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PINNACLE-CBSE

STATICS
CONTENTS SYLLABUS

 Introduction 1
CBSE: Introduction, basic concepts and basic laws of
 Force 1
 Exercise 1 4 mechanics, force, resultant of forces acting at a point,
 Resolution of a force 4 parallelogram law of forces, resolved parts of a force,
 Exercise 2 6 Equilibrium of a particle under three concurrent forces,
 Triangle of forces 6 triangle law of forces and its converse, Lami’s theorem
 Lami’s Theorem 7
and its converse, Two parallel forces, line and unlike
 Exercise 3 8
 Polygon of forces 8 parallel forces, couple and its moment.
 Parallel forces 9
 Exercise 4 11
 Moments 11
 Exercise 5 13
 Couples 13
 Exercise 6 15
 Answers to Exercises 16

 Solved Problems 17

 Assignment Problems with Answers

22
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INTRODUCTION
Mechanics is a science which deals with the behavior of a body or bodies under the influence of
forces and their mutual interaction. Statics is that branch of mechanics which deals with the
action of forces, in equilibrium, acting on bodies at rest.
Whatever we see, feel or perceive around by any of our five senses and which occupies space is
called matter. Scrap of matter with no size at all, but with a definite position is called a particle. In
other words, particle is position of matter which is infinitesimally small in size. A body is a portion
of matter occupying a bounded space, and is composed of infinite number of particles. A body is
said to be a rigid body if the distance between any two particles of the body always remain
constant i.e. a rigid body does not change its shape and size when subjected to external forces.
To each particle, there corresponds a unique real number, called its mass and the mass of a
particle does not change at all. The mass of a body is the sum of the masses of its constituent
particles. In other words, mass of a body is the quantity of matter it contains. In metric system, a
gram is taken to be the unit of mass and is equivalent to the mass of cubic centimeter of distilled
water at 4C. Density is mass per unit volume.
If the volume and mass of a body are V and m respectively, then m = V, where  is the density
of the substance of the body.
A particle is said to be at rest, if it does not change its position relative to its surroundings and a
body is at rest if each particle of the body is at rest. A body is said to be in motion, if its position
changes relative to its surroundings.

Force:
A force is an external agency or cause which changes or tends to change the state of rest or of
motion of a particle / body. The amount of force acting on a particular body is called the
magnitude of force. The point in the body where the force acts is called the point of application of
the force. The line of action of the force gives the direction of the force. A force is completely
known if its (i) magnitude, (ii) direction, and (iii) point of application are known. The force is, thus,
a vector quality, and is a localized vector. The standard international (SI) unit of force is Newton,
denoted by N, (A Newton is that force which when acts on a rigid body of mass one kilogram
produces an acceleration of 1 m/sec2)

 Action and Reaction:

When two bodies, say A and B, are in contact with each other, each will exert a certain
force on the other at their point of contact. The force exerted by the first body (A) on the
second body (B) is called the force of action and the force exerted by B on A is called
reaction. According to Newton’s third law of motion, these two forces are equal in
magnitude but opposite in direction and act along the common normal at their point of
contact.
 Tension and Thrust:
If a force acts by means of a string or a spring, it is called tension (or pull) and if a force
acts by means of a rod, it is called thrust ( or push).
 Attraction and Repulsion: The force exerted between two unconnected bodies without
any visible means is called the force of attraction, if the bodies tend to approache each
other. The force, on the other hand, is called force of repulsion if the two bodies tend to
move away from each other.

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Force system:
When a number of forces act simultaneously on a particle  
or a rigid body, these forces form a force system. R F
For example, consider a body placed on a smooth

inclined plane, acted by a force F along the plane
surface. The forces acting on the body are:
(i) its weight w
(ii) reaction of the plane on the body 
 w
(iii) the applied force F

 A force system or a system of forces is said to be coplanar, if the lines of action of all the
forces lies in the same plane. If the lines of action of all the forces do not lie in same
plane, the system is a non-coplanar force system.
 A system of forces is said be collinear if all the forces have a common line of action.
 If the lines of action of all the forces meet in a point, the system is concurrent force
system.
 A force system is said to be a parallel force system if the lines of action of all the forces
are parallel to each other.
 When two or more forces act upon a particle (or rigid body), and the particle (or the body)
remain at rest, the forces are said to be in equilibrium. A force system in equilibrium may
be added to or removed from another force system without affecting the change in
position of rest (or motion) produced by the later system.

COMPOSITION AND RESOLUTION OF FORCES

Resultant Force:
If two or more forces P, Q, S,… act upon a rigid body and if a single force, R, can be found whose
effect upon the body is the same as that of the forces P, Q, S, …, this single force R is called the
resultant of the given forces and the given forces P, Q, S,… are called the components of R.
Resultant of forces acting in the same direction (same straight line) is equal to their sum.

LAW OF PARALLELOGRAM OF FORCES

If two forces, acting at a point, are represented in magnitude and direction by the two sides of a
parallelogram drawn from one of its angular points, their resultant is represented both in
magnitude and direction by the diagonal of the parallelogram passing through that angular point.

