UNITED KINGDOM: the origin of Animal ● Most of economic significance traits ● Data Collection

Breeding are quantitative – controlled by many ✔ Growth

genes ✔ Reproduction
ROBERT BAKEWELL: introduced keeping
● We can’t see genes ✔ Milk
records
● It’s difficult to separate genetics ✔ Fleece
2 WAYS OF MAKING GENETIC from environmental influences ✔ Carcass
IMPROVEMENT ● Some traits cannot be easily directly ✔ Disease Resistance
or selected for ✔ Defects
⮚ Crossbreeding (heterosis): respond
● Quantitative genetics is about ● Record Keeping and Analysis
well to crossbreeding, do not respond
probabilities ✔ Pedigree
well to selection
✔ Performance
⮚ Selection (heritability): respond well SELECTION BASIS
✔ Type
to selection, do not respond well to
✔ Heritability
crossbreeding METHODS OF SELECTION
✔ Repeatability
WHAT IS SELECTION? ✔ Selection Differential ⮚ Single Trait: not recommended
✔ Generation Interval ⮚ Multiple Trait: more than one trait
● Choosing which animals get to be
✔ Genetic Progress
parent MULTIPLE SELECTION TRAIT
● Choosing which male and female HERITABILITY: due to genetics
mate (genotype) ✔ Tandem Selection: focus on one trait
✔ Independent Culling Selection: two
2 KINDS OF SELECTION REPEATABILITY: correlation between or more traits
repeated measurements ✔ Selection Index: combine traits
⮚ Natural: “survival of the fittest”
⮚ Artificial: human intervention SELECTION DIFFERENTIAL: differences HERD: large group of animals
between selected animals
WHAT IS THE GOAL OF SELECTION? ESTRUS PERIOD: period in the sexual
MOST GENETIC PROGRESS WHEN… cycle
● Improve the frequency of desirable
alleles ● Heritability is high of female mammals
● Reduce the frequency of undesirable ● Repeatability is high
alleles ● Selection differential is wide ESTRUS CYCLE: recurring reproductive
● Eliminate deleterious genes ● Generational interval is short cycle in many female mammals
ESTROGEN: considered a female sex
WHAT MAKES SELECTION PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF SELECTION
hormone that promote the development and
DIFFICULT?
● Animal Identification maintenance of female characteristics of the
✔ Permanent body
✔ Unique
PROGESTERONE: hormone released by FREE MARTIN: The female twin in mixed- UTERUS INVOLUTION: natural process
the sexed twins. The male is usually normal but that involves your pregnant uterus returning
9/10 of the females are sterile to its pre-pregnancy state
corpus luteum in the ovary
HEIFER: sexually mature female cattle but GONADAL AXIS: helps to regulate
has not yet calved development, reproduction, aging and many
PROSTAGLANDIN: used to induce other key physiological processes
LACTATION: period during which the dam
luteolysis in estrus synchronization
produce milk
programs to terminate unwanted pregnancies
OXYTOCIN: hormone responsible for the LEYDIG CELLS: the primary source of
HEAT SYNCHRONIZATION: process of
release of milk
manipulating the estrus cycle testosterone or androgens in males
PARTURITION: act of giving birth
CHUTE: narrow metal enclosure for holding SERTOLI CELLS: are the somatic cells of
or restraining livestock PASTURE: land with herbage or forage the testis that are essential for testis
crops for grazing animals formation and spermatogenesis
FOLLICLE-STIMULATING HORMONE:
stimulates follicular growth and ovulation RATION: feed allowed for a given animal SERTOLI CELLS: is a "nurse" cell of the
for a day of 24 hours whether it is fed testicles that is part of a seminiferous tubule
LUTEINIZING HORMONE: chemical in
and helps in the process of spermatogenesis,
your body that triggers important processes POST-PARTUM: when the uterus and other
the production of sperm
in your reproductive system parts of the reproductive breeding system
have returned to normal MAMMALIAN SERTOLI CELLS: are
ABORTION: premature birth
responsible for the formation and secretion
RUMINANT: of the order of animals having
AD LIBITUM: feeding at pleasure, of seminiferous tubule fluid (STF)
a stomach with four complete cavities
unlimited or liberal
through which food passes in digestion ANDROGEN: defined as a substance
AFTERBIRTH: placenta and other capable of developing and maintaining
STAG: old bull or bull castrated late in life
membranes expelled after delivery of the masculine characteristics in reproductive
fetus or young STEER: castrated male before the secondary tissues
sex characteristics have developed
BEEF: meat from mature cattle GENETICS: science of heredity and
UPGRADING: mating of unimproved variation
BREEDER: animal used for breeding
animal to one that is highly improved
purposes MANIPULATED THE GENETIC
STOCK DENSITY: number of animals per MAKEUP TO
BULL: entire adult male ox
unit area in a field at a given time
● Improve productivity
STOCKING RATE: overall number of ● Increase efficiency
animals carried per unit of pasture ● Adaptability
GREGORY MENDEL: father of genetics Pp x pp (both homozygous horned) BREEDING SYSTEM
GENOTYPE: genetic composition of an PUNNETT SQUARE: a grid like method ⮚ Pure breeding: the mating of males
organism and female of the same breed or type
BREEDING GOAL: the specification of the
⮚ Inbreeding: defined as the mating of
PHENOTYPE: the observable or traits to be improved including the emphasis
animals more
measurable characteristics of an organism given to each trait
closely related than the average
RELATIONSHIP OF PHENOTYPE AND BREEDING PROGRAM: a program aiming relationship within the breed or
GENOTYPE at defined breeding objectives to produce a population concerned
next generation of animals ⮚ Outcrossing: breed (an animal or
P = G+E
plant) with one not closely related.
