Database Management (4331603)

Date: _________________

Practical No.1: Basics of Database, its applications and Data Models

a. Prepare a report on Current Database Trends.
b. Prepare a list of most famous websites and Mobile Applications
with Database Tools used in it.

A. Objective:

DBMS helps to understand how data is stored, organized, and accessed in computer
systems, and its applications in managing large amounts of information efficiently
through the use of data models.

B. Expected Program Outcomes (POs)

Basic and Discipline specific knowledge: Apply knowledge of basic mathematics,

science and engineering fundamentals and engineering specialization to solve the
engineering problems.

C. Expected Skills to be developed based on competency:

“Design database for a given application”

This practical is expected to develop the following skills.
1. Development of research and technical skills about database.
2. Understanding the technical aspects of database systems.

D. Expected Course Outcomes(Cos)

CO1: Explain the basic concepts of databases.

E. Practical Outcome(PRo)

Students will be able understand recent database trends and tools.

F. Expected Affective domain Outcome(ADos)

1. Follow safety practices.

2. Increased appreciation and enthusiasm for the importance of databases in modern
technology and business.
3. Follow ethical practices.

G. Prerequisite Theory:

What is Data?

Data refers to the raw facts and figures that are collected and stored for future use. It
can be in any form, such as text, numbers, images, or sound.

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What is Information?

Information is the meaningful interpretation of data. It is the output that is obtained

after processing the data to extract meaning from it.

What is DBMS?

DBMS stands for Database Management System. It is a software system that allows
users to create, maintain, and manage databases.

What is Metadata?

Metadata refers to the data that describes other data. It provides information about the
structure, content, and context of data.

What are Data Items?

Data items are the smallest unit of information in a database. They represent a single
fact or piece of information.

What are Fields?

Fields are the columns or attributes of a table in a database. They represent the
different types of information that can be stored in a table.

What are Records?

Records are the rows or instances of a table in a database. They represent a collection
of related data items.

What is a Data Dictionary?

A data dictionary is a centralized repository that stores metadata about the data
elements and data structures in a database. It provides information about the data types,
relationships, constraints, and other properties of the database.

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What is a Schema in DBMS?

A schema is a logical structure that defines how data is organized and stored in a
database. It includes the description of tables, attributes, relationships, and constraints.

What is a Sub-schema?

A sub-schema is a subset of the schema that describes the part of the database that is
relevant to a particular user or group of users. It provides a view of the database that is
tailored to the needs of the user.

What is an Instance in DBMS?

An instance is a snapshot of the data stored in a database at a particular point in time.

It includes all the data values for the tables and records in the database. An instance is
also referred to as a database state or database snapshot.

DBMS Architecture

The DBMS design depends upon its architecture. The basic client/server architecture
is used to deal with a large number of PCs, web servers, database servers and other
components that are connected with networks.

The client/server architecture consists of many PCs and a workstation which are
connected via the network. DBMS architecture depends upon how users are connected
to the database to get their request done.

 Types of DBMS Architecture

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Database architecture can be seen as a single tier or multi-tier. But logically,

database architecture is of two types like: 2-tier architecture and 3-tier architecture.

o 1-Tier Architecture
In this architecture, the database is directly available to the user. It
means the user can directly sit on the DBMS and uses it. Any changes done here
will directly be done on the database itself. It doesn't provide a handytool
for end users. The 1-Tier architecture is used for development of the local
application, where programmers can directly communicate with the database
for the quick response.

o 2-Tier Architecture

The 2-Tier architecture is same as basic client-server. In the two-tier

architecture, applications on the client end can directly communicate with the
database at the server side. The user interfaces and application programs are
run on the client-side. The server side is responsible to provide the
functionalities like: query processing and transaction management. To
communicate with the DBMS, client-side application establishes a connection
with the server side.

Fig: 2-tier Architecture

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o 3-Tier Architecture
The 3-Tier architecture contains another layer between the client and
server. In this architecture, client can't directly communicate with the server.
The application on the client-end interacts with an application server which
further communicates with the database system. End user has no idea about
the existence of the database beyond the application server. The database also
has no idea about any other user beyond the application. The 3-Tier
architecture is used in case of large web application.

Fig: 3-tier Architecture

H. Resources/Equipment Required

Sr. Instrument/Equipment/
Specification Quantity
No. Components/Trainer kit
Hardware: Computer Computer (i3-i5 preferable), RAM minimum
1
System 2 GB and onwards
2 As Per
Operating System Windows/ Linux
Batch
3 Software Oracle Size

Notepad, Notepad++, Sublime Text or

4 Text Editor
similar

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I. Safety and necessary Precautions followed

NA

J. Report:

a. Prepare a report on Current Database Trends.