Let OA and OB represent the forces P and Q, in magnitude B C

and direction, acting at a point O and inclined to each other
at an angle  = AOB. Also OA = P, OB = Q. Q
Then the resultant R and its direction ‘’ (shown in figure) R
2 2
will be given by R  P  Q  2PQ cos 
Q sin   
and tan   . 
P  Q cos  D
O A
Proof: P
Complete the parallelogram OACB. Then by parallelogram
 
law of forces, OC represents the resultant R of forces P
and Q .
Draw CD perpendicular on OA (produced). Let
COA = .
Then AD = AC cos,

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CD = AC sin = OB sin = Q sin.

and OD = OA + AD = OA + AC cos = P + Q cos.
Hence R2 = OC2 = OD2 + CD2
= (P + Q cos)2 + (Q sin)2
2 2
= P + Q + 2PQ cos
R= P 2  Q2  2PQ cos  .
CD Q sin 
Also tan =  .
OD P  Q cos 

Case (i): If P = Q, then tan = tan (/2)   = /2 and R = 2 P cos .
2

Case (ii): If the forces act at right angles, so that  = 90°, we have R  P2  Q2 and
Q
tan = .
P

Illustration 1: The resultant of two forces P and Q is R. If Q is doubled, R is doubled and when
Q is reversed, R is again doubled. Show that P : Q : R :: 2 : 3 : 2 .

Solution: Let  be the angle between the forces P and Q. Now from the given conditions,
we have
R2  P2  Q2  2PQ cos  …(1)
and (2R)2  P2  (2Q)2  2P(2Q) cos 
 4R2  P2  4Q2  4PQ cos  …(2)
2 2 2
and (2R)  P  ( Q)  2P(Q) cos 
 4R2 = P2+Q2 - 2PQ cos …(3)
Adding (1) and (3), we get 2P2  2Q2  5R2  0 …(4)
Eliminating  from (2) and (3), we get
P2 + 2Q2 - 4R2 = 0 …(5)
From (4) and (5), we have
P2 Q2 R2 P 2 Q2 R 2
      P:Q:R:: 2 : 3 : 2.
8  10 5  8 4  2 2 3 2

Illustration 2: The greatest and least magnitudes of the resultant of two forces of constant
magnitudes are F and G. Prove that when the forces act at an angle 2, the
resultant in magnitude is equal to (F2 cos2   G2 sin2  ) .

Solution: Let the forces be P and Q and R be their resultant. Then

2 2 2
R = P +Q +2PQ cos 2 …(1)
But F = greatest resultant = P+Q;  = 0.
And G = least resultant = P-Q (P > Q);  = 
1 1
 P  (F  G) and Q = (F  G) …(2)
2 2
Therefore, from (1) and (2), we have
1 1
R2  2(F2  G2 )  2 (F2  G2 )cos 2
4   4

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1 2 1
 R2  F (1  cos 2)  G2 (1  cos 2 )
2 2
 R  F2 cos2   G2 sin2  .

Exercise 1:
(i). Two forces equal to 2P and P act on a particle. If the first be doubled and the
second increased by 12 kg force, the direction of the resultant is unaltered.
Find the values of P.
(ii). If two forces P and Q act at such an angle that their resultant is equal to P,
prove that, when P is doubled, the new resultant is at right angles to Q.
(iii). When two equal forces are inclined at angle 2, their resultant is twice as great
as when they act at angle 2. Show that cos = 2 cos .
(iv) Two forces act at a point and are such that if the direction of one is reversed,
the resultant is turned through a right angle. Show that the two forces must be
equal in magnitude.

RESOLUTION OF A FORCE

A force may be resolved into two components in an infinite number of ways, because an infinite
number of parallelograms can be constructed on the line of action of a given force. The most
important case of the resolution of forces occurs when we resolve a force into two components at
right angles to one another. The resolved part of a given force in a given direction is the
component in the given direction which, with a component in a direction perpendicular to the
given direction, is equivalent to the given force.

Components of a Force in Two given Directions: M

Let F be the given force represented in magnitude and
B C
direction by OC and let the directions of the two components
be along OL and OM. F2
F
Also COL =  and COM = .
Let the components of F along OL and OM be F1 and F2 
respectively. Taking OA = F1 and OB = F2 = AC, complete the

parallelogram OACB. Then OCA = , L
and OAC =   ( + ). O A
F1
Applying sine rule to the triangle OAC, we get
F sin  F sin 
F1  and F2  .
sin(  ) sin(  )

 Now in the above situation if + = 90°, then F1 = F cos  and F2 = F sin .

 When a given force is resolved into two directions which are at right angles to each other,
then its component in these directions are called resolved parts of the given force.
Clearly, the resolved part of a given force in a given direction is obtained by multiplying
the given force by the cosine of the angle between the given force and the given
direction.

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Illustration 3: The resultant of two forces P and Q is equal to 3 Q and makes an angle of
30° with the direction of P; show that P is either equal to Q or double of Q.

Solution: Let R = Q 3 be the resultant of two forces and  = angle between the forces
P and Q.
Resolving along and perpendicular to P, we get
R cos 30° = P+Q cos and R sin30° = Q sin
 Q cos = R cos30° - P and R sin30° = Q sin
 (R cos30°-P)2+ (R sin30°)2 = Q2
 R2 + P2 – 2PR cos 30° = Q2

3
 3Q2 + P2 – 2P.Q. 3. = Q2
2
 P2-3PQ+2Q2 = 0
 (P-Q) (P-2Q) = 0  P = Q or 2Q.

Illustration 4: ABCD is a square and O is a point dividing BC in the ratio 3: 1. Find the resultant
of forces 12, 5, 9 kg weight acting along AB, AO and AD respectively.

