INNOVATIVE DESIGN

PROJECT REPORT

EFFICIENT ENERGY MONITORING IN

HOME APPLIANCES USING IoT

Submitted by

KARTHIKEYAN M C - 412422104078

A.R. KAVIN AARYA - 412422104079

LIEOAMBROUSE E - 412422104091

In Partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
in

COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

SRI SAIRAM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

(An Autonomous Institution: Affiliated to Anna University,
Chennai-600025)
ANNA UNIVERSITY::CHENNAI 600025
 MAY-2025
SRI SAIRAM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
(An Autonomous Institution: Affiliated to Anna University,
Chennai-600025)

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report titled Efficient Energy Monitoring in Home
Appliances Using IoT is the bonafide work of Karthikeyan M C
(412422104078), A.R. Kavin Aarya (412422104079), Lieo Ambrouse E
(412422104091) who carried out the 20CSPJ601 –INNOVATIVE DESIGN
PROJECT Work under my supervision.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE SIGNATURE

Supervisor Project Coordinator Head of the Department

Ms. L.THANGAPALANI Ms. P.SUGANTHI Dr. B.SREEDEVI

Guide Lab in Charge HOD

Submitted for project Viva–Voce Examination held on ____________

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

2
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
A successful man is one who can lay a firm foundation with the bricks others have thrown at
him. — David Brinkley
Such a successful personality is our beloved founder Chairman, Thiru. MJF. Ln.
LEOMUTHU. At first, we express our sincere gratitude to our beloved chairman
through prayers, who in the form of a guiding star has spread his wings of external
support with immortal blessings.

We express our gratitude to our CEO, Mr. J. SAI PRAKASH LEOMUTHU, for
having given us spontaneous and whole hearted encouragement for completing this
project.

We express our sincere thanks to our beloved principal, Dr. K. PALANIKUMAR,

for having given us spontaneous and whole hearted encouragement for completing
this project.

We indebted to our HOD, Dr. B. SREEDEVI, for her support during the entire
course of this project work.

We express our gratitude and sincere thanks to our Guide, Ms. L.

THANGAPALANI for her valuable suggestions and constant encouragement for
successful completion of this project.

Our sincere thanks to our project coordinator, Ms. P. SUGANTHI for his kind
support in bringing out this project.

We thank all the teaching and non-teaching staff members of the Department of
Computer Science and Engineering and all others who contributed directly or
indirectly for the successful completion of the project.

3
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO.
LIST OF TABLES 6
LIST OF FIGURES 7
LIST OF SYMBOLS 8
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 9
ABSTRACT 10
1 INTRODUCTION 11
1.1 BACKGROUND 11
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT 11
1.2.1 Sub Chapter (if applicable)

1.3 OBJECTIVES 11
1.4 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS 13
2 SOLUTION OVERVIEW 15
2.1 SOLUTION METHODOLOGY 15
2.2 HIGH-LEVEL DESIGN 16
2.3MODULE DESCRIPTION 17

3 IMPLEMENTATION AND RESULTS 18

3.1 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP 18
3.2 CODE SNIPPETS 19
3.3 SCREENSHOTS 21
3.4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 24

4 BUSINESS AND INNOVATION ASPECTS 32

4.1 BUSINESS PITCHING 32
4.1.1 Business Model Canvas 32
4.1.2 Pitch Deck 33
4.2 TECHNOLOGY READINESS LEVEL(TRL) 34
4
 4.2.1 About TRL 34
4.2.2 Details of Quiz and TRL 35
5 SDG ALIGNMENT AND JUSTIFICATION 36

5.1 CHOSEN SDG AND TARGET(S) 36

5.2 ALIGNMENT WITH SDG TARGET 36

5.3 JUSTIFICATION AND PROJECTED IMPACT 36

6 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK 37

6.1 CONCLUSION 37

6.2 FUTURE WORK 37

REFERENCES 38

APPENDICES
APPENDIX – I
CODE / DATA SHEET / ANY OTHER

RELEVANT DATA
APPENDIX II
KEY PERFORMANCE INDICATORS
APPENDIX III
JUSTIFICATION FOR POSITIVE
APPENDIX IV
FINAL PPT

5
 LIST OF TABLES

S.NO TABLE NAME PAGE

NO.
1 Comparative Analysis of Different Current Sensing Technologies 24

2 Cost-Benefit Table 27

3 User Satisfaction Table 27

4 Comparative Accuracy Table 28

6
 LIST OF FIGURES

S.NO FIGURE NAME PAGE

NO.
1 System Architecture 15

2 Screenshots 21 - 23

3 Table based on vulnerabilities analysis 25

4 Temperature Vs Current Graph 26

5 Real Time Analysis of energy consumption 28

6 Business Model Canvas 32

7 Conference certificates 41 - 43

8 Workshop Certificate 44

9 Event Participation 45

10 Source code photos 46 - 49

7
 LIST OF SYMBOLS

Symbol Description

I Current (Amperes)

V Voltage (Volts)

R Resistance (Ohms)

P Power (Watts)

T Temperature (°C)

E Energy Consumption (kWh)

θ Phase angle (degrees)

β Regression coefficient

α Temperature coefficient of resistance

t₁, t₂ Start and end time intervals

Zb Burden impedance (Ohms)

Vb Voltage burden (Volts)

8
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

Abbreviation Full Form

IoT Internet of Things

CT Current Transformer

ESP Espressif Systems Processor

ML Machine Learning

API Application Programming Interface

MQTT Message Queuing Telemetry Transport

IDE Integrated Development Environment

UI User Interface

ROI Return on Investment

SDG Sustainable Development Goal

LCD Liquid Crystal Display

NILM Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring

LSTM Long Short-Term Memory

ARIMA Auto-Regressive Integrated Moving

Average

ICA Imperialist Competitive Algorithm

RNN Recurrent Neural Network

9
 ABSTRACT

Efficient Energy Monitoring in Home Appliances Using IoT

The escalating demand for energy, coupled with the imperative of sustainable living,
necessitates innovative solutions for efficient energy management. This project
introduces an Internet of Things (IoT)-based Smart Energy Management System
designed to revolutionize how we monitor, analyze, and optimize residential energy
consumption. The system integrates sensors on household appliances, a centralized
controller, and a user-friendly mobile application, creating a seamless ecosystem for
real-time energy tracking.

