• Electrical Energy Conservation and Audit

• Electrical Energy Conservation approaches in residential, commercial

and industrial complexes, Energy Audit and its benefits,
• Methodology for preliminary energy audit and detailed energy audit,
• Energy Audit Report,
• Rules and regulations for energy audit
Energy Consumption by sector
Global energy mix (generation)
Energy Conservation Basics
• Classification of Energy Sources
• Energy is one of the major inputs for the economic development of any
country.
• In developing countries like Nepal/India, the energy sector is of utmost
importance as a viewpoint of ever increasing energy needs and requiring huge
investments to meet the need.

• Energy can be classified into several types based on the following criteria:
• Primary energy and secondary energy
• Commercial and non commercial energy
• Renewable and non-renewable energy
Primary and Secondary Energy
• Primary energy refers to all the energy extracted or captured
directly from natural resources. Primary energy can be used
directly without and conversion.

• However, for utilization of the energy, industry converts the

primary energy into secondary energy. Example may include coal,
oil or gas converted into steam, electricity or other forms. These
forms of energy are called secondary energy.
• Commercial and Non-commercial energy
• The energy sources that are available in the market for a definite price are
known as commercial energy. By far the most important forms of
commercial energy are electricity, coal and refined petroleum products.
Commercial energy forms the basis of industrial, agricultural, transport
and commercial development in the modern world. In the industrialized
countries, commercialized fuels are predominant source not only for
economic production, but also for many household tasks of general
population.
Examples: Electricity, lignite, coal, oil, natural gas etc.
• Non-Commercial Energy
• The energy sources that are not available in the commercial market for a
price are classified as non-commercial energy. Non-commercial energy
sources include fuels such as firewood, cattle dung and agricultural
wastes, which are traditionally gathered, and not bought at a price used
especially in rural households. These are also called traditional fuels.
Non-commercial energy is often ignored in energy accounting
• Renewable and Non-renewable Energy
• Renewable energy is energy obtained
from sources that are essentially
inexhaustible. Examples of renewable
resources include wind power, solar
power, geothermal energy, tidal power
and hydroelectric power. The most
important feature of renewable energy
is that it can be harnessed without the
release of harmful pollutants.
• Non-renewable energy is the
conventional fossil fuels such as coal,
oil and gas, which are likely to deplete
with time.
Current Scenario: Supply Vs Demand
(Electricity)
Electrical Energy Conservation approaches in
residential, commercial and industrial sector
• As the power requirement is increasing day by day due to the
advancement in technology, the requirement of fossil fuel has
also increased. An increase in the consumption of fossil fuel is
causing pollution within the environment.
• Also, at each level be it commercial, industrial or residential,
irresponsible attitude and unnecessary wastage of electricity is
reflected as high costs in our utility bill.
• losses in equipment such as heating due to motor overload,
oversized cables and motors, dim old lighting, and less efficient
machinery also result in wasteful energy consumption.
So to reduce pollution, mitigate losses, and reduce the cost of
electricity, power-saving has become essential.
Energy Conservation Methods
• Energy Policy
• Energy policy is a document or set of regulations that include strategies and
steps to be taken for energy saving. There are several standards based on which
energy policies are made (eg.: ISO 50001).
• Energy Audit
• A regular energy audit helps in finding out the power losses due to different
equipment, also the areas where most of the power is consumed and what
steps are required to be taken in order to reduce power consumption without
affecting the production.
• Usage of Renewable Energy
• Usage of Efficient Lighting
• Improving Power Factor
Energy Conservation Methods
• Efficient Motor
• Is motor functioning properly?
• Is motor rewinding necessary?

• Motor Staggering
• At the time when the motor starts, it consumes almost three times as
much power than its rated power. So for industries have numerous
motors, it is recommended that each motor should be started one by one
after some delay. This will reduce the overall burden on electricity
generation end thus reduce the fuel cost.
Energy Conservation Methods
• Housekeeping and Maintenance Plan
• Proper scheduled maintenance and monitoring of loads in industries
could increase the life span of equipment and also help in controlling the
losses or failure.