Solution: Let BAO = . D C

Let the side of the square be 4a so that
AB = 4a, BO = 3a O
2 2
 AO = (4a)  (3a) = 5a
5a
BO 3 4 3 3a
 sin  =  , cos  = , tan  = .
AO 5 5 4
Let R be their resultant making an angle  with AB. 
Resolving R along AB, we have A 4a B
R cos  = 12 cos 00 + 5 cos  + 9 cos 900 = 16 …(1)
Resolving along AD, we get
0 0
R sin  = 12 sin 0 + 5 sin  + 9 sin 90 = 12 …(2)
Squaring and adding, we have
2 2 2 2 2
R (cos  + sin ) = 16 + 12
 R = 20 kg weight.
Dividing (2) by (1) gives
R sin  12 3
  tan  = .
R cos  16 4
3
Also, tan  =
4
 tan  = tan    = .
Hence the resultant acts along AO.

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Exercise 2:
(i). Find the horizontal force and a force inclined at an angle of 60 with the vertical
whose resultant is the given vertical force F.

(ii). If a force F is resolved into two components and if one component is at right
angles to the force and equal to it in magnitude, find the direction and
magnitude of the other component.
(iii). Two forces P + Q and P  Q are inclined at an angle 2 and their resultant
makes an angle  with the bisector of angle between them. Prove that
P tan = Q tan.
(iv). Two forces P and Q have resultant R and the resolved part of R in the direction
 P
of P is Q. If  is the angle between the two forces, prove that sin  .
2 2Q

If the number of forces, acting on a particle be in equilibrium then the resultant force acting on the
particle in zero. This is necessary as well as sufficient condition.

Triangle of Forces:
If three forces, acting at a point, are represented in magnitude and direction by the sides of a
triangle, taken in order, they will be in equilibrium.
Proof:
Let the three forces P, Q, R, acting at a point O, be D
represented in magnitude and direction by the sides C
AB, BC and CA respectively of the triangle ABC.
Complete the parallelogram ABCD.
By
parallelogram
  law of forces R Q
AB  AD  AC
  
 AB  BC  CA A B
   P
 AB  BC  CA  0
   
 P  Q  R =0 .
Hence the three forces P, Q and R are in equilibrium. Q

O P
R

 If two forces acting on a particle can be represented by two sides of a triangle, taken in
order, then their resultant is represented completely in magnitude and direction by the
third side taken in the opposite order.
 The three force, represented in magnitude and direction by the sides of a triangle are in
equilibrium if they act at a point. If they actually act along the sides of a triangle, they will
not produce equilibrium.
Remark:
 In the triangle of forces it must be carefully noted that the forces must be parallel to the
sides of a triangle taken in order, i.e. taken the same way round.

Converse of the Triangle of forces:

If three forces acting at a point are in equilibrium they may be represented in magnitude and
direction by the sides of any triangle which is drawn so as to have its sides respectively parallel to
the directions of the forces.

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Proof:
Since the three forces P, Q and R acting at a B
point O (particle) and represented by D
  
OA,OB, OC respectively, are in equilibrium, Q
   
PQR  0 ….(1)
R Q
Complete the parallelogram OABD.
 
The resultant of P and Q , represented by OA
O P A
and
 OB  is R represented by OD and
R  P  Q ….(2) R
C
From (1) and (2), we get
 
R   R 
 R must be equal in magnitude but in opposite direction of R 

 R must be represented by DO.
Hence the sides OA, AD and DO of the triangle OAD represent the forces P, Q, R in magnitude
and direction.
Lami’s Theorem:
If three forces acting on a particle keep it in equilibrium, each is proportional to the sine of the
angle between the other two.
Proof:
Since the three force P, Q, R are in equilibrium, D
P, Q, R can be represented in magnitude and C
direction by sides of a triangle ABC whose
Q
sides are drawn parallel to these forces. Let ,
, r be the angles between the forces, opposite R Q
to the forces P, Q, R respectively. Complete 
the parallelogram ABCD.
Hence DAC =     ACB =   , A P B
CAB =   
C1 R
and DAB = r  CBA =   r.
By sine rule, we get
AB BC CA
  .
sin  sin  sin 

Thus if the forces are P, Q and R and , ,  be the angles between Q, R; R, P; and P, Q
P Q R
respectively then if the forces are in equilibrium, we have   .
sin  sin  sin 
Illustration 5: Forces P, Q and R acting along OA, OB and OC, where O is the circumcentre of
the triangle ABC are in equilibrium. Show that
P Q R
  .
2

2
a b c a 2 2 2
2
b c a b 2
 2

c a  b2  c 2
2 2
 
Solution:  BOC = 2A, COA = 2B, AOB = 2C. A
Applying Lami's Theorem, we get
P Q R P
 
sin 2A sin 2B sin 2C
O
P Q R Q
2A
   . R
2 sin A cos A 2 sinB cosB 2 sin C cos C
B C
Apply sine rule and cosine rule to get

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P 2bc Q. 2ac R. 2ab
 
 2
a b c a 2 2
 
b c a b2 2 2
 
c a  b2  c 2
2

P Q. R
   .
2
a b 2 2
c a 2
 b 2
c 2
a b2 2
 c 2
a
2
 b2  c 2 
Illustration 6: A body of mass 10kg is suspended by two strings 7 cm and 24 cm long, their
other ends being fastened to the extremities of a rod of length 25 cm. If the rod
be so held that the body hangs immediately below its middle point, find the
tensions of the strings.