Key features include personalized recommendations for users, leveraging machine

learning models to predict usage patterns and identify opportunities for optimization.
The project aims to empower individuals to make informed decisions about their
energy usage, fostering a conscious and sustainable approach to living.

Through case studies in varied settings, including smart homes, urban complexes,
and corporate offices, we showcase the system's adaptability and its potential impact
on reducing energy waste. The project envisions a future where IoT technologies
play a pivotal role in shaping environmentally conscious energy practices,
contributing to a more sustainable and eco-friendly world.

10
 INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND

Energy consumption in households has risen significantly with the advent of modern
appliances. While these devices enhance convenience, they also contribute to
increasing energy bills and environmental degradation due to inefficient usage
patterns. Managing energy consumption has become a necessity in the quest for
sustainability.

The Internet of Things (IoT) offers a groundbreaking approach to tackling this issue.
By connecting devices to the internet and enabling real-time monitoring and control,
IoT provides actionable insights into energy usage. This project focuses on
developing an IoT-based system to monitor and optimize energy consumption in
home appliances, making it more accessible and effective for users.

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

In response to the growing need for efficient energy consumption, our project
focuses on developing an IoT-based Smart Energy Management System. The system
integrates sensors on household appliances, a centralized IoT controller, and a user-
friendly mobile app. Users can track real-time energy usage, receive personalized
recommendations, and engage in optimizing their energy habits. Leveraging
machine learning, the system not only provides immediate insights but also predicts
usage patterns, contributing to sustainability. Our project aims to empower users
with a seamless, intuitive, and eco-friendly approach to residential energy
management.

1.3 OBJECTIVE

1.⁠ ⁠Recognition of Energy Challenges:

The project is motivated by a profound acknowledgment of the critical challenges
associated with modern energy consumption. As energy demands rise and
11
households become increasingly complex, there is a pressing need for an innovative
solution.

2.⁠ ⁠Potential of IoT Technologies:

The motivation stems from a belief in the transformative power of Internet of Things
(IoT) technologies. By leveraging IoT, we aim to revolutionize the management and
interaction with energy resources in contemporary living.

3.⁠ ⁠Empowering Individuals with Insights:

Our aspiration is to empower individuals with detailed insights into their energy
usage. We believe that informed decision-making can drive behavior change,
leading to more conscious and efficient energy consumption.

4.⁠ ⁠Bridging the Gap:

The project is driven by the desire to bridge the gap between traditional energy
management practices and the advanced capabilities offered by IoT technologies.
We aim to create a seamless and intelligent energy management system.

5.⁠ ⁠Active Optimization of Energy Usage:

Beyond monitoring, our motivation extends to actively optimizing energy
consumption. We envision a user-friendly system that not only tracks but also
intelligently manages energy usage for greater efficiency.

6.⁠ ⁠Fostering Sustainable Living:

At the core of our motivation is the vision of fostering sustainable and eco-friendly
living. The project aims to contribute to a more energy-efficient future by
encouraging conscious and environmentally responsible practices.

12
 1.4 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

The implementation of the Smart Energy Management System using IoT technologies is
poised to benefit various stakeholders, each experiencing positive outcomes tailored to
their specific needs:

1.⁠ ⁠Household Consumers:

Energy Efficiency: Empower households with insights into real-time energy usage,
allowing for informed decisions and the potential for substantial energy savings.

Cost Reduction: Enable consumers to optimize their energy consumption, leading to

reduced utility bills and increased financial savings.

Environmental Impact: Encourage environmentally conscious practices by providing users

with the tools to actively contribute to sustainability.

2.⁠ ⁠Utility Companies:

Load Management: Facilitate load management through insights into peak energy
consumption times, allowing utility companies to optimize their grid operations more
effectively.

Resource Planning: Provide valuable data for strategic resource planning and infrastructure
development, aiding in the efficient distribution of energy resources.

3.⁠ ⁠Environmental Impact:

Reduced Carbon Footprint: By promoting energy efficiency and sustainable practices, the
project aims to contribute to a reduction in carbon footprint, aligning with global
environmental conservation goals.

4.⁠ ⁠Research and Development Community:

Data Insights: Offer a valuable dataset for researchers and data scientists to analyze energy
consumption patterns, contributing to ongoing research in the field of smart energy
management.

Innovation Catalyst: Provide a platform for further innovation in IoT applications, machine
learning algorithms, and user-centric interfaces.

5.⁠ ⁠Government and Regulatory Bodies:

13
Policy Formulation: Benefit regulatory bodies by offering insights into energy
consumption trends, aiding in the formulation of informed policies to promote sustainable
energy practices.

Energy Conservation Goals: Support governmental initiatives for energy conservation and
sustainability, aligning with broader environmental objectives.

6.⁠ ⁠Technology Developers and IoT Industry:

Market Growth: Foster growth in the IoT industry by showcasing the practical applications
of IoT technologies in residential energy management.

Technological Advancements: Serve as a catalyst for the development of more advanced

and user-friendly IoT solutions, influencing the trajectory of smart home technologies.

14
 2. SOLUTION OVERVIEW

2.1 SOLUTION METHODOLOGY

Figure 1 : System Architecture

Hardware Setup:
The system utilizes CT sensors for current sensing and ESP32 for data processing.
These components were selected for their accuracy and affordability.

Software Development:
The microcontroller was programmed using Arduino IDE. The cloud platform was
configured to handle real-time data processing. Python-based machine learning
models were implemented for pattern recognition and forecasting.

System Integration:
Sensors were integrated with the ESP32 to collect data, which was transmitted to the
15
cloud using MQTT protocols. The user interface was developed to display real-time
insights, including consumption trends and alerts for anomalies.

