MODULE V

MODULE V ENERGY CONSERVATION AND EFFICIENCY

Energy savings- Energy Audit- Requirements- Benefits of Energy Conservation-Energy

conservation measures for buildings- Energy wastage- impact to the environment.

Energy Audit
• The fundamental goal of energy management is to produce goods and provide
services with the least cost and least environmental effect.
• The term energy management means many things to many people. One
definition of energy management is:
• The judicious and effective use of energy to maximize profits (minimize costs)
and enhance competitive positions“.
• "The strategy of adjusting and optimizing energy, using systems and procedures
so as to reduce energy requirements per unit of output while holding constant or
reducing total costs of producing the output from these systems“.
• As per the Energy Conservation Act, 2001, Energy Audit is defined as "the
verification, monitoring and analysis of use of energy including submission
of technical report containing recommendations for improving energy
efficiency with cost benefit analysis and an action plan to reduce energy
consumption".

• The objective of Energy Management is to achieve and maintain optimum

energy procurement and utilization, throughout the organization and:
• To minimize energy costs / waste without affecting production & quality
• To minimise environmental effects.
Need for Energy Audit
• In any industry, the three top operating expenses are often found to be energy
(both electrical and thermal), labour and materials.
• Energy Audit will help to understand more about the ways energy and fuel are
used in any industry, and help in identifying the areas where waste can occur and
where scope for improvement exists.
• The Energy Audit would give a positive orientation to the energy cost reduction,
preventive maintenance and quality control programs which are vital for
production and utility activities.
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 • Such an audit programme will help to keep focus on variations which occur in
the energy costs, availability and reliability of supply of energy, decide on
appropriate energy mix, identify energy conservation technologies, rétrofit for
energy conservation equipment etc.
• In general, Energy Audit is the translation of conservation ideas into realities, by
lending technically feasible solutions with economic and other organizational
considerations within a specified time frame.
• The primary objective of Energy Audit is to determine ways to reduce energy
consumption per unit of product output or to lower operating costs.
• Energy Audit provides a " bench-mark “(Reference point) for managing energy
in the organization and also provides the basis for planning a more effective use
of energy throughout the organization

Type of Energy Audit

• The type of Energy Audit to be performed depends on:
- Function and type of industry
- Depth to which final audit is needed, and
- Potential and magnitude of cost reduction desired
• Thus, Energy Audit can be classified into the following two types.
• Preliminary Audit
• Detailed Audit

Preliminary Energy Audit Methodology

Preliminary energy audit is a relatively quick exercise to:
• Establish energy consumption in the organization
• Estimate the scope for saving
• Identify the most likely (and the easiest areas for attention
• Identify immediate (especially no-/low-cost) improvements/ savings
• Set a 'reference point'
• Identify areas for more detailed study/measurement
• Preliminary energy audit uses existing, or easily obtained data

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Detailed Energy Report

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DETAILED AUDIT REQUIREMENTS
The information to be collected during the detailed audit includes: -
1. Energy consumption by type of energy, by department, by major items of process
equipment, by end-use
2. Material balance data (raw materials, intermediate and final products, recycled
materials, use of scrap or waste products, production of by-products for re-use in other
industries, etc.)
3. Energy cost and tariff data
4. Process and material flow diagrams
5. Generation and distribution of site services (eg.compressed air, steam).

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6. Sources of energy supply (e.g. electricity from the grid or self-generation)
7. Potential for fuel substitution, process modifications, and the use of co-generation
systems (combined heat and power generation).
8. Energy Management procedures and energy awareness training programs within the
establishment.
The audit team should collect the following baseline data:
- Technology, processes used and equipment details
- Capacity utilisation
- Amount & type of input materials used
- Water consumption
- Fuel Consumption
- Electrical energy consumption
- Steam consumption
- Other inputs such as compressed air, cooling water etc
- Quantity & type of wastes generated
- Percentage rejection / reprocessing
- Efficiencies / yield
Energy Audit: Types And Methodology
• Energy Audit is the key to a systematic approach for decision-making in the area
of energy management.
• It attempts to balance the total energy inputs with its use, and serves to identify
all the energy streams in a facility. It quantifies energy usage according to its
discrete functions.
• Industrial energy audit is an effective tool in defining and pursuing
comprehensive energy management programme.
What is energy wastage?
• Energy waste means consumption of electricity, water and gas when that not
performs any useful action.
• One of main reason of energy waste occurs is energy consumption devices are
not managed and maintained properly.

