Here’s a long, detailed, and layman-friendly explanation of all the topics listed in Unit I of
your Production and Operation Management syllabus:
1️⃣ Transformation Process Model: Inputs, Process, and Outputs
What it means:
Imagine you’re baking a cake at home. You start with raw ingredients like flour, sugar, eggs,
and butter. You mix them, bake them in the oven, and out comes a cake. This basic idea is
what we call the transformation process: changing raw materials (inputs) into finished
products (outputs).
Components:
✅ Inputs:
These are the resources that go into making a product or providing a service.
Examples:
● Materials: Raw materials like steel for cars, flour for bread.
● People (Labor): Workers, managers, or even you baking that cake.
● Machines: Ovens, computers, or assembly line equipment.
● Money (Capital): Cash or investments needed to run the process.
● Information: Recipes, blueprints, or customer instructions.
✅ Process (Transformation):
This is where the magic happens! The inputs are changed or transformed into something
else.
Examples:
● Mixing ingredients to bake bread.
● Assembling car parts in a factory.
● Doctors treating a patient in a hospital.
✅ Outputs:
These are the final products or services that come out of the process.
Examples:
● A freshly baked cake.
● A brand-new car.
● A treated patient.
In a nutshell:
The transformation process is simply how organizations convert inputs (what they have) into
outputs (what they sell or provide).
2️⃣ Classification of Operations
Operations can be classified in different ways based on what kind of output is produced and
how it is produced. Let’s look at the main types:
✅ 1. Based on Output Type:
● Goods Production: Making physical products like cars, clothes, or furniture.
● Service Production: Providing services like teaching, banking, or healthcare.
✅ 2. Based on Production Volume & Variety:
● Job Production: Making one product at a time, usually custom-made (like a
wedding cake).
● Batch Production: Making a limited number of products at once (like a bakery
making 100 loaves of bread at once).
● Mass/Flow Production: Making large quantities of the same product continuously
(like Coca-Cola bottling plants).
✅ 3. Based on Customer Contact:
● High Contact: Services where customers are directly involved (haircuts,
restaurants).
● Low Contact: Services done away from customers (postal sorting).
3️⃣ Responsibilities of the Operations Manager
An Operations Manager is like the captain of a ship or the head chef of a kitchen. Their job
is to ensure everything runs smoothly so the final product or service is great. Here are their
main responsibilities:
✅ Planning:
Deciding what needs to be done, how much to make, and what resources to use.
✅ Organizing:
Making sure all resources (people, materials, machines) are in the right place at the right
time.
✅ Staffing:
Hiring and training people to do the work.
✅ Directing:
Giving instructions, motivating employees, and keeping everyone on track.
✅ Controlling:
Checking that everything is going as planned and fixing problems if they arise.
✅ Improving:
Looking for ways to make the process faster, cheaper, or better.
✅ Ensuring Quality:
Making sure the product or service meets customer expectations.
Example:
A restaurant manager plans the menu (planning), buys ingredients (organizing), hires chefs
(staffing), directs them in the kitchen (directing), tastes dishes to ensure quality (controlling),
and finds new recipes (improving).
4️⃣ New Product Development
What it means:
Coming up with new ideas for products or services and turning those ideas into reality.
Why it’s important:
Customers always want something new and better. New product development helps
companies stay competitive and grow.
Steps involved (in layman terms):
✅ Idea Generation:
Brainstorming new product ideas from customer feedback, employees, or even competitors.
✅ Idea Screening:
Choosing the most promising ideas and discarding bad ones.
✅ Concept Development & Testing:
Creating a detailed description of the product (like a sketch or prototype) and testing it with
potential customers.
✅ Business Analysis:
Figuring out if the new product can make money – costs, pricing, sales potential.
✅ Product Development:
Actually designing and building the product (prototypes, sample models).
✅ Market Testing:
Releasing the product in a small market to see how it performs.
✅ Commercialization:
Launching the product on a big scale and promoting it to the public.
5️⃣ Selection and Design of Product/Services
Selection:
Deciding what product or service to offer. It’s about understanding:
● What customers want
● What the company is good at making
● What will sell well
Design:
Creating the look and feel of the product or service – how it works, how it looks, how it’s
packaged.
Key points in designing:
✅ Functionality:
Does it do what it’s supposed to do?