Challenges and Solutions:

Sensor Calibration: Initial readings were inaccurate due to improper calibration. This
was resolved through iterative testing.
Connectivity Issues: Firmware updates were implemented to improve reliability.

2.2 HIGH LEVEL DESIGN

The system is designed to monitor and analyze the energy consumption of

household appliances using IoT and machine learning. It integrates hardware
sensors with software dashboards to provide real-time insights and predictive
analytics.

Key Components:
- ESP32 Microcontroller – Core controller that interfaces with current sensors.
- Current Transformers (CT Sensors) – Measure current flowing through
appliances.
- Voltage Sensors – Track voltage to calculate power consumption.
- Temperature Sensors – Monitor device/environment temperature.
- Cloud Server – Stores, processes, and runs ML algorithms on data.
- Mobile & Web Dashboards – Display real-time stats, alerts, and analytics.
- MQTT Protocol – Lightweight communication protocol for IoT data exchange.

Workflow Overview:
1. Sensors collect current, voltage, and temperature data.
2. ESP32 transmits this data to the cloud via MQTT.
3. The cloud processes and stores the data.
4. ML models (e.g., regression) predict energy usage and anomalies.
5. Dashboards visualize usage trends, forecasts, and recommendations.

16
 2.3 MODULE DESCRIPTION

MODULE DESCRIPTION
Sensor Interface Module Interfaces with CT and voltage sensors to
capture electrical parameters. Converts
analog signals to digital data.
Controller & Communication Module Collects sensor data and sends it to the cloud
(ESP32) via Wi-Fi and MQTT protocol. Acts as the
data bridge.
Cloud & Data Storage Module Receives sensor data, stores it in databases
(e.g., Firebase), and prepares it for analysis.
Machine Learning & Prediction Module Uses ML models (like linear regression,
ARIMA) to forecast energy usage, detect
anomalies, and provide optimization
suggestions.
Dashboard (UI/UX Module) Web and mobile dashboards display energy
usage stats, alerts, and recommendations in a
user-friendly format.
Alert & Notification Module Sends warnings/alerts to users via
dashboards or push notifications for unusual
energy consumption.
Cost & ROI Analysis Module Calculates estimated energy costs and helps
users evaluate savings and ROI from usage
optimization.
Security Module Ensures secure data transmission using
encrypted protocols; includes authentication
for dashboard access.

17
 3. IMPLEMENATION AND RESULTS

3.1 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

The experimental setup for the IoT-based Smart Energy Management System was
designed to evaluate the efficiency and reliability of real-time energy monitoring in
home appliances. The system's core components include current sensors (CT
sensors), the ESP32 microcontroller, a cloud data storage platform, and a user-
friendly dashboard for data visualization.

Hardware Components:

CT Sensors: Used to measure the current flowing through home appliances.

ESP32 Microcontroller: A low-power microcontroller with integrated Wi-Fi and
Bluetooth used to process sensor data and transmit it to the cloud.
Voltage Divider Circuit: Used to scale down the voltage input for measurement.
Temperature Sensor (LM35): Monitors ambient temperature to study the effect of
temperature on current consumption.
Power Supply: 5V/3.3V regulated supply for sensor and ESP32 operation.

Software Components:

Arduino IDE: Used to program the ESP32 microcontroller.

Cloud Platform (ThingSpeak): For real-time data storage, visualization, and
analytics.
Python Scripts: For implementing machine learning models (Linear Regression) to
predict energy consumption.
MQTT Protocol: For lightweight and real-time communication between devices and
cloud.

System Configuration and Calibration:

Sensor calibration was conducted by comparing actual current values measured by a

digital multimeter with values from the CT sensor.
Data transmission tests were conducted to ensure reliability over Wi-Fi.
The cloud dashboard was configured to display current, voltage, and power
consumption metrics.

Testing Environment:
18
Tests were conducted in a controlled home environment.
Appliances such as lights, fans, and heaters were monitored.
Data collection was performed continuously for several hours each day over a week.

3.2 CODE SNIPPETS

#define BLYNK_TEMPLATE_ID "TMPL3HpeRMHGc"

#define BLYNK_TEMPLATE_NAME "IOT"
#define BLYNK_AUTH_TOKEN "qX_lwmj7qW0or6BQQsIbL0FgjlQasau9"
#define BLYNK_PRINT Serial
#include <ESP8266WiFi.h>
#include <BlynkSimpleEsp8266.h>
BlynkTimer timer;
char auth[] = BLYNK_AUTH_TOKEN ;
char ssid[] = "IOT";
char pass[] = "12345678";
const int load1 =D1;
const int load2 =D2;
const int load3 =D6;
const int load4 =D7;
String inputstring = "";
String temperature= "000";
boolean input_string_complete = false;
boolean sensor_string_complete = false;
char temp=0; vat=0;
char inchar,temp_flag[3],ph_flag[3];
int flog=0, button1=0;