• Cogeneration/Combine Cycle
• Cogeneration means using exhaust heat for the purpose of heating or
cooling. There are many industries out there that have a heating or cooling
process so instead of wasting the heat of exhaust they can reuse it to
generate electricity or provide heating somewhere else.
Energy Conservation Methods
• Efficient Heating and Cooling /HVAC
• Load Management
• Due to changes in shifts, variations in weather, and different
production times, demand never remains the same. Such
variation in load causes an increase in the number of
generators which proportionally increases the maintenance
and control system requirement and thus cost increases.
• Proper load management like reducing unnecessary loads like
lights, motors, and economic dispatch of power improves our
energy savings in such cases.
Energy Conservation Methods
• Load Management
• Another method that can be employed to reduce peak is using control
systems or 'Smart Grid' that is the supply from certain loads
automatically cuts off or an alarm starts to ring whenever it reaches a
certain peak.

• Peak shaving can also be done through a distributed generation that is

having supply from both grid and self-generation. Here self-generation
means that having a gas, diesel generators, or UPS (uninterruptable
power supply) present at your facility can be used as a backup supply or
for peak demand-supply.
• Energy conservation refers to efforts taken to reduce energy
consumption in order to preserve resources for the future use and to
reduce environmental pollution.
• Energy audit is an inspection, survey and analysis of energy flow for
energy conservation in a building, process or system. It is done with a
view to reduce the amount of energy input into the system without
negatively affecting the output(s).

• Both the above-mentioned aspects are interdependent, however the

major difference is that Energy Conservation focuses on reducing
wastage of energy, while Energy Audit focuses in identifying the areas
where waste can occur and where scope for improvement exists.
Nepal‘s annual electricity consumption per capita in 2074 B.S. has found only 190-kilowatt hour. Nepal‘s level of energy
utilization is lower in comparison with those of other nations in South Asia. According to the recent financial survey for the
fiscal year 2073/74 of Government of Nepal, there was 1.19 ton of oil equivalent of energy consumed in Nepal for generating
a gross domestic product of USD 1000. This means Nepal‘s total energy intensity is seen to be almost double of that of South
Asia. During the same year according to the survey, only about 22 percent of total energy consumption was fulfilled by
modern energy sources. The ever increasing import of fossil fuels and also electricity has made the condition of energy supply
and energy security extremely weak and vulnerable. Almost all the amount of foreign earnings received from Nepal‘s
commodity is being spent on energy import. Energy efficiency can be one of the measures to address current condition of
energy poverty and over dependency on energy imports.

Opportunities:-
The following opportunities exist for promotion of energy efficiency:
Promotion of energy efficiency can give attractive financial returns even with lower investment.
Energy conservation is relatively cheaper and more effective compared to energy generation.
Energy efficiency can assist in reducing trade imbalance in the country by reducing energy import.
Energy efficiency can create more employment opportunities by making energy market cheaper and more competitive.
Energy efficiency can increase the energy access.
Energy efficiency can help increase energy security by reducing energy import and energy deficiency.
Energy efficiency can help in achieving the goals of sustainable development, in reducing carbon emission and
environmental imbalance and in minimizing the negative effects of climate change.
Energy Audit
• An Energy Audit is a survey conducted by an Energy Auditor to
determine how much energy a building uses and identify ways to
reduce energy consumption.

• These are used to improve the energy efficiency of homes,

businesses, and other buildings.
Energy Audit
An energy audit has three parts:
• Evaluation
• Testing
• Efficiency recommendations
Energy Audit - Evaluation
• The first step is an evaluation of your building. This includes
looking at past energy bills, your building's physical
characteristics, and how it functions.

• The energy auditor will ask questions about the building, such as
when it was built, how it is used, and what kind of heating and
cooling system it has.
Energy Audit - Testing
• The auditor will analyze the heating and cooling systems, or HVAC
system, and your insulation levels, including the basement and
exterior attic walls. In addition, they will measure and count how
many doors and windows the building has and take external
measurements.

• Once the Energy Auditor understands your building, they will

conduct tests to see how much energy it uses. This may include a
blower door test and a duct leakage test.
Energy Audit – Efficiency Recommendations
• After the audit is complete, i.e., residential or commercial building
has been evaluated and tested, the energy auditor will provide you
with a thorough list of recommendations regarding energy
efficiency improvements you can undertake.
• If implemented, most of the recommendations will help you save
money on utility bills.
 Energy Audit
• Types:

Preliminary energy audit: This type of audit is simply a data-gathering exercise that offers a preliminary analysis. Often the
auditor will conduct this type of audit via a walk-through investigation. A professional energy auditor will utilize readily
available data and limited diagnostic instruments to complete a preliminary energy audit.
Detailed energy audit: This type of audit is completed by a professional auditor who monitors, analyzes, and verifies energy use
to establish problem areas and ways to implement energy efficiency improvements. They will present their findings and
suggestions in a detailed technical report. Additionally, during a thorough energy audit, a professional energy auditor will use
sophisticated instrumentation such as a flue gas analyzer, a scanner, and a flow meter.
Energy Audit - Checklist
• Professional energy auditors and those who choose to audit their own
homes will use an energy audit checklist. This checklist is a printed report
detailing the various aspects of a home or business that need to be audited.
• On your energy audit checklist, you will likely find the following categories:
• Lighting
• Motors
• Air leakages / Insulation
• Water heating
• Heating system
• Cooling system
• Electronic Appliances
• Doors and Windows
What is in Energy Auditing Report?