1. Cloud Databases:

Cloud computing has revolutionized database management, with platforms like AWS, Microsoft
Azure, and Google Cloud providing scalable, secure, and flexible database services. The shift to
the cloud allows businesses to reduce infrastructure costs and improve accessibility.

2. Multi-Model Databases:

These databases support multiple data models, like document, key-value, graph, and relational.
Examples include ArangoDB and Cosmos DB, which allow developers to work with various data
types without needing separate databases.

3. NoSQL Databases:

As web applications and mobile apps grow, NoSQL databases such as MongoDB, Cassandra, and
Couchbase are increasingly popular for handling unstructured data. These are favored in
situations requiring scalability and high performance.

4. NewSQL Databases:

NewSQL systems combine the traditional ACID guarantees of SQL databases with the scalability
of NoSQL databases. Examples include Google Spanner and CockroachDB. These are designed to
handle high-demand transactional workloads.

5. AI and Machine Learning Integration:

Modern databases are increasingly integrated with AI and machine learning capabilities.
Automated database tuning, anomaly detection, and predictive analytics are being used to
optimize performance and reliability. Tools like Oracle’s Autonomous Database showcase this

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trend.

6. Edge Databases:

With the rise of IoT and edge computing, edge databases allow data processing close to where it’s
generated. These databases reduce latency and enhance performance. Examples include
Couchbase Lite and SQLite.

7. Blockchain Databases:

Blockchain technology is being explored for secure, decentralized databases. These databases focus
on data integrity and security for applications like supply chain management and financial
transactions.

8. Data Privacy and Security:

With data regulations like GDPR and CCPA, securing databases and ensuring data privacy is
becoming crucial. Encryption, anonymization, and tokenization techniques are implemented to meet
compliance.

9. In-Memory Databases:

For real-time applications like gaming or financial services, in-memory databases such as Redis and
Memcached provide extremely fast data access by storing data directly in memory rather than on
disk.

10. Database-as-a-Service (DBaaS):

DBaaS platforms like Amazon RDS and Azure SQL Database provide simplified database
management, allowing users to set up, scale, and maintain databases with minimal effort.

b. Famous Websites and Mobile Applications with Database Tools Used

1.Facebook

 Database Tools: MySQL,Cassandra,RocksDB

Facebook uses MySQL for structured data and Cassandra for high-availability and fault-
tolerant storage.

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2.Amazon

 Database Tools: DynamoDB, Oracle, Redshift

Amazon uses DynamoDB for fast, scalable NoSQL storage and Redshift for large-scale data
warehousing.

3.Netflix

 Database Tools: Cassandra, MySQL, PostgreSQL

Netflix relies on Cassandra for its distributed architecture and MySQL for relational data
storage.

4.Google

 Database Tools: Bigtable, Spanner, MySQL

Google uses Bigtable for structured data storage and Spanner for globally distributed
databases.

5.Uber

 Database Tools: Bigtable, Spanner, MySQL

Google uses Bigtable for structured data storage and Spanner for globally distributed
databases.

6.Twitter

 Database Tools: MySQL, Cassandra, Redis

Twitter uses MySQL for structured data and Cassandra for distributed storage to handle
massive data volumes.

7.Spotify

 Database Tools: Cassandra, PostgreSQL, Google Bigtable

Spotify relies on Cassandra for its distributed nature and PostgreSQL for transactional data.

8.Linkedin

 Database Tools: Espresso (LinkedIn’s in-house DB), MySQL

LinkedIn developed its own database, Espresso, to handle high-throughput and real-time
applications.

9.Instagram

 Database Tools: PostgreSQL, Cassandra, Redis

Instagram uses PostgreSQL for relational storage and Cassandra for scalability.

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10.Airbnb

 Database Tools: MySQL, PostgreSQL, Amazon RDS

Airbnb uses MySQL and PostgreSQL for managing structured data, alongside Amazon RDS for
scalable solutions.

K. Practical related Quiz.

1) DBMS stands for Database Management System.

2) Metadata is data that describes other data, providing information such as the structure,
attributes, and relationships of the data within a database.

3) A schema is a logical structure that defines how the data is organized in a database, including
tables, fields, relationships, and constraints

4) In single-tier architecture tier, the database is directly available to the user.

L. References / Suggestions

1. https://www.w3schools.com/sql/default.asp
2. https://www.tutorialspoint.com/dbms/
3. https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/dbms/

M. Assessment-Rubrics

Faculty
Marks Obtained Date
Signature
Program Implementation Student’s engagement
Correctness and Presentation in practical activities Total
(4) Methodology (3) (3) (10)
R1 R2 R3

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