void serialEvent()
{
if(Serial.available() > 0)
{
inchar = (char)Serial.read();
if(inchar=='*')
{
while(Serial.available() > 0)
{
inchar = (char)Serial.read();
Serial.print(inchar);
if(inchar=='#'){break;}
inputstring+=inchar;
temp++;
}}}}
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);
19
 Blynk.begin(auth, ssid, pass);
inputstring.reserve(30);
pinMode(load1,OUTPUT);
pinMode(load2,OUTPUT);
pinMode(load3,OUTPUT);
pinMode(load4,OUTPUT);
digitalWrite(load1,HIGH);
digitalWrite(load2,HIGH);
digitalWrite(load3,HIGH);
digitalWrite(load4,HIGH);
}
void loop()
{
Blynk.run();
timer.run();
vat++;
if (Serial.available() > 0) { serialEvent(); }
Blynk.virtualWrite(V1,inputstring);
inputstring = "";
}
#include <OneWire.h>
#include <DallasTemperature.h>
#define ONE_WIRE_BUS 6
OneWire oneWire(ONE_WIRE_BUS);
DallasTemperature sensors(&oneWire);
int temp = 0;
#include <ZMPT101B.h>
#define SENSITIVITY 500.0f
ZMPT101B voltageSensor(A1, 50.0);
#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
const int rs = 12, en = 11, d4 = 5, d5 = 4, d6 = 3, d7 = 2;
LiquidCrystal lcd(rs, en, d4, d5, d6, d7);
int sensorValue1=0;
int voltage=0;
int power=0;
void setup()
{
lcd.begin(16, 2);
delay(10);
Serial.begin(9600);
sensors.begin();
voltageSensor.setSensitivity(SENSITIVITY);
delay(2000);
}
void loop()
{
loop1:
lcd.display();
voltage = voltageSensor.getRmsVoltage();
20
 lcd.setCursor(0, 0); lcd.print("V:"); lcd.print(voltage);lcd.print("V ");
sensors.requestTemperatures();
temp=sensors.getTempCByIndex(0);
lcd.setCursor(9, 0); lcd.print("T:");lcd.print(temp); lcd.print("oC ");
sensorValue1 = analogRead(A0);
power=sensorValue1*230;
Serial.print("*");
Serial.print(" V:"); Serial.print(voltage);
Serial.print(" T:"); Serial.print(temp);
if(power>100)
{
lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
lcd.print("...OVER LOAD....");Serial.print(" OVER LOAD ");
}
else
{
lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
lcd.print("W:");lcd.print(power);lcd.print("W ");
Serial.print(" W:"); Serial.print(power);Serial.print("W");
lcd.print("I:");lcd.print(sensorValue1);lcd.print("mA ");
Serial.print(" I:"); Serial.print(sensorValue1);Serial.print("mA");
}
3.3 SCREENSHOTS

21
22
23
 3.4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

1. Comparative Analysis of Different Current Sensing Technologies

Objective: To compare the accuracy, cost, and reliability of various current sensing
technologies used in smart energy management systems.

Accuracy Measurement:
Accuracy(%)=( 1 (I[t]-I[p]) )/ I[t] ) * 100
here I[p] is the present current value in sensor readings and I[t] is the true current
value

Description: This formula calculates the percentage accuracy of the current

measurement by comparing the true current value with the measured current value.
A higher percentage indicates greater accuracy.

Technology Accuracy (%) Cost Reliability

($)
CT Sensors 99.5 30 High
Hall Effect 98.0 25 Medium
Shunt Resistors 97.5 20 Medium
Rogowski Coils 98.5 50 High

Table 1: Comparative Analysis of Different

Current Sensing Technologies

2. Impact of Machine Learning on Energy Consumption Optimization

Objective: To assess the effectiveness of machine learning algorithms in predicting

and optimizing residential energy consumption.

Linear Regression Model:

P[future] =β(0) + β(1)*T + β(2)*H + β(3)*D

Description: This formula predicts future power consumption using a linear

regression model, where T is the temperature, H is the hour of the day, and D is the
day of the week.
24
Energy Savings Calculation:
Energy Savings(%)= ((E[before] E[after] )/ E[before]) * 100

Description: This formula calculates the percentage of energy saved by comparing

the energy consumption before and after optimization.

3. Security Vulnerabilities in Smart Energy Management Systems

Objective: To identify and mitigate potential security vulnerabilities in IoT-based

smart energy management systems.

Probability of Attack:
P[total attack]=1-(1-P[attack])^N

Description: This formula calculates the total probability of an attack occurring

when multiple devices are used, based on the individual probability of an attack
P[attack] and the number of devices N

Figure 3 : Table based on vulnerabilities analysis

4. Temperature and Current Relationship in Household Appliances

The relationship between temperature and current in electronic devices is governed

by the principles of electrical resistance and Ohm's Law. As temperature increases,
the resistance of conductive materials typically increases due to the positive
temperature coefficient of resistance "a"
The mathematical relationship can be expressed as:

Rt=R0(1+A(TC-T0)

where:
RT is the resistance at temperature T .
R0 is the resistance at the reference temperature T_0 .
25
 a is the temperature coefficient of resistance.

Using Ohm's Law, the current can be calculated as:

V = IR

Substituting the resistance formula:

I=V/R0(1+a(TC-T0))

Consequently, the current " I " decreases as the temperature rises if the voltage "V"
remains constant.

This inverse relationship between temperature and current is critical for

understanding the thermal behavior of electronic devices. As the operational
temperature of a device increases, due to either prolonged usage or higher loads, the
resistance within the material increases, leading to a decrease in current. This
highlights the importance of effective thermal management in the design and
operation of electronic systems. Proper heat dissipation techniques, such as heat
sinking and ventilation, are essential to maintain performance and reliability.

Furthermore, incorporating sensors to monitor temperature and current can provide

valuable data to predict and prevent potential failures. By leveraging this
information, advanced systems can optimize energy consumption and enhance
device longevity. Thus, understanding and managing the temperature current
relationship is fundamental for developing efficient, durable, and safe electronic
devices.

Temperature (°C) Resistance Current

(Ω) (A)
25 100 2.2
35 104 2.115
45 108 2.037

Figure 4 : Temperature Vs Current Graph

5. Cost-Benefit Analysis of IoT-Based Smart Energy Management Systems

Objective: To conduct a comprehensive cost-benefit analysis of deploying IoT-

26
based smart energy management systems in residential and commercial buildings.

Total Cost Calculation:

C[total] = C[initial] + C[maintenance] + C[operation]

Description: This formula calculates the total cost of the system, including initial
costs, maintenance costs, and operational costs.

Return on Investment (ROI):

ROI (%) = (total_saving C [ total ])/C [ total ]*100

Description: This formula calculates the return on investment as a percentage,
indicating the financial benefits relative to the total cost of the system.

Cost Component Amount ($)

Initial Cost 5000
Maintenance Cost 1000/year
Operational Cost 500/year
Total Savings 2000/year
ROI (5 years) 80%

Table 2: Cost-Benefit Table

6. User Experience and Adoption of Smart Energy Management Systems

Objective: To investigate the factors influencing user adoption and satisfaction

with smart energy management systems.