SET UP OF A BREEDING PROGRAM
P- Phenotype – observed attributes (Yield, ⮚ Cross breeding: the mating of two
quality) ⮚ Production system: the analysis of animals that are different breeds
the way we keep the animals and for within the same species
G- Genotype – A, D, E
which purpose
UPGRADING: refers to crossing two
E- Environment – breed, nut. A.H, climate, ⮚ Breeding Goal: the question which
livestock breeds with a specific purpose in
housing and research traits should be improved in the next
mind, improving one of the breeds
generations
CHROMOSOMES: made up of tightly- PITUITARY GLAND: referred to as the
⮚ Collection of information: knowing
coiled strands of DNA “master gland” because it monitors and
the breeding goal, relevant
GENE: made up of specific functional information should be collected regulates many bodily functions through the
sequence of nucleotides ⮚ Breeding value estimation and hormones that it produces, including Growth
selection criteria: knowing the and sexual/reproductive development and
SOMATIC CELLS: referred to as diploid breeding goal and after recording function
GAMETES: referred to as haploid relevant traits of potential parents
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM: receives
⮚ Selection and mating: given the
PP x PP (both parents are homozygous information from the environment of the
estimated breeding values of sires
polled) animal (external signals:visual, olfactory,
and dams
auditory and tactile) and conveys this
PP x Pp (one homozygous polled and one ⮚ Dissemination of genetic gain: the
information to the gonads through the
heterozygous polled parent) number of animals from which traits
Hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis
are recorded is rather small in
Pp x Pp (both parents are heterozygous relation to the population of animals GnRH: transported via the hypothalamo-
polled) used for human purposes hypophyseal portal system to the anterior
Pp x pp (one heterozygous polled and one ⮚ Evaluation of results: the breeding lobe of the pituitary gland
homozygous horned parent) program should be evaluated
regularly
FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONES: VULVA: external opening of vagina SHEATH: protects penis from injury
stimulates the development of ovarian
ESTROUS CYCLE: cycle of egg
follicles
development in cattle
LUTEINIZING HORMONES: stimulates
the theca interna of the follicle to synthesize
androstenedione from cholesterol TWO PERMANENT STRUCTURE
PRESENT IN OVARY
GRANULA CELLS: the testosterone is
aromatized to oestradiol-17B under the ✔ Follicle
influence of FSH, also produce inhibin ✔ Corpora lutea
INHIBIN: has negative feedback on the FSH ESTRUS HEAT: it is not always
release from the pituitary gland, thus accompanied by ovulation
controlling follicle development
PLACENTA: number of layers of tissue
CORPUS LUTEUM: produces progesterone between maternal and fetal vascular system
PROGESTERONE: is essential for the SCROTUM: holds and protects testicles
normal cycle of the cow and in the
maintenance of pregnancy TESTES: produce sperm and male sex
hormone
HYPOTHALAMUS: controls body
temperature EPIDIDYMIS: stores sperm while they
mature
PITUITARY GLAND: sits at the base of the
brain and has 2 regions (anterior and VAS DEFERENS: serves as a passageway
posterior pituitaries} of sperm to travel from the epididymis to the
urethra
OVARY: production of female egg or ovum
SEMINAL VESICLES: produce fluid that
OVIDUCT: funnel shaped tube that engulfs protects and transports sperms
ovary
PROSTATE GLAND: produces a fluid that
CERVIX: has thick walls that allows a is mixed with the seminal fluid
passageway for sperm
COWPER’S GLAND: produces a fluid that
CERVICAL PLUS: thick mucus secretion moves down the urethra ahead of the
seminal fluid
VAGINA: serves as the receptacle for male
penis PENIS: deposits semen in female animals
 ● Management practices of the farmers ● The use of sexed semen gives 80-
(estrus detection), and 90% accuracy as compared to
TRENDS IN REPRODUCTIVE
● Climatic condition conventional semen straws.