Example: A chair should be comfortable and support weight.
✅ Aesthetics:
How does it look? Colors, shape, style.
✅ Ease of Use:
Can customers use it easily?
Example: A phone with simple buttons and menus.
✅ Durability:
Will it last a long time?
✅ Cost:
Can it be made at a reasonable price?
✅ Customer Needs:
Does it solve a real problem or meet a real need?
Example:
When Apple designed the iPhone, they focused on:
● Touchscreen functionality
● Sleek and beautiful look
● Easy interface
● Durable materials
● Meeting the customer’s need for connectivity and style
Summary in Simple Terms
✅ Companies take in resources (people, materials, machines) and turn them into
✅ The operations manager is in charge of making sure this transformation process goes
products or services that people want.
✅ Companies must decide what to make (selection) and how to make it (design) to satisfy
smoothly and efficiently.
✅ They must also keep coming up with new products to keep customers interested and
customer needs and stay competitive.
happy.
Here’s a detailed, easy-to-understand explanation of all the topics covered in Unit II of your
Production and Operation Management course:
1️⃣ Plant Location
What it means:
Plant location means choosing the best place to build a factory, office, or service center. It’s
a very important decision because it affects costs, customer satisfaction, and how well a
business runs.
✅
Factors to consider:
Availability of Raw Materials:
Factories that use lots of raw materials should be near the source (like a steel mill near an
iron ore mine).
✅ Proximity to Customers:
If you want to deliver quickly, it’s better to be near your customers. For example, Amazon’s
warehouses are located close to major cities.
✅ Transportation Facilities:
Easy access to roads, railways, airports, or ports lowers transport costs.
✅ Labor Supply:
Is there a skilled workforce nearby? It’s easier to hire and train people if the location is near
talent.
✅ Utilities:
Factories need water, electricity, and other services. These must be reliable and affordable.
✅ Community Factors:
Some places have supportive local governments, good schools, hospitals, and housing.
✅ Government Policies:
Tax incentives, subsidies, and laws can make some places more attractive.
✅ Cost of Land and Building:
Cheaper land lowers startup costs.
✅ Environmental Impact:
Some industries need to avoid polluting cities and should be away from residential areas.
✅ Competition:
Being near or far from competitors can be strategic.
Example:
A soft drink company like Coca-Cola sets up plants in different states to reduce transport
costs and serve local customers quickly.
2️⃣ Process Types in Manufacturing
Manufacturing involves turning raw materials into finished goods. There are different ways
(or “process types”) to do this, depending on the product and quantity.
Here’s a breakdown:
✅ 1. Project:
● What: Unique, one-time production.
● Example: Building a bridge, making a custom ship, or setting up a power plant.
● Features: Each project is different; needs a lot of planning; uses specialized
resources.
✅ 2. Job Shop (or Job Production):
● What: Small quantities of custom products.
● Example: Tailor-made suits, custom furniture, wedding cakes.
● Features: Flexible; skilled labor; each job is different.
✅ 3. Batch Production:
● What: Making a small batch of similar products.
● Example: Bakeries making a batch of cookies or a factory making a limited run of a
product.
● Features: Products are made in “batches” to meet demand.
✅ 4. Line (Assembly Line) Production:
● What: Products move from one workstation to another in sequence.
● Example: Car assembly lines.
● Features: High volume; each worker does one small part; faster output.
✅ 5. Mass Production:
● What: Making huge quantities of identical products.
● Example: Bottled water, toothpaste.
● Features: Highly automated; very efficient.
✅ 6. Continuous Production:
● What: Non-stop production of liquids, gases, or chemicals.
● Example: Oil refineries, power plants.
● Features: Runs 24/7; very capital intensive.
Layman summary:
● Project – one big custom job.
● Job – unique, small jobs.
● Batch – small runs of the same product.
● Line – assembly line for standard items.
● Mass – huge volume of identical stuff.
● Continuous – never stops (like oil refining).
3️⃣ Process Types in Services
Just like manufacturing, service operations have different process types. Here are the main
ones:
✅ 1. Professional Services:
● What: High-contact, highly customized services.
● Example: Doctors, lawyers, architects.
● Features: Expertise and trust; one-on-one interaction.
✅ 2. Service Shops:
● What: Services that involve both people and equipment.
● Example: Car repair garages, beauty salons.