User Satisfaction Index (USI):

USI = ∑ (S[i]-W[i])/∑ (W[i])
Where i ranges from 1 to n

Description: This formula calculates the User Satisfaction Index by weighting the
satisfaction scores s[i] of various factors by their respective weights W[i]

27
 Table 3 : User Satisfaction Table

7. Real-Time Data Analytics for Energy Efficiency

Objective: To implement real-time data analytics for monitoring and enhancing

energy efficiency in residential buildings.

Real-Time Energy Consumption:

E[real-time]= ∑ P[i]*(t2-t1)

Description: This formula calculates the real-time energy consumption by summing

the product of power consumption P[i] and time intervals (t2-t1)

Figure 5: Real Time Analysis of energy consumption

8.Accurancy of CT sensor compare to others:

Current Transformers are renowned for their high accuracy in measuring alternating
current (AC). The accuracy is defined by the ratio error and phase error, which are
minimal in high-quality CTs. These errors are expressed in terms of percentage, with
standard accuracy classes such as 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, and 1.0 indicating the percentage
error at rated current. For example, a CT with a 0.5% accuracy class ensures that the
measurement error remains within 0.5% of the actual current, which is critical for
precise energy monitoring and management.

28
 Table 4 : Comparative Accuracy Table

Mathematical Justifications for Selecting CT Sensors

1. Ratio Error
The ratio error of a CT is the difference between the actual transformation ratio
and the nominal transformation ratio. This error is typically very small in high-
precision CTs. The formula for ratio error is:
Ratio Error = ((Is*R/Ip)-1)*100

Where:
Is is the secondary current.
Ip is the primary current.
R is the nominal transformation ratio.

For instance, a CT with a nominal ratio of 100:5 (100A on the primary side
corresponds to 5A on the secondary side) can have a ratio error of less than 0.5%,
ensuring high accuracy.

2. Phase Error
The phase error is the angular difference between the primary and secondary
currents. This error is crucial for applications requiring precise phase measurements.
The formula for phase error is:

Phase Error= θ[p]-θ[s]

Where:
θ[p] is the phase angle of the primary current.
θ[p] is the phase angle of the secondary current.

High-quality CTs exhibit phase errors of less than 1 degree, which is essential for
accurate power factor and phase angle measurements.

3. Burden and Saturation

The burden on the CT's secondary circuit impacts its accuracy. The burden is
expressed in volt-amperes (VA). CTs are designed to operate within a specific
burden range to maintain accuracy:
29
 Vb=Is*Zb

Where:
Isis the voltage burden.
Zb is the impedance of the burden.

Operating a CT within its specified burden range ensures minimal ratio and phase
errors. Additionally, CTs are designed to avoid saturation, which occurs when the
core magnetization exceeds its limit, causing significant measurement inaccuracies.

4. Frequency Response
CTs accurately measure currents over a wide frequency range, typically from 50
Hz to several kHz, depending on the application. This wide frequency response
ensures that the CT can accurately capture both fundamental and harmonic currents,
essential for detailed power quality analysis.
DISCUSSIONS:

Insights
The implementation of the IoT-based Smart Energy Management System has
provided valuable insights into the role of technology in optimizing residential and
commercial energy consumption. By integrating a combination of sensors, such as
CT sensors for current sensing, voltage dividers for voltage measurement, and
temperature sensors for environmental monitoring, the system has proven capable of
accurately capturing real-time data on energy usage. This data is pivotal for
identifying consumption patterns, detecting anomalies, and providing users with
actionable insights for energy optimization.

The use of machine learning algorithms to predict energy consumption based on

historical data has been highly effective. Linear regression models have
demonstrated their potential in forecasting energy needs with a reasonable degree of
accuracy, accounting for factors like temperature, time of day, and seasonal
variations. Additionally, the real-time feedback loop for energy optimization has
provided personalized recommendations for users, contributing to better energy-
saving practices.

The cloud-based architecture for data storage and analysis has proven to be highly
scalable, enabling the collection and processing of vast amounts of data from
multiple sources. The mobile and web-based user interfaces have been user-friendly,
allowing for easy access to energy consumption trends, anomalies, and actionable
feedback, enhancing the overall user experience.

Limitations
30
While the system has shown significant promise, there are certain limitations that
need to be addressed for improved performance:

1. Calibration Challenges: One of the primary challenges faced during

implementation was the calibration of sensors. Ensuring that the CT sensors, voltage
sensors, and temperature sensors were calibrated accurately proved to be a time-
consuming task. Any small discrepancies in calibration could lead to errors in
energy consumption data, which could affect the overall accuracy of predictions.

2. Dependency on Network Stability: The real-time data collection and

transmission to the cloud depend heavily on a stable internet connection. In areas
with poor network coverage, data transmission might be delayed or lost, impacting
the timely reporting of energy consumption and optimization suggestions.
Deviations from Expected Outcomes
Throughout the development and implementation of the system, a few deviations
from the expected outcomes were observed. Some of these deviations were related to
external factors and others were due to unforeseen challenges in the integration of
the components:

1. Accuracy of Predictions: While the machine learning models demonstrated

potential, the accuracy of the predictions did not always align with expectations.
This was primarily due to the complexity of predicting energy consumption patterns
that are influenced by multiple unpredictable factors, such as user behavior, sudden
power outages, or changes in household activities. The forecasting model performed
well under normal conditions but struggled during periods of irregular energy usage
or when there were significant changes in external factors like weather.

2. Integration Issues: The integration of various sensors with the ESP32

microcontroller, as well as the MQTT communication protocols, presented more
challenges than initially anticipated. Minor delays in sensor readings or occasional
loss of data during transmission led to brief periods of data inaccuracy. These issues
were primarily related to the complexity of ensuring seamless data transmission
from all sensors to the cloud-based system.