D 25 C
Solution: Clearly, ABC is right angled at B. Also BD is a A 
1
median and AC  DC T1
2 24T2
90°- 
 BD =DC  DCB = DBC =  (say).
7 24 B
Here, sin = and cos   .
25 25 10

10 T2 T1
Applying Lami’s Theorem we have, o
 o

sin 90 sin(90  ) sin(180o  )
14 48
 T1  10 sin   and T2  10 cos   .
5 5

Exercise 3:

(i) ABC is a triangle with a right angle at A. AD is perpendicular to BC. Prove that the
1 1 1
resultant of the force acting along AB and acting along AC is acting
AB AC AD
along AD.
(ii) Let ABC be a triangle and H its orthocentre. If P, Q, R acting at H are in equilibrium,
P Q R
prove that   .
a b c
(iii). Three force P, Q, R acting at a point are in equilibrium and the angle between P and
Q is twice the angle between P and R. Prove that R2 = Q(Q  P).
(iv) A bead of weight w can slide on a smooth circular wire in a vertical plane. The
bead is attached by a light string to the heighest point of the wire and in
equilibrium, the string is taut and makes an angle  with the vertical. Find the
tension in the string and reaction of the wire on the bead.

Polygon of Forces:
If any number of forces, acting on a particle, be represented, in magnitude and direction, by the
sides of a polygon, taken in order, the forces will be in equilibrium.

IMPORTANT DEDUCTIONS
 The resultant of two forces, acting at a point O in directions OA and OB and represented
in magnitude by . OA and .OB is represented by (+). OC, where C is a point in AB
such that CA = .CB.

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 The sum of the resolved parts of two forces in a given direction is equal to the resolved
part of their resultant in the same direction.
 If the forces acting on a particle are in equilibrium, the algebraic sum of their resolved
parts in two directions at right angles are separately zero.
 Conversely, if the sum of their resolved parts in two directions at right angles separately
vanish, the forces are in equilibrium.

PARALLEL FORCES
Forces whose lines of action are parallel are called parallel forces. Parallel forces are of two type:
(i). Like parallel forces:
If two forces acting at different points of a rigid body be such A B
that their lines of action are in the same direction, we say that
P>Q
the forces are like parallel forces.
In the figure, two forces P and Q act at two different points A Q
and B of a rigid body such that their line of actions are in the
P
same direction and hence, they are called like parallel forces,
where P > Q.

(ii). Unlike parallel forces:

If two forces acting at different points of a rigid body be such Q
that their lines of action are in opposite directions, we say that A
the forces are unlike parallel forces. B
P>Q
In the figure, two forces P and Q act at two different points A
and B of a rigid body such that line of action of the force P is
opposite to the line of action of the force Q and therefore the
P
two given forces P and Q are called unlike parallel forces,
where P > Q.

Notes:
 The resultant of two like parallel forces P and Q R Q
P
acting at A and B is equivalent to a force P + Q
acting in the same direction at C, a point in AB A C B
such that P . AC = Q . BC.
 If P > Q, then CA < BC, i.e. the resultant R = P + Q will act at a point nearer to the larger
force and farther from the smaller one.
P Q PQ R
    i.e. each force P, Q and R respectively is proportional to the
BC AC AC  BC AB
distance between the other two.

 The resultant of two unlike parallel forces of magnitude R P

P and Q (P > Q), acting at points A and B of a rigid
body is a force of magnitude P –Q, parallel to them in B
the direction of the greater force P and acts at point C, C A
which divides AB externally in the ratio Q : P i.e.
Q

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P Q R
 
BC AC AB
 In case of equal unlike force (P = Q), it is not possible to find a single force having the
same effect as the combined effect of the two forces. Such a pair of forces constitutes a
couple.

Illustration 7: P and Q are two like parallel forces acting at A and B respectively. If P is moved
parallel to itself through a distance d on AB, show that the resultant of P and Q
Pd
moves through a distance .
P Q

A A C C B
Solution: Let the resultant R of two parallel forces P
and Q act at a point C; then
P Q R
 
BC AC AB
P R = P + Q R = P + Q Q
P Q PQ
   ……(1)
BC AC AB
Now let P be moved parallel to itself from
the point A to A. The resultant in this case is
also moved to a point C. Then
P Q R P Q PQ
     ……(2)
BC AC AB BC AC AB
P  AB
From (1), BC = …(3)
PQ
P  A B
From (2), BC = …(4)
PQ
P P.AA 
Now, CC = BC – BC = (AB – AB) = .
PQ PQ
Pd
= , where AA = d (given).
PQ

Illustration8: The resultant of two unlike parallel forces of 10 N and 18 N act along a line at a
distance of 12 cm from the line of action of the smaller force. Find the distance
between the lines of action of the given forces.

Solution: Let the unlike forces 18 N and 10 N act at 10 N

A and B respectively and let C be the point
through which their resultant R passes. C A
Clearly C lies out side AB and nearer to the B
greater force 18 N.
Distance of resultant R from the line of
action of smaller force i.e. BC = 12 cm
Hence, 18  AC = 10  BC 18 N

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10  12 2
 AC = = 6 cm
18 3
1
 AB = BC –AC = 5 cm.
3

Exercise 4:
(i). Two like parallel forces of 6 and 3 units act at the points A and B and their
resultant acts at C. Find AC : BC.
(ii). If the positions of the resultant of two like parallel forces remains unaltered
when their positions are interchanged, show that the forces are equal.
(iii). Find two unlike parallel forces acting at a distance of 10 cm whose resultant is
100 kg and which is 6 cm away from the larger force.
(iv). P and Q (P < Q) are two unlike parallel forces. When P is doubled, it is found
that the line of action of Q is mid-way between the lines of action of the new
resultant and the old resultant. Prove that 4P = 3Q.

