Lecture-3
Sequential Circuit Design
Shift Registers
Shift Registers
• Shift register is a digital circuit with two basic functions; data storage and data movement.
• Shift registers contains different arrangements of flip-flops.
• Each flip-flop in a shift register represents one bit of storage capacity.
• The number of flip-flops in a register determines its storage capacity.
• The shift operation of a register allows the movement of data from one stage to another
stage or into or out of the register.
Concept of storing a 1 Concept of storing a 0
Shift Registers
The are four types of shift register based on their movement:
Serial In Parallel Out (SIPO)
Serial In Serial Out (SISO)
Parallel In Serial Out (PISO) Parallel In Parallel Out (PIPO)
Serial In/ Serial Out Shift Registers
• The serial in/serial out shift registers accepts data serial, that is one bit at a time.
• It produces the stored information in its output also in serial form
• An N-bit flip-flop will take N clock pulses to store N-bit data completely.
Serial In/ Serial Out Shift Registers
Four bits (1010) being entered serially into the shift register:
Initial State
State after Clock Pulse 3
State after Clock Pulse 1
State after Clock Pulse 4
State after Clock Pulse 2
Serial In/ Serial Out Shift Registers
Four bits (1010) being serially shifted out of the register and replaced by zeros:
State after Clock Pulse 4
State after clock pulse 7
State after clock pulse 5
State after clock pulse 8
State after clock pulse 6
Serial In/ Serial Out Shift Registers
Serial In/ Parallel Out Shift Registers
Parallel In/ Serial Out Shift Registers
/ =0, Load line gets activated
/ =1, Shift line gets activated
Parallel In/ Serial Out Shift Registers
Show the data-output waveform for a 4-bit register with parallel input data and the clock
and SHIFT/LOAD waveform.
Solution:
• On clock pulse 1, the parallel data (D D D D = 1010) are loaded into the register
making Q = 0.
• On clock pulse 2, the 1 from Q is shifted to Q .
• On clock pulse 3, the 0 is shifted on to Q .
• On clock pulse 4, the last bit 1 is shifted on to Q
• And on clock pulse 5, all data bits have been shifted out, and only 1 remains in the register
(assuming D input remains a 1)
Parallel In/ Parallel Out Shift Registers
Right Left Shift Operation of SISO Shift Registers
Bidirectional Shift Registers
• A bidirectional shift register is one in which data can be shifted either left or right.
• It can be implemented using gating logic.
• This is done with the help of a control input.
Bidirectional Shift Registers
Bidirectional Shift Registers
Determine the state of the shift register after each clock pulse for the given RIGHT/LEFT
control input waveform. Assume Q = 1, Q = 1, Q = 0, and Q = 1 and the serial data
input line is LOW.
Shift Register Counters
A shift register counter is basically a shift register with the serial output connected back to
the serial input to produce a special sequence. These devices are often classified as counters
because they exhibit a specified sequence of states.
Johnson Counters
• In a Johnson counter, the complement of the output of the last flip-flop is connected back
to the D input of the first flip-flop.
• This feedback produces a characteristic sequence of states.
• A Johnson counter has 2N states, if there are N flip-flops.
• That is a 4-bit sequence has 8 states and a 5-bit sequence has a total of 10 states.
Johnson Counters
Johnson Counters
Ring Counters
• The ring counter uses one flip-flop for one state in its sequence.
• It has an advantage that decoding gates are not required.
• In case of a 10-bit ring counter, there is an unique output for each decimal digit.
Ring Counters
Ring Counters
If a 10-bit ring counter has an initial state of 1010000000, determine the waveform for each
of the Q outputs.
References
1. Thomas L. Floyd, “Digital Fundamentals” 11th edition, Prentice Hall – Pearson Education.