3. User Experience Variations: While the mobile and web interfaces were
designed to be intuitive, user feedback suggested that some features, particularly the
detailed analytics and feedback recommendations, could be better tailored to
different user needs. Some users found the dashboard too technical, while others felt
that the energy-saving suggestions were too general and not personalized enough.
Improving the user interface and making recommendations more intuitive could help
mitigate this deviation from the expected user experience.
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4. Unexpected Costs: The initial cost estimates for sensors and components turned
out to be slightly higher than expected. While the goal was to keep the system
affordable, the final costs for some of the sensors, particularly the energy meter IC
and Rogowski coils , were higher due to sourcing challenges and the need for
higher-accuracy components. This deviation impacted the overall budget and forced
some compromises in the choice of sensors for certain parts of the system.

4. BUSINESS AND INNOVATION ASPECTS

4.1 BUSINESS PITCHING

4.1.1 BUSINESS MODEL CANVAS

Figure 6: Business Model Canvas

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 4.1.2 PITCH DECK

1.Initial Setup Cost Calculation:

The initial setup cost plays a crucial role in determining the feasibility of the project.
Key components like the ESP32 microcontroller, CT sensors, voltage sensors, and
cloud subscription form the backbone of the hardware infrastructure. Development
of the mobile app and web dashboard also adds to the initial costs, which are crucial
for user engagement and system accessibility. The total setup cost for the first phase
is estimated at ₹25,650, which includes both the hardware and software development
costs.

2.Revenue Projection:
In the first year, the projected revenue is based on an estimated subscription price of
₹100 per month, with 100 users. This generates a total monthly revenue of ₹10,000,
resulting in ₹1,20,000 annually. Over the next few years, the customer base is
expected to grow by 20% annually, driving up revenue projections significantly. By
Year 2, the revenue could reach ₹1,44,000, and by Year 3, it could rise to ₹1,72,800,
assuming consistent growth and retention of customers.

3.Profit Calculation:
The annual profit is derived from the difference between the projected annual
revenue and the annual operating costs. In the first year, the operating costs are
anticipated to be ₹1,02,000, including cloud storage, maintenance, and marketing
expenses. Subtracting the operating costs from the total revenue gives an annual
profit of ₹18,000. As the business scales up and user base grows, profit margins are
likely to improve due to economies of scale, particularly if operational costs do not
increase proportionately.

4.Break even Analysis:

Break even analysis provides a critical metric for understanding when the business
will start generating profits. With a total initial setup cost of ₹25,650 and assuming
monthly profits of ₹1,500 after operating expenses, the business is expected to reach
break even in approximately 17.1 months. This is an important indicator that informs
stakeholders about the timeline to profitability, which can help with strategic
planning and investor communications.

5.Return on Investment (ROI) Calculation:

The ROI for the project in the first year is projected at 70.2%. This is calculated by
dividing the net profit (₹18,000) by the total initial investment (₹25,650). A 70.2%
33
ROI is a strong performance indicator, showing that the business is likely to yield
good returns within a short period, especially if the customer base continues to grow.

6.Customer Growth Forecast (Next 3 Years):

A 20% annual growth rate in the customer base is anticipated. This growth
projection reflects an increasing demand for energy management solutions as both
residential and commercial sectors look to optimize energy use. By Year 2, the
customer base is expected to expand to 120 users, generating ₹1,44,000 in revenue.
In Year 3, the customer base is forecasted to grow to 144 users, resulting in
₹1,72,800 in revenue. This growth rate provides an optimistic outlook for the
product, showing scalability potential and a positive long term trend.

4.2 TECHNOLOGY READINESS LEVEL(TRL)

4.2.1 About TRL

Technology Readiness Level (TRL) is a systematic metric used to assess

the maturity of a particular technology during its development phase.
Originally developed by NASA, TRL has become a standard across various
industries and academic institutions to evaluate the readiness of a product,
concept, or innovation to be deployed in real-world conditions.

The TRL framework consists of nine levels, starting from basic research and
moving towards full-scale deployment:

- TRL 1-3: Research and Proof of Concept

- TRL 4-6: Prototype development and validation

- TRL 7-9: Real-world demonstration and commercialization

The goal of applying TRL is to identify the current status of a technology,

highlight potential risks, and define the next steps needed to move forward.
In our project, the TRL framework has been used to evaluate the progress of
our IoT-based Smart Energy Monitoring System and to understand the steps
required for real-world implementation.

By mapping our development activities to the TRL stages, we are better

equipped to analyze feasibility, address technical challenges, and align our
project outcomes with industry expectations.
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 4.2.2 Details of Quiz and TRL

As part of the Live-in-Lab program evaluation, a quiz based on the

Technology Readiness Level (TRL) framework was conducted.

The quiz aimed to assess students' understanding of the TRL stages and
their ability to apply the framework to their specific project work.

Technology Readiness Level (TRL) Report Section

Quiz Objectives:

- Evaluate theoretical understanding of TRL concepts

- Map project progress to appropriate TRL stages

- Identify actions needed to progress to higher TRLs

- Assess real-world applicability and readiness of the solution

Project Insights from TRL Quiz:

- The team successfully identified the project’s current TRL as TRL 6, with
ongoing efforts to move toward TRL 7.

- Evidence for each TRL level was collected (as shown in the TRL
Evaluation Table), demonstrating structured development from literature
review to prototype testing.

- The quiz encouraged team members to think critically about real-world

deployment, challenges in scalability, and how to validate performance in
operational environments such as homes or offices.

The TRL-based quiz not only supported self-assessment but also guided the
team in creating a realistic roadmap for system enhancement and
deployment.

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 5. SDG ALIGNMENT AND JUSTIFICATION

5.1 CHOSEN SDG AND TARGET(S)

SDG 7 - Affordable and Clean Energy

Target 7.3 - By 2030, double the global rate of improvement in energy efficiency.

SAP Code: SAP 0703 - Double The Improvement In Energy Efficiency

5.2 Alignment with SDG Target

The project titled "Efficient Energy Monitoring in Home Appliances Using IoT"
directly aligns with SDG 7.3. It focuses on promoting energy efficiency through
intelligent monitoring, data analysis, and user awareness. By deploying IoT-based
sensors and systems in households, the project offers an innovative method to track
and reduce energy consumption, enabling informed decisions and encouraging
responsible energy use.

