, electric vehicles do not produce exhaust gases
during operation. This alone makes electric vehicles more environmentally friendly than
vehicles with conventional technology.
However, the electrical energy for charging the vehicle does have to be produced from
renewable sources, e.g. from wind, solar, hydroelectric or biogas power plants.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We express our deep gratitude to NEERAJ KUMAR, ASST. PROFESSOR, Department

of Electrical & Electronics Engineering for his valuable guidance and suggestion
throughout our project work. We are thankful to DR. SANDEEP SHARMA, ASST.
PROFESSOR, Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering Project Coordinators,
for their valuable guidance.

We would like to extend my sincere thanks to Head of the Department, Dr. KUSUM
THARANI for her time to time suggestions to complete my project work.
 TABLE OF CONTENT

CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION 2
SYNOPSIS 3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 4
TABLE OF CONTENT 5-6
LIST OF FIGURES 7
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 7

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Literature Review 8
1.2 Background of Project 8
1.3 Objective of Project 9

CHAPTER 2 SYSTEM MODELING

2.1 Control System of Quadcopter
2.2 Overview of The Control System 11-15
2.3 Motor Mixing Algorithm M.M.A
2.4 Designing A Control System for Quadcopter 15-16
2.5 Good Hover Control System
2.6 How Will This Work?
2.7 Two Clearing Obstacles to Creating and Tuning It
2.8 MATLAB Script 17-18
2.9 MATLAB Model 19
CHAPTER 3 OUTPUT
3.1 Discussion 20-
21

CHAPTER 4 CONCLUSION
4.1 Future scope 22-23
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1 Application of Drones in Agriculture Figure 2.1 Rotation of Propellers

Figure 2.2 Overview Flowchart
Figure 2.3 Translational Motion of Drone Figure 2.4 Hovering of Drone
Figure 2.5 Effect of Force at A Distance
Figure 2.6 Effect of Equal Force Applied on Both Sides Figure 2.7 Top and Side
View of Drone
Figure 2.8 Motors Having Opposite Motion To Each Other Figure 2.9
Configuration of Quadcopter
Figure 2.10 Yaw Without Affecting Thrust Figure 2.11 Altitude Control System
Figure 2.12 Control System of Quadcopter Figure 3.1 Drone at Origin
Figure 3.2 Drone After Simulation Figure 3.3 X Position of Drone Figure 3.4 Y
Position of Drone Figure 3.5 Z Position of Drone
Figure 3.6 Pressure on Drone to Measure Altitude

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
1. UAV: UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE
2. MMA: MOTOR MIXING ALGORITHM
3. R: ROLL
4. P: PITCH
5. Y: YAW
6. A: ALTITUDE
 CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION
With the advancing technology, it has taken a drift in the automobile industry with the
introduction of Electric Vehicles. Electric Vehicles provide to humanity as a sustainable
mode of transport, by not deteriorating the environment.
Electric Vehicle comprise of various models, which are interconnected for working of the
vehicle.
Electric Car propelled by Electric Motors and uses electrical energy stored in batteries.
Unlike vehicles with combustion engines, electric vehicles do not produce exhaust gases
during operation. This alone makes electric vehicles more environmentally friendly than
vehicles with conventional technology.
However, the electrical energy for charging the vehicle does have to be produced from
renewable sources, e.g. from wind, solar, hydroelectric or biogas power plants.

1.1 Literature Review

Presently, EV market penetration is only 1% of total vehicle sales in India, and of that,
95% of sales are electric two-wheeler, target of 30% electric vehicles on Indian roads by
2030 to combat pollution. India has 150 charging stations. GOI has recently sanctioned
setting up of 2636 number of charging stations across 62 cities in India
Phasing out of combustion engine vehicle is at the initial stage to encourage purchase of
eco-friendly electric vehicle.
Many Indian startups and other manufacturers have come up with EVs for commercial
usage
India is targeting to deploy 5 to 7 million electric vehicles in the country by end of 2020
and target of 40,00,00 passenger battery electric cars (BEVs) by 2020.