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Energy wastage are grouped in three categories;
• Long term energy waste – permanent problems.
• Regular energy waste – daily event which is predictable
• Intermittent energy waste – irregular events
Sources of wastage
• Stand-by energy consumption
• When someone watching TV for 4 hours. Average power consumption of TV
per hour 70 Watts*4=280 Watts.
• When putting TV in stand-by mode, the electricity still consumed by TV as 8
Watts*20=160 Watts.
• As a result we are using 50% of excess power to put our TV in Stand-by mode
and releasing lots of green house gas that our environment.
• Poor maintenances:
• Electronic equipment consume 20% more energy when it's maintained poor
way.
• Frequently opening refrigerator causes 50 to120 kWh a year which is enough for
washing machine to work 50 times.
• How many times you opening refrigerator without any idea what you do next
after opening.
• After doing that the compressor starts working hard to maintain temperature
inside the refrigerator.
Impact in environment
• Energy and environmental problems are closely related, since it is nearly
impossible to produce, transport, or consume energy without significant
environmental impact.
• The environmental problems directly related to energy production and
consumption include air pollution, water pollution, thermal pollution, and solid
waste disposal.
• The emission of air pollutants from fossil fuel combustion is the major cause of
urban air pollution

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 • Diverse water pollution problems are associated with energy usage. One major
problem is oil spills. In all petroleum-handling operations, there is a finite
probability of spilling oil either on the earth or in a body of water.
• Coal mining can also pollute water. Changes in groundwater flow produced by
mining operations often bring otherwise unpolluted waters into contact with
certain mineral materials which are leached from the soil and produce an acid
mine drainage.
• Solid waste is also a by-product of some forms of energy usage. Coal mining
requires the removal of large quantities of earth as well as coal.
• In general, environmental problems increase with energy use and this combined
with the limited energy resource base is the crux of the energy crisis.
• An energy impact assessment should compare these costs with the benefits to be
derived from energy use.
Measures to reduce wastage
1. Switching to energy compact fluorescent lights:
Lighting holds 5% of household's greenhouse gas emission, and compact
fluorescent bulb uses 75% less powers. But this bulb costs more but you save money
by saving energy and this bulb have more lifetime than other bulbs.
2.Switch off appliances, not in stand-by:

Appliances on stand-by mode consumes up to 15% of electricity bill. Switch off

them and remove it from wall when not in use.
3. Cook food in low flame:

Many people think cooking in high flame will cook faster. But some scientist
says cook a food in high flame until cooking vessel reaches boiling point and then lower
the flame. And also cooking in low flame is also good for health.
Case study by Times of India
• In new Delhi, year 2014-2015 over 3 billion units of electricity were wasted in
the transmission highway which blocked trading.
• 2013-2014 higher wastage of 5.3 billion units.
• Power is traded on bourses through the mechanism called splitting.
• South region is a region which suffers a lot. Network congestion cost at least
Rs5000 crores in last three years during 19 billion units could not flow into
congestion.

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 • Absence of access of surplus power, cost of supplies was higher
• As there were problem in the way of capacity transmission highway were
planned with singular focus on wheeling power under long term supply
agreement.
• Distribution utilities are unable to forecast demand accurately, with the factor
such as seasonal variations, social events, political factors.

ENERGY CONSERVATION
• India is world ‘s 2nd largest nation by population. The consumption of all forms
of energy is very high in the country. Due to urbanization, growth in population,
growth in IT sector the energy consumption in India has increased sharply .
• Availability of energy is a measure of the development of a society. Hence for
sustainable growth of a nation the energy need has to be met.
• India, in spite of all the measures, faces problem in meeting the demand of all
groups of people. It is seen that there exist a considerable gap demand and supply
of power.
• New generation can be one of the solutions to meet the demand gap. But with
fossil fuels depleting and renewable cost per MW being very high it is not
economical to invest in new generation.
• Further the environmental impact of new generation is a big challenge. Under
such circumstance the focus shifts from generation to conservation of energy at
the consumer end.