● Features: More standardized than professional services; some customization.
✅ 3. Mass Services:
● What: High-volume, standardized services with little customization.
● Example: Banks, fast-food chains, movie theaters.
● Features: Efficient, repetitive, low personal interaction.
4️⃣ Layout Planning
What it means:
Once you decide where to build your plant (location), layout planning decides how to
arrange everything inside the building.
Why it’s important:
✅
Good layout planning:
✅
Reduces travel time for materials and people
✅
Minimizes clutter and waste
✅
Improves safety and efficiency
Increases employee morale (less confusion and frustration)
Types of Layouts:
✅ 1. Product/Line Layout:
● Used for: Mass production (like car assembly lines).
● Features: Machines are arranged in a line.
● Advantage: Fast and efficient.
✅ 2. Process/Functional Layout:
● Used for: Job shops or small batch production.
● Features: Machines of the same type are grouped together (e.g., all drills in one
area).
● Advantage: Flexible; good for customized products.
✅ 3. Fixed Position Layout:
● Used for: Big, heavy products (like ships or aircraft).
● Features: Product stays in one place; workers and materials move to it.
● Advantage: Good for very large items.
✅ 4. Cellular Layout:
● Used for: Groups of similar products.
● Features: Small groups of machines arranged for a family of products.
● Advantage: Faster flow; less waste.
✅ 5. Combination Layout:
● Used when: You need features from multiple types.
● Example: Some mass production areas and some job shop areas.
Summary in Simple Terms
🔹 Plant Location:
Where to build the factory or service center.
🔹 Manufacturing Process Types:
How you produce things (custom jobs, batches, or continuous flow).
🔹 Service Process Types:
How you deliver services (customized like a doctor, semi-custom like a salon, or standard
like a bank).
🔹 Layout Planning:
How to arrange machines, people, and equipment inside the building to make work easier
and faster.
Sure! Let’s cover all the topics in Unit III of your Production and Operations Management
syllabus in a detailed, clear, and simple way. Let’s break them down step by step:
1️⃣ Production Planning Techniques for Various Process Choices
What it means:
Production planning is deciding what to produce, when, and how. Different processes (like
project-based, batch, or continuous) need different planning techniques.
Examples of planning techniques:
✅ For Job/Project Production:
● Flexible scheduling.
● Focus on resource allocation (workers, machines, materials).
● Use project management tools like Gantt charts or PERT/CPM diagrams.
✅ For Batch Production:
● Plan batches to match demand.
● Sequence of operations is crucial to reduce setup time.
✅ For Mass/Line Production:
● Use line balancing (equal work at each step to avoid bottlenecks).
● Production schedules are fixed and repetitive.
✅ For Continuous Production:
● Use automation and preventive maintenance.
● Monitor the process constantly (since it’s running 24/7).
2️⃣ Techniques of Production Control
What it means:
Production control makes sure the actual production meets the plan. It involves monitoring,
adjusting, and managing everything.
Key techniques:
✅ Routing:
● Deciding the path of work through different machines.
● Example: In a bakery – dough mixing → shaping → baking → packaging.
✅ Scheduling:
● Setting start and finish times for tasks.
● Example: Scheduling when to bake bread so it’s fresh in the morning.
✅ Dispatching:
● Issuing orders to start production.
● Example: Giving workers instructions to start making 100 loaves today.
✅ Follow-up:
● Checking progress.
● Fixing delays or problems.
Layman summary:
Plan the route → Schedule tasks → Tell workers what to do → Check and adjust.
3️⃣ Aggregate Planning Techniques
What it means:
Aggregate planning is matching supply (production) and demand (customer orders) in the
medium term (3-18 months). It’s about planning how much to produce to avoid shortages or
excess inventory.
Techniques include:
✅ Chase Demand Strategy:
● Increase or decrease production as demand changes.
● Example: Hire more workers during festivals and reduce after.
✅ Level Production Strategy:
● Keep production steady and use inventory to handle demand changes.
● Example: Make same amount every month, store extra during low demand.
✅ Hybrid Strategy:
● A mix of the above two.
✅ Tools used:
● Graphs and charts (demand vs capacity).
● Mathematical models (Linear Programming).
● Software tools for easier planning.
4️⃣ Purchase Management
What it means:
This is all about buying the right materials at the right time, cost, and quality.