Read it YOURSELF
Rules and regulations for energy audit
Energy Audit Guidelines for commercial sectors is intended to
guide the process of identifying and implementing energy saving
opportunities that may exist in commercial sectors. It also aims to
raise awareness of owners/managers and general public along with
providing useful inputs about energy efficient appliances and
available technologies. The adoption of guideline will help to
achieve reduction in energy use in systematic way, identifying and
implementing energy savings opportunities and achieving energy
efficiency as well as make better use of energy consuming assets.
The guideline provides step by step advice for commercial entities
to develop strategy to identify energy efficiency opportunities and
development of action plans to implement the options. The Energy
Audit Guidelines may also be used by national institutions to
recommend strategies, policies, and measures to strengthen the
institutional arrangements and capacities of the national
institutions working in the development, implementation and
promotion of energy efficiency.
For preparation of guidelines, first of all baseline of energy consumption of
commercial enterprises were established
followed by energy audit in the selected units. 19 commercial enterprises i.e., 4
hospitals/nursing home, 4 commercial bank
―All class, 4 hotels, 4 commercial high rise building/shopping mall and 3
medical stores were selected for conducting baseline study. The energy
consumption of selected enterprises was obtained and the specific energy
consumption details for each sector were calculated. Review of national,
regional and global practices were done along with review of the best available
energy efficient technologies. During the process, areas for improvement and
energy efficiency options were identified.
Energy Audit Guidelines in a domestic sector guide to conduct energy
audit in a systematic way to find the saving opportunities as well as to
implement identified saving options to reduce energy consumption and the
cost. It also aims to raise awareness of every household members about
energy efficiency and energy efficient appliances available in the domestic
market as well as changes in technology. Adoption of these guidelines will
help to achieve reduction in energy use and carbon emissions in a
systematic way, provide framework to promote energy efficiency, identify
and implement energy saving opportunities, etc. The guidelines may also be
used by national institutions to recommend strategies, policies, and
measures to strengthen the institutional arrangements and capacities for
promoting energy efficiency. For preparation of energy audit guidelines,
energy audit of ten different domestic appliances were carried out and
baseline of energy consumption were established. Those ten different
domestic appliances included: Air Conditioner, Fan, Induction Heater,
Lighting Fixture, Ovens, Refrigerator, Rice Cooker, Washing Machine,
Water Heater and Water Pump. National, regional and global energy
efficiency practices were reviewed during the study. In the urban areas,
though people are educated and are aware about energy efficiency, they still
use old and inefficient appliance. During the field study, people were found
to be buying cheaper products and ignoring the cost of energy consumption
by these inefficient appliances.
Energy Audit Guidelines for industrial sectors is intended to guide
the process of identifying
and implementing energy saving opportunities that may exist in the
industries. It also aims to
raise awareness of managers and general public along with providing
useful inputs about
energy efficient appliances and available technologies. The adoption
of guideline will help toachieve reduction in energy use in systematic
way, identifying and implementing energy
savings opportunities and achieving energy efficiency as well as
make better use of energyconsuming assets. The guideline provides
step by step advice for industries to develop strategyto identify
energy efficiency opportunities and development of action plans to
implement theoptions. The Energy Audit Guidelines may also be
used by national institutions to recommend
strategies, policies, and measures to strengthen the institutional
arrangements and capacities of
the national institutions working in the development, implementation
and promotion of energyefficiency.
The main purpose of the Energy Audit Guidelines for Industrial Sectors is to provide supervision in the identification and
implementation of energy saving opportunities that may exist in the industrial sectors. It further aims to raise awareness
about energy efficient
appliances and available technologies and provide useful inputs to the owners/managers and general public. The
implementation of this guideline will help achieve systematic reduction in
energy use, identify and implement energy savings opportunities and achieve energy efficiency and make use of energy
consuming appliances efficiently.