ENERGY SCENARIO IN INDIA

• The installed capacity in India is 305555MW of which 69.56% is from thermal
source, 14.06% from hydro source, 14.47% from renewable and 1.89% from
nuclear energy.
• Domestic sector consumes around 25% of the total energy while industry
consumes 36%. Domestic consumption is the second major energy consuming
sector.
• Central power corporation accounts for 24.97% of the total power generated,
state power corporation accounts for 33.635 of the total power generated while
private sectors contribute 41.66% of the total power generation.

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ENERGY CONSERVATION AT THE END USER
• The gap between generation and demand of energy is inevitable as on today. Due
to environmental, financial and fuel depletion new generation is not an viable
option.
• The solution lies in DSM by increasing end user efficiency. It is estimated that
about 15000MW of energy can be saved through DSM. In domestic sector the
most common options for energy efficiency are lighting, fans, AC, etc.
• There is a large potential to save energy by using energy efficient lights and
fans. It is a DSM measure which helps to reduces load requirement on the station.
Conservation of energy leads to reduction in energy requirement.
• In addition, improvement in the load factor can result in improving the
utilization and reduce the need for peak load stations.
LIGHTING SOURCES AND THEIR EFFICIENCY
• The various electrical lighting sources line Fluorescent light, gas discharge
lights, LED based lights, CFLs have different luminous efficacy.
• The use of high efficiency light sources requires lower rating and in turn reduce
the energy consumption.
• The high energy efficiency lamps LED lamps have higher life. Luminous
efficacy of different light sources is listed in table

• LED lamps are more energy efficient as the driving circuit requires less power.
It is safer than CFL and has high life. Hence in spite of its high cost LED lamps
are preferred.
• Due to its high life the payback will be within few months. This makes LED
lamps the most energy efficient alternative.

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 CASE STUDY
A CASE STUDY OF ENERGY CONSERVATION AT A RESIDENTIAL
COMPLEX
• A apartment complex ―Chirag Residency situated at Byatarayanapura,
Bangalore was selected for the study.
• The apartment has 32 houses of which 24 are 2 BHK house and 8 are 3 BHK
house. The energy bills for 1 year were collected and average of the consumption
was calculated.
• The number of tube lights, fans, type of TV and average usage was identified in
a discussion with the residents.
• The summary of the information gathered are listed in Table II

ENERGY SAVING OPTIONS AND ANALYSIS

• Based on the data collected the analysis was done to identify the various energy
saving options as listed in table III.
• The maximum saving potential has been considered for the calculation which
assumes that all energy inefficient components/equipment’s are replaced by
energy efficient equipment’s.

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CONCLUSION
• It was observed that the implementation of energy efficient methods at the end
user application has a high potential to reduce the monthly energy consumption
by around 25-30%.
• Use energy conservation along with measures to improve the utilization in order
to improve the load factor can be a solution to the present energy crisis.
• DSM will also be a future need to save environment from over usage of energy
and save the world from global warming.
Energy Conservation Measures
• An Energy conservation measure (ECM) is any type of project conducted, or
technology implemented, to reduce the consumption of energy in a building.
• The types of projects implemented can be in a variety of forms but usually are
designed to reduce utility costs: water, electricity and gas being the main three
for industrial and commercial enterprises.
• The aim of an ECM should be to achieve a savings, reducing the amount of
energy used by a particular process, technology or facility.
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Energy-Saving products
Lighting
• On average, lighting represents about 22% of a building’s annual energy use.
• Lighting upgrades offer substantial energy savings and can be bundled with
other measures to help reduce the total payback period for a project.
• In most cases lighting improvements should be the first energy conservation
upgrade.
• Of the 35 facilities audited, upgrades from a T12 to a T8 fluorescent lighting
system were recommended for 19.
• The magnetic ballasts used with T12 bulbs must be changed to an electronic
ballast when switching to a T8 lighting system.
• If fluorescent lights are used more than 30 to 35 hours a week (even less if your
electricity costs are high), consider a retrofit to T8 bulbs and electronic ballasts.
• Purchase compact fluorescent light bulbs that screw directly into incandescent
fixtures for energy savings.
• Exit signs retrofitted to compact fluorescent bulbs or light-emitting diodes
(LED’s) will save you money, guaranteed!