Key activities:
✅ Finding suppliers:
● Choosing reliable vendors.
✅ Negotiating:
● Getting the best prices and payment terms.
✅ Placing orders:
● Writing purchase orders (POs).
✅ Receiving goods:
● Checking if materials match the order (quality and quantity).
✅ Maintaining records:
● Tracking purchases and payments.
✅ Importance:
● Good purchasing cuts costs and ensures smooth production.
5️⃣ Material Requirement Planning (MRP)
What it means:
MRP is a computerized system that calculates what materials you need and when.
✅ Input:
● Bill of Materials (BOM): List of materials needed.
● Master Production Schedule (MPS): Plan of what to make and when.
● Inventory records: What you already have.
✅ Output:
● Purchase orders (what to buy).
● Work orders (what to produce).
● Delivery schedules.
✅ Benefits:
● Prevents shortages and delays.
● Reduces excess inventory.
● Improves customer service.
6️⃣ Inventory Management
What it means:
Managing the stuff you keep in stock (raw materials, parts, finished goods).
✅
Key goals:
✅
Have enough to meet demand.
✅
Avoid wasting money on excess stock.
Prevent spoilage, theft, or damage.
Techniques:
✅ ABC Analysis:
● Classify inventory into A (high value), B (medium), C (low value) to focus effort.
✅ Economic Order Quantity (EOQ):
● Calculate the best order size to minimize costs.
✅ Safety Stock:
● Extra stock to handle unexpected demand.
✅ Reorder Point:
● Level at which to place a new order.
7️⃣ Just-In-Time (JIT)
What it means:
A strategy to produce or buy items only when needed to reduce inventory costs.
✅ Key idea:
● Don’t store unnecessary items.
● Example: A car factory gets parts just in time for assembly.
✅ Benefits:
● Lower storage costs.
● Less waste.
✅ Needs:
● Reliable suppliers and good quality control.
8️⃣ Material Handling
What it means:
Moving materials within the factory (loading, unloading, transporting, storing).
✅ Examples of equipment:
● Forklifts, cranes, conveyors.
✅ Goals:
● Minimize handling costs.
● Improve safety and speed.
✅ Principles:
● Use mechanical equipment as much as possible.
● Keep handling to a minimum.
● Design layout to make movement easy.
9️⃣ Store Management
What it means:
Managing the warehouse where raw materials and finished goods are stored.
✅ Key activities:
● Receiving materials.
● Recording and tracking items.
● Safe storage.
● Issuing materials when needed.
✅ Benefits:
● Prevents loss and theft.
● Ensures materials are always available for production.
✅ Modern practices:
● Use barcode scanners and software to track stock accurately.
Summary in Simple Terms
🔹 Production planning: What to make, when, and how.
🔹 Production control: Making sure you stick to the plan.
🔹 Aggregate planning: Balancing supply and demand over months.
🔹 Purchase management: Buying wisely.
🔹 MRP: Computer planning of materials needed.
🔹 Inventory management: Storing just the right amount.
🔹 JIT: Only keep what you really need.
🔹 Material handling: Moving stuff inside the factory.
🔹 Store management: Keeping the warehouse organized and safe.
Absolutely! Let’s explain Unit IV – Quality Management in long, detailed, and
layman-friendly language. Let’s break it down step by step:
1️⃣ Introduction to Quality Management
What it means:
Quality management is all about ensuring that products and services meet customer
expectations and are free of defects. It’s not just about inspecting final products but also
about improving processes and systems to avoid problems in the first place.
✅ Goals:
● Meet customer needs.
● Consistently produce reliable products.
● Reduce waste and errors.
✅ Key areas:
● Planning for quality.
● Controlling quality during production.
● Improving quality over time.
2️⃣ Meaning of Quality
In simple terms:
Quality means how good or bad something is, and how well it meets the needs of the
customer.
✅ Examples:
● A phone with no scratches and smooth performance is a “quality product.”
● Fast and polite customer service is “quality service.”
3️⃣ Quality Characteristics of Goods and Services
✅
Goods (like a TV or car):
✅
Performance: How well it works.
✅
Features: Extra functions (like smart features in a TV).
✅
Reliability: Will it work without breaking down?
✅
Durability: How long will it last?
✅
Aesthetics: Looks and design.
✅
Conformance: Does it meet standards?