MOMENTS:

When a force is applied to a rigid body in such a way that every O

particle of the body moves through the same distance, the body
is said to have undergone motion of translation. If, on the other
hand, a force is applied to a body such that each particle of the p
body describes a circle with a fixed point of the body as centre,
the body is said to undergo the motion of rotation. The moment
of a force about that point is the measure of its turning effect
about the point and is equal to the product of the force and
perpendicular distance of its line of action from the point.

Vector Moment of a Force:


Let F be a force acting at the point A and O be a N A A
fixed point in space, so that the position vector of A


  F
with respect to O is r . The moment of F about O is
given by  
   p r 
M  r F . r  kF

The magnitude of M is

M = M = F r sin = pF.
where p is the perpendicular distance from O on the
line of action of F. O
  
If we take a point A on the line of action of force F , the position vector of A is r  kF . The
    
 
moment of F, acting at A is r  kF  F  r  F .
The moment is, thus, unaltered by sliding the force along its line of action.
  
Hence, the sum of the vector moments about a point O of force P, Q, R , …. acting at a point A is
  
equal to the vector moment about O of their single resultant force P  Q  R  ... acting at A.

 Positive and Negative Moments: The moment of a force about a point measures the
tendency of the force to cause rotation about that point. If the tendency of the force is to turn

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the lamina in anti-clockwise direction then usual convention is to regard the moment as
positive and that in clockwise direction as negative.
 The algebraic sum of the moments of a set of forces about a given point is the sum of the
moments of the forces, each moment having its proper sign prefixed to it.
 The algebraic sum of the moments of any two forces about any point in their plane is equal to
the moment of their resultant about the same point.
 If any number of forces in one plane acting on a rigid body have a resultant, the algebraic
sum of their moment about any point in their plane is equal to the moment of their resultant.
 The moment of a force about an axis is the product of the resolved part of the force in a
direction perpendicular to the axis (the other component being the product of force parallel to
the axis) and the shortest distance between the axis and the line of the force.

Illustration 9: A uniform beam AB is 18 feet long and weighs 30 lb. Masses of 20 and 45 lb are
suspended from A and B respectively. At what point must the beam be supported
so that it may rest horizontally?
Solution: The weight of the beam AB acts at its O
A C B
middle point C. When masses of 20 and
45 lb are suspended from A and B
respectively, let the resultant of these
three pass through O.
20
45
Since, AB = 18 ft  AC = BC = 9ft.
Let CO = x ft; then AO = (9 + x) ft and 30
BO = (9 – x) ft.
Since, the resultant passes through O, moments of the forces acting at points A,
B and C about O will be zero.
 20 . AO + 30 . CO – 45 . BO = 0  20 (9 + x) + 30 x –45(9 –x) = 0
45
 19x –45 = 0  x =
19
 45  7
 Beam should have support at a distance of  9   ft i.e. 11 ft from A.
 19  9

Illustration 10: A rod AB of length a + b and weighing W has its centre of gravity at a distance ‘a’
from A. It rests on parallel knife edges at a distance ‘c’ apart in the same
horizontal plane, so that equal portions of the rod project beyond each knife.
bac ab c
Show that the pressure on the knife edges are W and W.
2c 2c

Solution: Let G be the centre of R1

R2
gravity of the rod. Let the
knife edges be placed at C
G
and D so that CD = c. Also A B
AG = a, BG = b. C D
Let R1 and R2 be the W
pressures on knives C and
D respectively. It is

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given that AC = DB = d (say).

abc
Hence a + b = c + 2d  d =
2
abc a b  c
 CG = a  = .
2 2
bac
Similarly DG = .
2
bac
Taking moments about D, we have R1C  W =0
2
bac
 R1 = W
2c
a b  c
Similarly, R2 = W.
2

Exercise 5:
(i). A uniform rod, 50 cm long and weighing 50 N, rests horizontally on support
at its ends. If a weight of 15 N is attached at a point 30 cm from one end, find
the pressures on the supports.
(ii). A uniform bar AB, 10 meters long and of mass 50 kg, rests on the ground. If a
mass of 100 kg is laid on it at a point, distant 3 meters from B, find what vertical
force applied to the end A will just begin to lift that end.
(iii). A dog-cart, loaded with 200kg, exerts a force on the horse's beak equal to 5 kgf.
Find the position of the centre of gravity of the load from the axel, if the distance
between the pad and the axel is 1.8 metre.
(iv). Three like parallel forces 2P + Q, 4P –2Q and 8 kg weight act at the vertices of a
triangle. Find P and Q if the resultant of the three forces passes through the
centroid of the triangle.

COUPLES
A system of two equal and unlike parallel forces, whose lines of action are not the same, is called
a couple or a torque.
 Moment of Couple: The moment of a couple is the product of one of the forces forming the
couple and the arm of the couple. The perpendicular distance between the lines of action of
the forces is called the arm of the couple.
 The moment of the couple is regarded as positive or negative according as it has a tendency
to turn the body in the anti-clockwise or clockwise direction.
 The algebraic sum of the moments of the two forces forming a couple about any point in their
plane is constant, and is equal to the moment of the couple.
 Two couples, acting in one plane upon a rigid body, whose moments are equal and opposite
balance one another.
 Any number of couples in the same plane acting on a rigid body are equivalent to a single
couple, whose moment is equal to the algebraic sum of the moments of the couples.
 If three forces, acting upon a rigid body, are represented in magnitude, direction, and line of
action by the sides of a triangle taken in order, they are equivalent to a couple whose
moment is represented by twice the area of the triangle.