BIOTECHNOLOGY
However, as sperm concentration in
CONT. OF AI
ARTIFICAL INSEMINATION sexed semen straw is far less than the
● Methods of freezing semen or conventional semen straw and the
- One of the earliest perfected
cryopreservation sorting procedure itself damages the
technology.
● Sperm sexing sexed sperm, conception rate is 10 to
- First successful insemination was
20% less with the sexed semen as
performed by Spallanzani (1784) in a CRYOPRESERVATION compared to normal semen.
dog.
- Process of depositing the semen in ● Process in which living biological Ovum Pick-up
the female reproductive organ by the material is frozen, stored for a period
of time, thawed, and remains viable. ● Transvaginal recovery of the oocytes
use of an instrument (AI gun/ straw
by aspiration of the ovarian follicles
gun/ catheter). ADVANTAGES with the aid of ultrasound probe.
ADVANTAGES OF A.I ● Helps in the preservation of ● Totally harmless for the donor and it
biological materials. takes about 15-20 minutes, during
● Reduces transmission of venereal
● Sperm. Gametes, embryos, tissues, which the donor is contained in a
disease,
bone marrow, and organs can be cattle crush.
● Lessen the need of farms to maintain
breeding males, preserved. Some of the potential advantages of OPU
● Facilitates more accurate recording ● Helps to study the adapting nature of as compared to more traditional embryo
of pedigrees, and plants and animals under the low transfer:
● Minimizes the cost of introducing temperature.
● The possibility of increased numbers
improved genetics. SPERM SEXING of embryos harvested and ultimately
DISADVANTAGES ● Selected semen or sexed semen - increased number of offspring from
One of the newest reproductive elite females.
● Specialized equipment is needed, ● The ability to use OPU technology
● Technical expertise is needed, and technologies available to the beef
producer. on pregnant donors as well as non-
● Incorrectly practiced AI can cause pregnant donors.
● Sexed semen - semen in which
problems. ● Along with IVF, can maximize
fractions of X-bearing (female) and
SUCCESS OF AI DEPENDS IN THE Y-bearing (male) sperm have been oocyte fertilization with rare,
FOLLOWING FACTORS modified from the natural mix expensive or sexed semen.
through sorting and selection. IN-VITRO FERTILIZATION
● Skills of the technician,
● Nutritional status of the animal ADVANTAGE
 ● Fertilization of the sperm and the egg ● selection of oocytes ● Not only helps identify elite animals,
is conducted outside the animal’s ● embryo transfer but also identify animals with lower
body. genetic potential.
EMBRYO TRANSFER
● Process of fertilization by extracting
SOMATIC CELL NUCLEAR
eggs, retrieving a sperm sample, and ● the collection of an embryo from a
TRANSFER
then manually combining an egg and donor animal and its subsequent
sperm in a laboratory dish. transfer into the uterus of a recipient. ● Also termed as cloning.
● Final step in the IVF process ● Technique in which the nucleus of a
ADVANTAGES
● 1890 – first successful transfer in somatic cell is transferred into a
● Treatment of both human and animal rabbits. female egg cell or oocyte.
infertility. ● Dolly the sheep – first cloned animal
ADVANTAGES
● Surrogate pregnancy in 1996.
● livestock improvement ● Produce several livestock progenies
ADVANTAGES OF SCNF
● embryo cryopreservation from a superior female with the help
● gene transfer of surrogate mother. ● Useful technique for multiplication
● increased survivability of endangered ● Selected females are induced to of elite animals with minimal genetic
species super ovulate hormonally and variation.
inseminated at an appropriate time ● Can be used for the conservation as
DISADVANTAGES
relative to ovulation depending on well as propagation of endangered
● embryo and ovum damage the species and breed. species.
● ethical issues:
GENOMICS
- creation and discard large numbers
of embryo’s ● Study of the role of nucleic acid
- tools can be used for cloning sequences in cellular DNA.
● expensive
USES OF GENOMICS
BASIC REQUIREMENTS
● Predict genetic merit of dairy
● healthy ova animals for economically important
● sperm than can fertilize traits.
● uterus that can maintain pregnancy ● Helped identify animals, both male
and female, which superior traits for
FIVE STEPS IN IVF
longevity, health, production and
● super ovulation physical appearance.
● egg retrieval
● fertilization