✅
Serviceability: Easy to repair?
Perceived Quality: How people “feel” about it.
✅
Services (like a hotel stay):
✅
Timeliness: Quick and on time?
✅
Courtesy: Polite staff?
✅
Consistency: Same quality every time?
Accessibility: Easy to reach or book?
4️⃣ Tools and Techniques for Quality Improvement
Here’s a detailed look at some key tools used to identify, analyze, and solve quality
problems:
✅ Check Sheet
What is it?
A simple form to collect data in real-time.
Example:
A factory uses a check sheet to record how many defective products come from each
machine.
Why it helps:
● Easy to see patterns.
● Quickly shows where problems are.
✅ Histogram
What is it?
A type of bar graph that shows how often different values happen.
Example:
A bakery might use a histogram to see how many loaves are underweight, normal, or
overweight.
Why it helps:
● Visualizes variations.
● Helps find abnormal patterns.
✅ Scatter Diagram
What is it?
A graph with dots showing if two things are related.
Example:
Plotting the relationship between machine speed and number of defects.
Why it helps:
● Shows if one factor affects another.
● Example: More speed → more defects?
✅ Cause and Effect Diagram (Fishbone/Ishikawa)
What is it?
A diagram that shows possible causes of a problem.
Example:
If a car has engine noise, the diagram could show causes like fuel, maintenance, engine
parts, etc.
Why it helps:
● Finds root causes, not just symptoms.
● Easy to brainstorm solutions.
✅ Pareto Chart
What is it?
A bar graph that shows which problems are most important (the “vital few”).
Based on the 80/20 rule:
● 80% of problems come from 20% of causes.
Example:
Most customer complaints may come from just 2-3 issues.
Why it helps:
● Focus on the most serious problems first.
✅ Process Diagram (Flowchart)
What is it?
A step-by-step diagram of a process.
Example:
Steps for baking bread: Mixing → Rising → Baking → Cooling → Packaging.
Why it helps:
● Makes the process clear.
● Finds steps that might cause errors.
✅ Acceptance Sampling
What is it?
Checking a sample of products instead of checking every single one.
Example:
Inspecting 20 out of 1,000 light bulbs for defects.
Why it helps:
● Saves time and money.
● Assumes sample represents the whole batch.
✅ Statistical Process Control (SPC) Chart
What is it?
A line chart with control limits to monitor if a process stays in control.
Example:
A factory measures the diameter of bearings daily and plots on the chart.
Why it helps:
● Spot when a process goes wrong before producing bad products.
5️⃣ Quality Assurance
What it means:
A system of planned activities to ensure products meet standards before they’re made.
✅ Examples:
● Documented procedures.
● Supplier quality audits.
● Employee training.
✅ Difference from quality control:
● Quality control checks products after they’re made.
● Quality assurance focuses on preventing problems.
6️⃣ Total Quality Management (TQM) Model
What it means:
A management approach where everyone in the organization is involved in improving
quality.
✅ Key ideas:
● Continuous improvement (Kaizen).
● Customer focus (meet and exceed customer needs).
● Employee involvement (everyone contributes).
✅ Example:
A restaurant: Waiters, cooks, and managers all work together to ensure excellent food and
service.
7️⃣ Concept of Six Sigma and Its Application
What is Six Sigma?
A set of techniques and tools to reduce defects and improve processes.
✅ Goal:
● Achieve 3.4 defects per million opportunities – almost perfect.
✅ Methodology:
● DMAIC: Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, Control.
● Example:
○ Define the problem.
○ Measure how big it is.
○ Analyze root causes.
○ Improve with solutions.
○ Control to keep it fixed.
✅ Application:
● Factories reduce defective products.
● Banks reduce loan processing time.
● Hospitals improve patient care.
Summary in Layman’s Terms
🔷 Quality management means making sure products/services are always good and meet
🔷 There are lots of tools to find and fix problems (checklists, graphs, diagrams).
customer needs.
🔷 Quality is everyone’s job, not just the boss’s.
🔷 TQM is about working together and always improving.
🔷 Six Sigma is like a super-advanced toolkit to make sure things are nearly perfect.
Got it! Let’s dive deep into Unit V and explain every topic in clear, simple, and
layman-friendly terms.