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Illustration 11: Two unlike parallel forces each of magnitude 20 3 units acting on a rigid body
form an anticlock couple. If these forces lie in the xy-plane and act at the points A
(–1, 0), B (3, 0) and are inclined at 600 to the x-axis, find the moment of the
couple.

Solution: From B, draw BM perpendicular to the Y

line of action of the force passing
M
through A.
Since, AB = 4 units and MAB = 600,
0
MB = AB sin 60 = 2 3 units.
Therefore, the moment of the couple
= 20 3  MB = 20 3  2 3 units 600 600
= 120 units. A O B X

Illustration 12: A system of forces in one plane reduces to a couple whose moment is G. When
each force is turned round its point of application through a right angle, it reduces
to a couple of moment H. Show that when each force is turned through an angle
, the system is equivalent to a couple whose moment is Gcos + H. sin. Prove
H
also that if forces are turned through an angle 2 tan-1  G  , the moment of the

couple will be G.

Solution: Since the system reduces to a couple, it

is equivalent to two parallel unlike equal
forces inclined at an angle  to AB and
A
its moment is L
G = P.AL = P.AB sin …(1)
When the forces are turned through a 
right angle, then
H=P.AB sin(90°+)=P.AB cos…(2) B
When they are turned through  the
moment is
P
P.ABsin(+)=P.AB(sin.cos 
+cos. sin)
= G. cos + H sin (from (1) & (2)).
Let us suppose that by turning the forces through an angle  the moment of the
couple is G.
Therefore, G = G cos  + H sin  G(1-cos) = H sin

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
 
 G.2sin2 2 = H.2 sin . cos
2 2
 H H
 tan     2 tan1   .
2 G G

Exercise 6:
(i). Forces forming a couple are each 4.8 kg and its arm is 12 cm. Find
(a) the arm of an equivalent couple each of whose force is 6 kg,
(b) the force of an equivalent couple whose arm is 18 cm.
(ii). Two forces each of magnitude 8 3 units form a couple. If one of the forces acts
at the origin inclined at 600 to the positive direction of x-axis, find where the line
of action of the other force cuts the x-axis, given that the moment of the couple
is –36 units.
(iii) Two equal unlike forces acting at fixed points A and B, form a couple of moment
G. If their lines of action are turned through a right angle, they form a couple of
moment H. Show that when both act at right angles to B, they form a couple of
moment G2  H2 .

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ANSWER TO EXERCISE

Exercise 1:

(i). 12 kg force

Exercise 2:

(i). ( 3 F, 2F)
(ii). 450, 2 F

Exercise 3:
(iv). T = 2 W cos, R = W

Exercise 4:

(i). 1:2
(iii). P = 160 kg, Q = 60 kg

Exercise 5:

(i). 31 N, 34 N (ii). 55 kg weight

(iii). 4.5 cm.

(iv). P = 3 kg weight, q = 2 kg weight

Exercise 6:

(i)(a). 9.6 cm (b). 3.2 kg

(ii). (3, 0)

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SOLVED PROBLEMS

Problem -1: A light triangular frame ABC is placed with its plane vertical and the base BC
horizontal on two pegs situated just below the vertices B and C. A weight of 289
kg is suspended from the vertex A. If AB = 15m, BC = 17m and CA = 8m, find the
tensions (thrusts) in the arms of the frame. Also find the reactions on the pegs.

Solution: Here A = 90°   +  = 90° A

15 8 T1
 sin =  cos  , cos    sin  .   T2
17 17 15
For B, T1 cos = T3 and T1 sin  = R. R T1 8 S
For A, T1 cos  + T2 cos  = 289.
17
And T1 sin  = T2 sin . Also R +S = 289.
B T3 C
Putting the values of sin, sin, cos, cos
289
and solving for T1 and T2 we get
T1= 136, T2 = 255
8
 R = T1 sin  = 136.  64 and S  289  R  225
17
15
and T3 = T1 cos  = 136 = 120.
17

Problem -2: Two smooth beads A and B, free to move on a vertical smooth circular wire, are
connected by a string. Weights W1, W2 and W are suspended from A, B and
point C of the string respectively. In equilibrium, A and B are in a horizontal
line. If BAC= and ABC =  then find the ratio tan; tan in terms of
W, W1 and W2.

Solution: Let R and S be the normal reactions at A

and B inclined at an angle  to the vertical.
R 
At A, T1 cos = Rsin …(1)  S
A  T1 T2 B
T1 sin + W 1 = R cos …(2) 
At B, T2 cos = Ssin …(3) C
W1
W2
T2 sin + W 2 = S cos …(4)
O
At C, T1 cos = T2cos …(5) W
T1 sin + T2 sin = W …(6)
From (1), (3) and (5), we have
R sin = S sin  R = S.
From (2) and (4) on putting R = S, we get
T1 sin + W 1 =T2 sin + W 2
 T1 sin - T2 sin = W 2 – W 1 …(7)
Now adding and subtracting (6) and (7), we get
2 T1 sin = W + W 2 – W 1 …(8)
2T2 sin = W-W 2+W 1 …(9)
T1 sin  W  W2  W1
Dividing (8) by (9), we get  …(10)
T2 sin  W  W2  W1
cos  sin  W  W2  W1
From (5) and (10), we have . 
cos  sin  W  W2  W1

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tan  W  W2  W1
 
tan  W  W2  W1

Problem -3: The ends A and B of a weightless rod AB are tied with the strings AC and BD
whose ends C and D are fixed in a horizontal line. Weights of 15 kg and 10 kg
-1
are hanging from the ends A and B respectively. AC and BD make angles sin
-1
(4/5) and sin (3/5) respectively with the vertical. If CD < AB, find the tensions in
the strings and compression in the rod.