1.2 Background of Project

1.3 Objective of Project
 CHAPTER-2 SYSTEM MODELING

2.1 Proposed framework

FIGURE 1: BLOCK DIAGRAM

Let's see the block diagram of our project. We first have vehicle body from which motor
is connected to the axle of the body. Now before connecting battery we need a controller
for our motor for changing speed of the motor because if we connect the battery directly
to the motor, it will run to the rated speed. So, to control speed of the motor we will use
power generator that is H bridge. This will actually change the voltage applied to the
motor that will change speed of the vehicle. Now we need throttle and brake pedal in our
hand for that we have Drive cycle source block. This is to at what speed we want our
vehicle run. And at last we have Drive controller which will track actual speed of the
vehicle and match with the given drive cycle input.

2.2 Implementation
Now on the basis of block diagram we will implement our model on MATLAB
Simulink. We can use MATLAB to automate simulations and analyze the results. Power
train block set provides simple controller models for subsystems, including combustion
engines, transmissions, and electric motors.
These controller models serve two primary purposes. First, the controller models
complete a power train system model. Second, the built-in controller models serve as a
starting point for our controller development.
In addition to controller design and test, you can use the reference applications for power
train design trade-off studies, such as emissions, fuel economy, and performance.
The mapped engine and motor blocks use data that is readily available from component
suppliers, making them suitable for initial trade-off analysis. To account for dynamic
effects on the power train in fine-grained trade-off studies, you can use the dynamic
engine and motor blocks, for example, in studies that require the effect of turbocharger
windup or electric motor control algorithms. To reduce the overall simulation time, you
can use Parallel Computing Toolbox to deploy power train system simulations across a
cluster of computer cores. Now, we have simple and actual run time vehicle model using
individual component models. And we can check the performance parameters like
velocity, soc, current etc. with various drive cycles.

FIGURE 2: MATLAB MODEL OF EV

2.3 Mathematical Formula

The total energy demand by an EVCS is the product of the number of EV coming in a
day and its energy requirement, as shown in Equation (2)

Battery ( capacity )∗(SOC ( max )−SOC ( min ) )

PEV = (1)
Duration of Charging
N
PEVCS = ∑ P Ev (2)
n =1

There is approximately a linear relationship between the SOC of the lead-acid battery and
its open circuit voltage (OCV) given by

VOC (t) = a1 X SOC (t) + a0

CHAPTER-3

OUTPUT
For comparison purposes, 2 driving cycles are used. In our model, NEDC (New
European Driving Cycle) and WLTP (Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicles Test
Procedure) cycles are used. According to the simulation results including NEDC and
WLTP cycles, it was understood that vehicle speed and cycle speed were the same.

At this point, it is concluded that the energy consumption data obtained from the model is
also correct.

FIGURE 3: NEDC SOC %

FIGURE 4: NEDC DISTANCE COVERED

FIGURE 5: NEDC ACTUAL VELOCITY VS REFERENCE VELOCITY

FIGURE 6: WLTP CLASS 3 SOC%

 FIGURE 7: WLTP CLASS 3 DISTANCE COVERED

FIGURE 8: WLTP CLASS 3 ACTUAL VELOCITY VS REFERENCE VELOCITY

CHAPTER-4 CONCLUSION
4.1 Future Scope

The future of mobility promises to be silent, efficient, and much better for our
environment. EVs will not only reduce pollution but after few changes like using biogas
and other renewable energy source for charging can make them budget friendly too. If
the government's 2030 targets are met, India could save Rs. 8 lakh crore on gasoline and
diesel imports for the industry during the period considered, after considering a certain
level of batteries.
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[2] Piyush V. Baviskar, Nikhil R. Chaudhari, Nitin P. Koli and Akshata s.

Kirtiwar, "Advanced Automatic Irrigation system with day and night Sensing and Auto
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[4]https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6477948/