HVAC Systems
• Few heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems were
recommended for upgrade in these audits.
• Even without complete HVAC upgrades, system control upgrades and annual
maintenance represent opportunities to save money.
• Many of the facilities’ HVAC systems were adequately maintained, but had
design and specification problems including inadequate ventilation rates,
uncalibrated and broken controls, and poor air-intake filtration.

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 Energy efficiency in HAVC system
Energy Management systems
• Energy management systems integrate almost all of a building’s energy
functions into a master control station, enabling higher efficiency and reduced
maintenance.
• It’s like a brain for your building. These systems are expensive.
• When you are upgrading to newer thermostats, lighting sensors, boilers, or other
items, consider purchasing items that will be compatible with an energy
management system.

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Other Measures That Save Energy
• It may not be economical to replace some items based solely on energy
efficiency.
• The energy savings from replacing an older window with a new, energy-
efficient window does not justify the replacement cost.
• However, if the window is damaged and needs to be replaced, the added cost of
an energy-efficient window will generally be more than repaid by savings in
energy costs over the life of the window.
• When electric motors fail, they should be replaced with high- or premium-
efficiency models. Before purchasing a replacement, verify that the size of the
motor is correct.
• According to the Department of Energy, 90% ofmotors in the United States are
oversized.
• The EPA estimates that 60% of fans in the United States are oversized.
• When an older electric motor rated greater than 7.5 horse-power is replaced with
a premium-efficiency motor, energy savings can pay for the new motor in 1 to 3
years.
• The most energy-efficient model you can find. These are marked with the
EnergyStar label (Figure 3).

Operation and maintenance

• Some common procedures that offer immediate savings at little or no cost
include:
• Keep everything clean. Lighting and heating systems lose significant amounts of
their output when they are covered with dust, dirt, or scale.
• Inspect and repair your weatherstripping at least once a year.
• Make sure your thermostats are correctly calibrated. Older types often “float.”

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Operation and maintenance
• During winter, set your thermostats back at night.
• During summer, increase your cool- air intake at night.
• Utility bills are not fixed costs and should be actively managed.
• Graphing your utility costs is a great way to monitor energy use. Unexplained
cost spikes should be probed.

ENERGY AUDIT METHODS AND ITS PAYBACK IN YEARS

BENEFITS OF ENERGY AUDIT

• Energy-saving measures discovered by these audits can help you know where
your facility’s energy savings are most likely to come from.
• Lighting systems offer a low-risk starting point on the path to energy savings.
• Large investments in equipment will not produce the projected benefits if the
operation and maintenance schedule is inadequate.
REFERENCES
• S. P. Ramesh, M Emran Khan, Energy efficiency in green buildings – Indian
concept, International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced
Engineering, Volume 3, Special Issue 3, Feb 2013, 329-336
• V. S. Verma, ‗Energy Efficient Technologies use in India – An Overview 2004‘,
Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE), 20 August 2004

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• S. Mukhopadhyay, and A.K. Rajput, Demand side management and load
control—an Indian experience, IEEE power and Energy Society General
meeting, 2010, pp-1-5,
• C.C.A Rajan, Demand side management using expert system, IEEE Conference
on Convergent Technologies for Asia Pacific Region TENCON 2003.
• A. N. Singh, J. Sharma, Energy Conservation in India: Challenges &
Achievements, International Journal of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering
(IJMIE), Volume-1, Issue-3, 2012, ISSN No. 2231 –6477
• https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Three-billion-units-of-power-wasted-
in-one-year/articleshow/47942237.cms
• https://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/en/concept/2833

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