Solution: Let T1, T2 be the tensions in the strings C Horizontal

D
AC and BD respectively and let P be T2
the compression in the rod AB. T1
If strings AC and BD make angles  
 
and  respectively with the vertical, then 
P
sin = 4/5 and sin  = 3/5. B
A 

Applying Lami’s theorem at the ends A
10
and B, we get at A, 15
P 15 T1
 
sin(   ) sin(   ) sin(  )
P 15 T1
i.e   …(1)
sin  sin(   ) sin 
P 10 T2
and at B,  
sin((   ) sin(     ) sin 
P 10 T
i.e   2 …(2)
sin  sin      sin 
15 sin  10 sin 
From (1) and (2), P  
sin (   ) sin (   )
3 (sin  cos   cos  sin ) 2 (sin  cos   cos  sin  )
or 
sin  sin 
or 3 (sin  cot   cos )  2 (sin  cot   cos )
4 3
or 3 (sin .  cos )  2 (sin .  cos )
3 4
or (5 / 2) sin   5 cos  or tan   2
15 sin  15
 T1    15 kg.wt ,
sin(   ) cos   cot  sin 
15 sin  10
T2    20 kg.wt
sin(  ) cos   cos  sin 
15 sin  15
and P    6 5 kg.wt
sin(   ) sin  cot   cos 

Problem 4: Three forces at a point are parallel to the sides of a triangle ABC, taken in order
and proportional to the cosines of opposite angles. Show that their resultant is
proportional to 1  8 cos A cosB cos C .

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Solution: Let R be the resultant making an angle  with the side AB of the triangle. Then
R cos  = k cos C – k cos A cos B – k cos B cos A …(1)
and R sin  = k cos A sin B – k cos B sin A …(2)
C Y

k cos A

0
k cos A 180 –B
k cos C
A B 1800 –C X
1800 –A

k cos B

Z
Squaring and adding we get
R2 = k2[(cos C – 2 cos A cos B)2 + (cos A sin B – sin A cos B)2]
= k2[(2 cosC  cos(A  B)2 + sin2(A  B)]
= k2[{cos C – cos (A + B) – cos (A –B)}2 + sin2 (A –B)]
= k2[4 cos2 C + cos2 (A –B) – 4cos C cos (A –B) + sin2 (A –B)]
= k2[1 + 4cos C{ cos C – cos (A –B)}]
= k2[1 –4 cos C{cos (A + B) + cos (A – B)]
= k2[1 –8 cos A cos B cos C]
Hence R is proportionate to 1  8 cos A cosB cos C .

Problem 5: If the line of action of the resultant of two forces P and Q divides the angle
between them in the ratio 1 : 2, prove that the magnitude of the resultant is
P 2  Q2
.
Q

Solution: Let 3 be the angle between the forces P and Q. This means that the resultant
make an angle  with the direction of P and angle 2 with the direction of Q.
R sin 2 R sin 
Therefore, P  and Q 
sin 3 sin 3
P sin 2
   2 cos  ….(1)
Q sin 
R sin  R
Also, Q   Q
sin 3 3  4 sin2 
R
  4 cos2   1 ….(2)
Q
P 2  Q2
From (1) and (2), we get R = .
Q

Problem -6: Two like parallel forces P and Q act at a given point of a body. If Q be changed to
P2
, show that the line of action of the resultant is the same as it would be if the
Q
forces were simply interchanged.

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Solution: If the resultant of two parallel forces P at A and Q at B acts at the point C, then
P. AC = Q.CB …(1)
When Q is changed to P2/Q, let the new resultant act at some point D, so that
(From (1)).
P2
P. AD = .DB …(2)
Q
 Q. AD = P.DB …(3)
It shows that if the forces were simply interchanged i.e Q at A and P at B then the
resultant would also act at D

Problem 7: If two equal and opposite forces S acting along any two parallel lines b apart in
the plane of two like parallel forces, P, Q ,are combined with P and Q, show that
bS
the resultant is displaced through a distance .
PQ

Solution: In the original, let R be the Q R P

S
y+d
resultant of P and Q so that
distance between the points of b x–d
S
action of P and R is x and between
that Q and R is y
 Px = Q y …(1)
After the couple of force S is
applied, let the resultant be
displaced by a distance d away
from Q.
bS bS bS
Hence (x –d)P + = Q(y + d)  d= .
2 2 PQ

Problem 8: Three forces P, Q, R act along the sides BC, AC and BA of an equilateral
triangle. If their resultant is a force parallel to BC through the centroid of the
triangle, prove that Q = R = P/2.

Solution: Since the resultant passes through G, the algebraic A

sum of the moments of the forces about it is zero.
Also, the perpendicular distances of the point G from
the sides are equal, and hence R Q
P-Q-R = 0  P = Q + R.
G
Again, since the resultant is parallel to BC, its resolved
part in a direction perpendicular to BC is zero. 60 60
B C
Therefore, the algebraic sum of the resolved parts of P 60°
the forces in that direction (i.e. perpendicular to BC) is
also zero
 R sin60°-Q sin 60° = 0
 R = Q. Hence R = Q = P/2.

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Problem -9: Two uniform rods AB and BC of weight w per unit length are hinged smoothly at
B. They are kept in horizontal position with the end A hinged smoothly at a fixed
point and the rod BC is resting on a peg D. If BD = K.BC, find the value of K in
terms of AB and BC. Also find the reactions at A and D.