Unit-V: Work Study and Maintenance
1️⃣ Introduction to Work Study
What it is:
Work study is a systematic way of examining how work is done in order to find ways to
improve it. It’s like taking a close look at how people work and figuring out how to make it
easier, faster, and more efficient.
✅ Goals:
● Increase productivity.
● Reduce unnecessary effort.
● Improve the use of resources (like time, money, people, and equipment).
2️⃣ Method Study
What it is:
Method study is about finding the best way to do a job.
✅ Steps:
1️⃣ Select the work to study.
2️⃣ Record the current method (using diagrams, flow charts).
3️⃣ Examine the method and find improvements.
4️⃣ Develop a better method.
5️⃣ Install the new method.
6️⃣ Maintain it.
✅ Example:
In a restaurant, method study might find that the cook walking back and forth wastes time.
So, they rearrange the kitchen layout to make things faster.
3️⃣ Work Measurement
What it is:
Work measurement is about figuring out how long a job should take if done by a skilled
worker, working at a normal pace.
✅ Why it’s important:
● Helps plan work schedules.
● Avoids overwork or underwork.
● Sets fair wages.
✅ Example:
A pizza place might find that making one pizza takes 10 minutes on average.
✅ Tools used:
● Stopwatch time study (measuring actual time).
● Predetermined motion time systems (standard times for basic tasks).
● Work sampling (observing random samples).
4️⃣ Maintenance
What it is:
Maintenance means taking care of machines and equipment so they don’t break down and
work properly.
✅ Importance:
● Reduces costly breakdowns.
● Extends equipment life.
● Ensures safety.
5️⃣ Maintenance Policies for Facilities and Equipment
✅ Different policies:
● Preventive Maintenance: Regular checks and servicing to avoid breakdowns.
● Breakdown Maintenance: Fixing things only after they break down.
● Predictive Maintenance: Using data and sensors to predict when something might
fail.
✅ Example:
Like changing oil in your car every 5,000 km (preventive) vs. only fixing the car when it
stops working (breakdown).
6️⃣ Time of Failure
What it means:
This refers to the time when a machine or system stops working properly.
✅ Why it’s important:
● Helps plan maintenance.
● Reduces unexpected shutdowns.
✅ Example:
If a machine usually fails after 100 hours of use, you might plan maintenance at 80 hours to
avoid sudden breakdowns.
7️⃣ Preventive versus Breakdown Maintenance
✅ Preventive Maintenance:
● Scheduled.
● Based on past data or time intervals.
● Example: Oil changes, lubrication, cleaning.
✅ Breakdown Maintenance:
● Unplanned.
● Done after equipment fails.
● Example: Fixing a burst water pipe.
✅ Comparison:
● Preventive: Costs more up front, but avoids big problems later.
● Breakdown: Cheaper up front, but can lead to bigger problems and costs.
8️⃣ Total Productive Maintenance (TPM)
What it is:
A system to keep machines in top condition by involving everyone – operators,
maintenance workers, and managers.
✅ Goals:
● Zero breakdowns.
● Zero defects.
● Safe workplace.
✅ Key idea:
Operators don’t just use machines – they also maintain them!
✅ Example:
A factory worker regularly cleans and checks his own machine for early signs of trouble.
9️⃣ ISO-9000
What it is:
A set of international standards for quality management systems.
✅ Why it matters:
● Ensures consistent product quality.
● Builds customer confidence.
● Helps companies compete globally.
✅ Example:
A company with ISO-9000 certification shows they have proper quality processes in place.
🔟 ISO-14000
What it is:
A set of standards for environmental management.
✅ Why it matters:
● Reduces environmental impact.
● Meets government regulations.
● Enhances brand reputation.
✅ Example:
A factory certified under ISO-14000 uses cleaner production processes and responsibly
manages waste.
Summary in Layman’s Terms
✅ Work study is about making work easier and faster by finding the best ways and times.
✅ Maintenance is like taking care of your car – regular checks avoid big repairs.
✅ Preventive maintenance is like going to the doctor for regular check-ups.
✅ Breakdown maintenance is like going to the doctor only when you’re very sick!
✅ TPM involves everyone in keeping things running smoothly – not just the repair guy.
✅ ISO-9000 is a quality guarantee – like a seal of approval that says “We’re good at
✅ ISO-14000 is a green guarantee – showing the company cares about the environment.
quality.”