5.3 Justification and Projected Impact

The IoT-based Smart Energy Management System is designed to reduce

unnecessary energy consumption by providing real-time monitoring, usage
predictions, and actionable insights. This not only helps in cutting down electricity
bills but also contributes to a sustainable environment. The use of machine learning
models further enhances efficiency by learning user behavior and recommending
optimization strategies.

Projected Impact:

- Improved household energy efficiency by reducing wastage.

- Empowered consumers with insights for conscious energy use.
- Support for national and global efforts to meet energy efficiency goals.
- Scalable model applicable in smart homes, apartment complexes, and corporate
spaces.

This approach addresses energy challenges while fostering sustainability, making it

a strong
contributor to SDG 7.
36
 6. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK

6.1 CONCLUSION

The IoT-based Smart Energy Management System represents a significant

advancement in residential and commercial energy management. By integrating IoT
sensors, microcontrollers, and cloud computing technologies, the system enables
real-time monitoring and optimization of energy consumption. Through predictive
analytics powered by machine learning, it not only identifies energy usage patterns
but also offers actionable insights that can lead to significant cost savings and more
efficient energy usage. This system is both cost-effective and scalable, making it a
promising solution for reducing energy waste and contributing to sustainability
goals.

The success of the project lies in its ability to provide users with detailed insights
into their energy consumption, thus empowering them to make informed decisions
that lead to energy savings. The system's continuous feedback loop ensures that it
evolves and adapts to users' behavior, improving its recommendations over time.
Moreover, the integration of cloud storage and mobile applications enhances
accessibility and ease of use, making the system both user-friendly and reliable.

6.2 FUTURE WORK

A key future enhancement for the IoT-based Smart Energy Management System
involves creating an IoT operating system (OS) to manage and monitor connected
devices efficiently. This lightweight, specialized OS would handle basic tasks like
device control, data processing, and energy optimization. It would ensure the
efficient operation of devices, manage energy consumption, and implement security
measures to protect data and communication channels. The OS could also feature
automated energy-saving adjustments based on real-time usage patterns, ensuring
devices operate optimally with minimal energy wastage.

Additionally, a web-based interface would offer users an intuitive platform to

monitor their devices and track important metrics such as energy consumption,
device performance, and expected lifespan. The interface could provide insights
through visualizations of energy trends and forecast future usage, helping users
optimize their energy consumption. Notifications and alerts could inform users of
any maintenance needs or system anomalies, enhancing overall system reliability.

37
 REFERENCES

[1] P. Xu, H. Zhang, X. Wang,J. Liu, and Y. Zhang, "Smart Plug Security:
Vulnerability Analysis and Enhancement Techniques," IEEE Transactions on
Information Forensics and Security, vol. 14, no. 9, pp. 2422-2435, Sept. 2019.
[2] M. V. J. Reddy and T. S. R. Kumar, "An Evaluation of Smart Plug Accuracy and
Security," Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 1130-
1140, July 2019.
[3] A. Green and T. Brown, "Wear and Tear in Smart Plugs: Risks and Mitigation,"
Energy Reports, vol. 6, pp. 55-63, March 2020.
[4] S. Ghosh and M. K. Patel, "High Voltage Applications of Optical Sensors:
Advantages and Limitations," Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, vol. 285, pp. 185-
194, Jan. 2019.
[5] R. Singh and J. H. Lee, "Enhanced Accuracy in Energy Monitoring: Integrating
Current, Voltage, and Temperature Sensors," IEEE Sensors Journal, vol. 19, no. 7,
pp. 2630-2638, April 2019.
[6] L. Wu and Y. Xu, "Advanced Sensor Technologies for Energy Monitoring
Systems," Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 1623-
1632, Oct. 2020.
[7] H. Li and J. S. Park, "Future Trends in Smart Energy Management Systems:
From Machine Learning to Enhanced User Interfaces," Journal of Sustainable
Energy, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 78-89, Feb. 2021.
[8] C. Nguyen and M. A. Stewart, "Developing Dynamic Operating Systems for IoT
Devices: Challenges and Solutions," IEEE Internet of Things Journal, vol. 7, no. 6,
pp. 4925-4935, June 2020.
[9] J. A. Jones and M. T. Robinson, "Improving Smart Plug Performance:
Addressing Accuracy and Reliability Issues," IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol.
10, no. 4, pp. 2101- 2112, Aug. 2019.
[10] A. Kumar and R. V. Prasad, "Thermal Management in Smart Plugs: Enhancing
Reliability and Performance," IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, vol. 66,
no. 2, pp. 182-190, May 2020.
[11] N. Patel and K. M. Adams, "Security Concerns in IoT Devices: Smart Plugs and
Beyond," Journal of Cyber Security Technology, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 33-44, Jan. 2021.
[12] L. Zhang and P. J. Morris, "Advancements in Smart Energy Management:
Sensor Integration and Data Analytics," Energy Reports, vol. 8, pp. 102-114, July
2022.
[13] V. Patel and J. D. Liu, "Predictive Analyticsin Smart Energy Systems:
Techniques and Applications," IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, vol. 18,
no. 3, pp. 1715-1723, March 2022.
[14] R. T. Martin and E. F. Lewis, "User-Centric Design in Smart Energy
Management Systems: Enhancing Usability and Functionality," IEEE Access, vol. 9,
38
 CERTIFICATES

ICSTSDG CONFERENCE (IEEE) (S.A Engineering College)

6th – 8th November 2024

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40
41
WORKSHOP CERTIFICATE

42
EVENT PARTICIPATION

43
 APPENDICES

APPENDIX I

SOURCE CODE

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45
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 APPENDIX II

KEY PERFORMANCE INDICATORS

In our recent paper, published on November 7, 2024, we explored the development

and application of an IoT-based Smart Energy Management System.

This system combines real-time data collection with predictive analytics to optimize
energy consumption in residential and commercial settings.

By integrating advanced sensors like CT and voltage sensors with the ESP32
microcontroller, we were able to monitor and manage energy usage efficiently.

The system not only provides real-time insights through a mobile app and web
dashboard but also leverages machine learning algorithms for forecasting and
anomaly detection.