Solution: Let AB = 2a, BC = 2b. R

If DG2 = x then BD = b  x. T S
Reaction at A = R and at D = S.
G1 x G2 b
By given conditions BD = K. BC C
A B 
bx D
 K= …(1)
2b 2aw T 2bw
Consider the equilibrium of rod AB
where R+T = 2aw
Taking moments about G1, we get R.a
= T.a
1
 R = T = aw = ABw …(2)
2
Now consider the equilibrium of rod BC. We have
S = T+2bw = aw+2bw
1
Or S = (a+2b)w = (AB+2.BC)w …(3)
2
Taking moments about D, we get T (b-x) = 2bwx
 aw (b-x) = 2bw x (since T = aw)
ab
x= .
a  2b
1 x
Putting for x is (1), we get K =  1  
2 b
1 a  1 2b BC
 K = 1   = .  .
2 a  2b  2 a  2b AB  2.BC

Problem -10: Weights of 5 N, 10 N, 15 N and 20 N are suspended from a uniform rod, of length
2 m and weight 15 N, at distances 40 cm, 70 cm, 1 m and 1 m 20 cm
respectively from one end. Find the position of the point about which the rod will
balance.

Solution: Let AB be the uniform rod of length 2 m. R

Let weights of 5 N, 10 N, 15 N and 20 N
be suspended at C, D, E, F respectively
and E the midpoint of AB. We have C D E F
A B
AC = 0.4 m, AD = 0.7 m, AE = 1m and G
AF = 1.2 m.
The weight 15 N of the rod also act at E.
Let the rod balance at G. Let R be
pressure at G. Then 5N 10 N 15 N 20 N
R = 5 + 10 + (15 + 15) + 20 = 65.
Taking moments about A, we get
R . AG = 5(0.4) + 10(0.7) + 30(1) + 20(1.2)
63 12
 AG = m = 96 cm.
65 13

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ASSIGNMENT

1. A string suspended from a ceiling supports three bodies, each of mass 4 kg, one at its
lowest point and each of the others at equal distances from its extremities. Find the
tensions of the parts into which string is divided.

2. Two equal masses of weight W, are attached to the extremities of a thin string which
passes over 3 tacks in a wall arranged in the form of an isosceles triangle, with the base
horizontal and with a vertical angle of 120. Find the pressure on each tack.

3. A uniform plane lamina in the form of a rhombus, one of whose angles is 120, is
supported by two forces applied at the centre in the directions of the diagonals so that
one side of the rhombus is horizontal. Show that if P and Q are the forces and P is
greater, then P2 = 3Q2 .

4. Three equal strings of negligible weight are knotted together to form an equilateral
triangle ABC and a weight W is suspended from A. If the triangle and weight are
supported with BC horizontal, by means of two string at B and C, each at the angle of
W
135 with BC, show that the tension in BC is
6
3 3 .  
5. Forces of magnitudes 3, P , 5, 10 and Q Newtons are respectively acting along the sides
AB, BC, CD, AD and the diagonal CA of a rectangle ABCD, where AB = 4m and BC =
3m. If the resultant is a single force along the other diagonal BD, find P, Q, and the
resultant R.

6. If the greatest possible resultant of two forces P and Q is n times the least, show that the
angle  between them when their resultant is half their sum is given by
(n2  2)
cos  = – .
2(n2  1)

7. ABC is a triangle and D, E, F are middle points of the sides BC, CA and AB respectively.
2 1
Forces represented by AD, BE and CF act on a particle. Show that their resultant is
3 3
1
represented by AC and that its line of action divides BC in the ratio 2 :1.
2

8. The sides BC and DA of a quadrilateral ABCD are bisected at E and F respectively.

Show that if two forces parallel and equal to AB and DC act on a particle, their resultant is
parallel to FE and equal to 2FE.

9. The resultant of two forces P and Q is at right angles to P, the resultant of P and Q
acting at the same angle is at right angle to Q. Prove that P is the geometric mean of Q
and Q.

10. Two parallel forces P and Q act respectively at points A and B. It they are like, their
resultant cuts AB at C and if they are unlike, their resultant cuts AB at D. if P > Q, prove
2PQ
that CD = 2 AB.
P  Q2

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11. At what height from the base of a pillar must the end of a rope of given length be fixed so
that the pillar has the greatest tendency to overturn when the other end of the rope is
pulled from the ground with a given force?

12. A circular table of weight W has its four legs placed round its edge at equal distances.
Show that the least weight sufficient to overturn the table is ( 2 + 1)W.

13. ABCD is a square; along AB, CB, AD and DC, equal forces, P act; find their resultant.

14. Three like parallel forces P, Q and R act at the corners of a triangle ABC. If the line of
action of their resultant passes through
(i) the centriod, show that P = Q = R
P Q R
(ii) the incentre, show that   ;
a b c
P Q R
(iii) the circumcentre, show that  
sin 2A sin 2B sin 2C
where a, b, c are the sides of the triangle.

15. ABCD is a rectangle such that AB = CD = a and BC = DA = b. Force P acts along AD and
CB and force Q acts along AB and CD. Prove that the perpendicular distance between
Qb  Pa
the resultants of P, Q at A and that of P, Q at C is .
P2  Q 2

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ANSWERS

1. 4 kgf, 8 kgf, 12 kgf

2. W

125 155
5. P = 4 Newtons, Q = Newtons, R = Newtons
12 12

9. 2.2 m from first rope; 732 kg; 517 kg.

1
11.
2

13. 2P acting at mid point of AD in the direction of AB.

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