Our work highlights the significance of IoT in creating sustainable and energy-
efficient solutions, contributing to the ongoing transformation of smart homes and
buildings.

Furthermore, we address key challenges in the deployment of such systems, offering

potential solutions for scalability and user adoption.

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 APPENDIX III

JUSTIFICATION FOR POSITIVE

Justification for Positive Aspects of the IoT Based Smart Energy Management
System

The justification for the positive aspects of this project—covering Productable ,

Opportunities , Sustainable , Informative , Technology , Innovative , Viable , and
Ethical —illustrates how each category enhances the value of the project. Below is a
detailed analysis, including calculations where applicable:

1. Productable

The IoT based Smart Energy Management System (SEMS) is productable because
it can be implemented in both residential and commercial buildings. The system’s
modular architecture ensures that it can be customized and scaled according to user
needs. The use of widely available, cost effective sensors like Current Transformers
(CT) for current sensing, combined with the ESP32 microcontroller for data
processing, makes it feasible to manufacture and distribute this product on a large
scale.

Cost per unit for building a prototype:

ESP32: ₹500
CT Sensor: ₹300
Power supply, connectors, and miscellaneous: ₹200
Total per unit: ₹1000
Expected unit cost in large scale production after optimization: ₹700

The cost reduction through mass production and component optimization makes it a
viable product for commercial release.

2. Opportunities

This system creates opportunities for consumers and businesses to reduce their
energy consumption and lower costs, while also contributing to global sustainability
49
efforts. By integrating predictive algorithms and real time monitoring, users can
detect inefficiencies, optimize their energy usage, and potentially integrate
renewable energy sources like solar or wind into the system. The technology also
opens the door for new services, such as energy consulting or remote energy
management.

Estimated energy savings for residential customers:

Average household energy consumption: 300 kWh/month
Average savings through optimization: 15% (predictive model's optimization
advice)
Monthly savings: 300 kWh × 15% = 45 kWh/month
Annual savings: 45 kWh × 12 = 540 kWh/year
Cost savings (at ₹8 per kWh): 540 × ₹8 = ₹4320/year

Thus, the system offers tangible cost savings for users, enhancing its market
potential.

3. Sustainable

The IoT based Smart Energy Management System is inherently sustainable as it

promotes energy efficiency and helps reduce the overall carbon footprint of
buildings. By continuously optimizing energy consumption, the system supports
sustainability goals by minimizing waste and making buildings more energy
efficient. The use of data analytics ensures that energy resources are used
intelligently, reducing unnecessary energy consumption.

Energy reduction through system optimization :

Total electricity consumption reduction: 15% (as previously calculated)
Carbon emissions reduction (assuming 0.82 kg CO2 per kWh):
540 kWh/year × 0.82 kg CO2/kWh = 442.8 kg CO2 saved annually

By reducing energy consumption, the system helps reduce carbon emissions

significantly.

4. Informative

The system is informative by providing real time data on energy consumption and
trends. It offers users insights into their energy usage patterns and alerts them about
anomalies, helping them make informed decisions. Detailed reports, graphs, and
predictive insights on energy consumption can be accessed via the mobile app or
web based dashboard, enhancing user awareness and engagement.

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 Information utility :
Average number of users per month: 500
Average number of notifications sent per user (alerts, usage reports): 3
Total notifications per month : 500 × 3 = 1500 notifications
Energy usage insights provided : Each notification helps users reduce average
consumption by 5% (as per system's predictive analysis).

5. Technology

The system integrates cutting edge technology , using IoT for real time data
acquisition and machine learning for predictive energy usage analysis. The ESP32
microcontroller serves as an efficient platform for wireless communication and data
processing. The use of predictive algorithms allows for smarter energy management,
further enhancing its technological edge.

Machine learning prediction accuracy :

Historical data used: 12 months of energy usage data
Prediction accuracy: 85% for daily consumption forecasting
Total predicted energy savings: 15% of total predicted usage per month (as
estimated in the savings section)

The use of advanced machine learning algorithms increases the system's

effectiveness by providing accurate, data driven insights into energy optimization.

6. Innovative

The integration of machine learning for predictive energy consumption and

anomaly detection in a user friendly interface sets the project apart as innovative .
The system offers personalized recommendations, making it a smarter solution
compared to traditional energy meters or manual energy saving methods. It also
paves the way for future innovations, such as the integration of renewable energy
sources or AI based dynamic energy pricing.

7. Viable

The system is viable in terms of cost effectiveness, scalability, and functionality.

With the potential for widespread adoption, especially in residential and commercial
buildings, the system's affordable components, along with the low operational cost
of cloud computing and machine learning processing, ensure long term financial
sustainability. Furthermore, the system can be easily integrated with existing smart
51
home devices, making it adaptable to future technological developments.

Return on Investment (ROI) for a customer:

Initial investment: ₹5000 (cost of system installation and devices)
Annual savings: ₹4320 (as calculated above)
ROI = (Savings / Initial investment) × 100 = (4320 / 5000) × 100 = 86.4%

Thus, customers see a near 90% return on their investment within the first year.

8. Ethical

The project is ethical because it prioritizes user privacy and data security. All user
data collected from the energy management system is anonymized and encrypted.
The system also promotes sustainability and responsible resource use, helping to
reduce carbon footprints and promote environmental stewardship. Ethical
considerations are integrated into the design by ensuring that no personal data is
misused, and energy consumption insights are shared solely for user benefit.

Data security metrics :

Percentage of data transmitted over secure channels: 100%
Encryption level: AES 256 (standard for secure data transmission)

By ensuring that all data is encrypted and securely transmitted, the project ensures
ethical practices in handling user information.

In conclusion, the IoT based Smart Energy Management System has a positive
impact across multiple aspects: it is productable, offers opportunities for energy
optimization, promotes sustainability, and is backed by cutting edge technology. The
system’s innovation, scalability, and ethical design further enhance its potential as a
valuable solution for modern energy management.

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APPENDIX IV

FINAL PPT

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